Hysteresis Current Control Based Shunt Active Power Filter for Six Pulse Ac/D...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on a hysteresis current control based shunt active power filter for a six pulse AC/DC converter. It describes using p-q theory and a PI controller to calculate reference currents for the shunt active power filter to compensate harmonic currents drawn by a three phase six pulse AC/DC converter. Simulation results show the filter is effective at reducing total harmonic distortion at the source from over 23% to under 2.4% transiently and 1.1% steadily, meeting IEEE standards. The shunt active power filter configuration, hysteresis current control approach, and simulation results validating the compensation of harmonics are summarized.
1 removal of source current harmonics under harmonically balanced condition u...Andres Zottico
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using shunt hybrid active power filters to reduce current harmonics produced by a 3-phase uncontrolled bridge rectifier load. The rectifier produces balanced current harmonics of order 6n±1. Two shunt hybrid active filters are connected at the point of common coupling. One filter is tuned for the 5th and 7th harmonics, while the other filter reduces all other harmonics up to the 29th. Each hybrid filter combines a passive filter with an active inverter to inject "positive inductance" and dynamically tune the passive filter frequencies. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show this method can effectively reduce current harmonics under harmonically balanced conditions.
This document describes a LabVIEW-based harmonic analyzer that measures the total harmonic distortion (THD) of analog circuits. The analyzer interfaces with a National Instruments ELVIS kit to read output signals from prototype circuits. It uses LabVIEW blocks including DAQ assistance, distortion measurement, and number display to sample the circuit output, measure its fundamental frequency and harmonics, and compute the THD. The analyzer was tested on an inverting amplifier circuit, measuring THDs below 0.5% for input frequencies of 50Hz, 500Hz, and 5kHz, indicating low distortion. Future work may include adding filters to reduce measured harmonic distortion levels.
This document discusses power system harmonics, including:
- Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency that distort voltage and current waveforms from nonlinear loads.
- Sustained harmonics can negatively impact equipment and power quality by causing overheating, capacitor failure, and interfering with protection devices.
- Standards like IEEE 519 provide limits on allowable harmonic distortion to mitigate these impacts.
- Solutions include improving power system design, adding filters, isolating loads, and using different transformer configurations to reduce harmonics.
Sensitive loads are widely used in industrial, which is the main cause of sag-swell and harmonics voltages problems that can affect the power quality. Among the devices that solve such power quality perturbations, the series active power Filter APFS is considered in this paper. Thus, a single phase APFS is developed through an analytic analysis, supported by an experimental validation, where we applied classical proportional integrator PI, fuzzy logic FLC and sliding mode SM controllers to improve the dynamic response of the APFS. In addition, a comparative study between these control strategies has made in order to mitigate voltage sag-swell and especially harmonics, where the SMC has showed more effective and robust results compared to PI and FLC and proved by the Total harmonic distortion THD ratio. Results of the proposed controllers are simulated in MATLAB simulink® and validated through experimental tests applied on our system prototype.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
In grid connected system, unity power factor current injection into the grid is vital. This can be achieved by choosing the right inverter topology, passive filter components, current controllers, and PWM switching scheme. This paper compares the output current harmonics profile between when using the conventional proportional resonant (PR) current controller and when using the modified PR current controller. By applying the latter technique, via experimental validation using TMS320F2812, the THD of the injected grid current in a parallel connected inverters system is improved.
This document describes a simulation of a three-phase shunt active power filter using a fuzzy logic controller to compensate for current harmonics from a non-linear load. It discusses how active power filters can mitigate harmonics and reactive power issues. The simulation shows that the fuzzy logic controller is able to keep the source current balanced, sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage after compensation, reducing the total harmonic distortion from 28.61% to 3.85%. The fuzzy logic controller provides an effective control approach without requiring an accurate mathematical model of the system.
Hysteresis Current Control Based Shunt Active Power Filter for Six Pulse Ac/D...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on a hysteresis current control based shunt active power filter for a six pulse AC/DC converter. It describes using p-q theory and a PI controller to calculate reference currents for the shunt active power filter to compensate harmonic currents drawn by a three phase six pulse AC/DC converter. Simulation results show the filter is effective at reducing total harmonic distortion at the source from over 23% to under 2.4% transiently and 1.1% steadily, meeting IEEE standards. The shunt active power filter configuration, hysteresis current control approach, and simulation results validating the compensation of harmonics are summarized.
1 removal of source current harmonics under harmonically balanced condition u...Andres Zottico
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using shunt hybrid active power filters to reduce current harmonics produced by a 3-phase uncontrolled bridge rectifier load. The rectifier produces balanced current harmonics of order 6n±1. Two shunt hybrid active filters are connected at the point of common coupling. One filter is tuned for the 5th and 7th harmonics, while the other filter reduces all other harmonics up to the 29th. Each hybrid filter combines a passive filter with an active inverter to inject "positive inductance" and dynamically tune the passive filter frequencies. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show this method can effectively reduce current harmonics under harmonically balanced conditions.
This document describes a LabVIEW-based harmonic analyzer that measures the total harmonic distortion (THD) of analog circuits. The analyzer interfaces with a National Instruments ELVIS kit to read output signals from prototype circuits. It uses LabVIEW blocks including DAQ assistance, distortion measurement, and number display to sample the circuit output, measure its fundamental frequency and harmonics, and compute the THD. The analyzer was tested on an inverting amplifier circuit, measuring THDs below 0.5% for input frequencies of 50Hz, 500Hz, and 5kHz, indicating low distortion. Future work may include adding filters to reduce measured harmonic distortion levels.
This document discusses power system harmonics, including:
- Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency that distort voltage and current waveforms from nonlinear loads.
- Sustained harmonics can negatively impact equipment and power quality by causing overheating, capacitor failure, and interfering with protection devices.
- Standards like IEEE 519 provide limits on allowable harmonic distortion to mitigate these impacts.
- Solutions include improving power system design, adding filters, isolating loads, and using different transformer configurations to reduce harmonics.
Sensitive loads are widely used in industrial, which is the main cause of sag-swell and harmonics voltages problems that can affect the power quality. Among the devices that solve such power quality perturbations, the series active power Filter APFS is considered in this paper. Thus, a single phase APFS is developed through an analytic analysis, supported by an experimental validation, where we applied classical proportional integrator PI, fuzzy logic FLC and sliding mode SM controllers to improve the dynamic response of the APFS. In addition, a comparative study between these control strategies has made in order to mitigate voltage sag-swell and especially harmonics, where the SMC has showed more effective and robust results compared to PI and FLC and proved by the Total harmonic distortion THD ratio. Results of the proposed controllers are simulated in MATLAB simulink® and validated through experimental tests applied on our system prototype.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
In grid connected system, unity power factor current injection into the grid is vital. This can be achieved by choosing the right inverter topology, passive filter components, current controllers, and PWM switching scheme. This paper compares the output current harmonics profile between when using the conventional proportional resonant (PR) current controller and when using the modified PR current controller. By applying the latter technique, via experimental validation using TMS320F2812, the THD of the injected grid current in a parallel connected inverters system is improved.
This document describes a simulation of a three-phase shunt active power filter using a fuzzy logic controller to compensate for current harmonics from a non-linear load. It discusses how active power filters can mitigate harmonics and reactive power issues. The simulation shows that the fuzzy logic controller is able to keep the source current balanced, sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage after compensation, reducing the total harmonic distortion from 28.61% to 3.85%. The fuzzy logic controller provides an effective control approach without requiring an accurate mathematical model of the system.
This document describes a simulation of a three-phase shunt active power filter using a fuzzy logic controller to compensate for current harmonics from a non-linear load. It discusses how active power filters can mitigate harmonics and reactive power issues. The simulation shows that the fuzzy logic controller is able to keep the source current balanced, sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage after compensation, reducing the total harmonic distortion from 28.61% to 3.85%. The fuzzy logic controller provides an effective control approach without requiring an accurate mathematical model of the system.
This document summarizes a research paper on implementing hysteresis control for space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverters. It begins by introducing SVPWM and total harmonic distortion (THD). It then describes the principles of SVPWM, including determining switching times and patterns. Next, it defines the hysteresis band control method using a relay function. The document proceeds to model the inverter and describe the switching interval generator and control signal generator blocks. Finally, it provides an overview of the simulation model, which combines hysteresis control with SVPWM.
Unified Power Quality Conditioner Model Based with Series and Shunt FiltersIAES-IJPEDS
With the increase of the complexion in the power distribution system, it is very possible that several kinds of power quality disturbances are happened in a power distribution system simultaneously.This paper proposes a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) including a series and a shunt active power filter (APF) to compensate harmonics in both the distorted supply voltage and nonlinear load current. In the series APF control scheme, a proportional-integral (PI) controller, meanwhile a PI controller and are designed in the shunt APF control scheme to relieve harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads. The DC voltage is maintained constant using Two degree of freedom proportional integral voltage controller (2DoFPI). The performance of the proposed UPQC is significantly improved compared to the conventional control strategy. The feasibility of the proposed UPQC control scheme is validated through the simulations.
This document compares the fixed-band hysteresis current control (HCC) and adaptive HCC used for active power filtering (APF) control. The fixed-band HCC has variable switching frequency which causes switching losses and noise, while the adaptive HCC uses a variable hysteresis band to achieve nearly constant switching frequency and smooth switching speed. The document presents the instantaneous reactive power theory used to estimate compensation current, describes fixed-band and adaptive HCC techniques, and simulates the controllers in Matlab/Simulink, showing the adaptive HCC achieves nearly constant switching frequency unlike the fixed-band HCC.
This document summarizes an adaptive fuzzy logic power filter for nonlinear systems. It proposes using a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to control a three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) to compensate for harmonic distortion and power quality issues caused by nonlinear loads. The FLC generates reference compensation currents and maintains the SAPF DC capacitor voltage. It is compared to a conventional PI controller, with the FLC showing better robustness to load and system parameter changes. The document describes the instantaneous reactive power theory used to estimate compensation currents, the design of the Takagi-Sugeno FLC, and an adaptive hysteresis current control method to generate switching signals for the SAPF
This document summarizes various regulator collections that can be used to control a parallel active power filter. It discusses fuzzy logic, PWM, space vector PWM (SVPWM), new space vector PWM (NSVPWM), and hysteresis regulators. It provides block diagrams and equations to describe how each regulator works. The document also proposes a new method of using NSVPWM with hysteresis control to regulate harmonic currents injected by the active filter while maintaining a fixed switching frequency.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document presents an adaptive zone selection algorithm for distance protection of a transmission line with a midpoint connected STATCOM device. The algorithm aims to address challenges to distance protection posed by the presence of the STATCOM. It investigates the impact of the STATCOM on apparent impedance seen by distance relays under different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD software. An adaptive setting is proposed that calculates a new reach based on system and STATCOM parameters to ensure proper operation of distance relays for both underreach and overreach scenarios. The performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm is evaluated through simulations of various single line to ground and three phase fault cases with different fault locations, resistances and system load angles.
Fuzzy Logic Controlled Harmonic Suppressor in Cascaded Multilevel InverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents an investigation of seven level cascaded H-bridge (CHB)
inverter in power system for compensation of harmonics. For power quality
control a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) giving comparatively better harmonic
reduction than the conventional controllers. Harmonic distortion is the most
important power quality problem stirring in multilevel inverter; the
harmonics can be eliminated by an optimal selection of switching angles. A
hybrid evaluation technique evaluates the obtained optimal switching angles
that are attained from the fuzzy inference system as well as neural network.
The proposed method will be implemented in MATLAB working platform
and the harmonic elimination performance will be evaluated.
An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) in...IAES-IJPEDS
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 200 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.
Implementation for Controller to Unified Single Phase Power Flow Using Digita...IJERA Editor
Presenting in his paper, Digital signal processor (DSP)-based implementation of a single phase unified power flow controller (UPFC). For shunt side and series side An efficient UPFC control algorithm is achieved. Discussing the laboratory experimental results using DC source are taken as an UPFC linked by two ll-bridge PWM voltage source converters.
Design of 5.1 GHz ultra-low power and wide tuning range hybrid oscillatorIJECEIAES
The objective of the proposed work is to demonstrate the use of a hybrid approach for the design of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) which can lead to higher performance. The performance is improved in terms of the tuning range, frequency of oscillation, voltage swing, and power consumption. The proposed hybrid VCO is designed using an active load common source amplifier and current starved inverter that are cascaded alternatively to achieve low power consumption. The proposed VCO achieves a measured phase noise of -74 dBc/Hz and a figure of merit (FOM) of -152.6 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset when running at 5.1 GHz frequency. The hybrid current starved-current starved VCO (CS-CS VCO) consumes a power of 289 µW using a 1.8 V supply and attains a wide tuning range of 96.98%. Hybrid VCO is designed using 0.09 µm complementary metal– oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. To justify the robustness, reliability, and scalability of the circuit different corner analysis is performed through 500 runs of Monte-Carlo simulation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The document proposes a new inverter design for Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) applications to improve efficiency.
2) The proposed inverter uses fewer switches than conventional cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters, reducing switching losses. It produces 7 voltage levels using only 8 switches and 4 DC sources, whereas conventional designs require 12 switches and 3 DC sources.
3) Simulation results show that the proposed inverter produces voltage waveforms with lower harmonic content when used in a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) FACTS controller, demonstrating its potential to improve FACTS system performance with reduced complexity.
Tennessee State University College of Engineering, Tec.docxmehek4
Tennessee State University
College of Engineering, Technology, and Computer Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
ENGR 2001
CIRCUITS I LAB
Section 01
Lab 1
Low Pass/High Pass Filters
Transient and AC Analysis
Beyonce Smith
Lab Partner: Will Knowles
Instructor: Dr. Carlotta A. Berry
Lab Performed: October 16, 2000
Report Submitted: October 23, 2000
2
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to design a high pass and low pass filter that
attenuates a 1 kHz signal by 20 db. Test and evaluate this circuit built in a laboratory to
determine how closely actual values correlate to theoretical values. Part of this analysis
will include observing the transient and AC characteristics by using an oscilloscope,
digital multimeter and function generator. The theory used to design this filter included
Ohm’s law, the voltage divider rule and Laplace transforms. The results were shown to
correlate closely with the theoretical values and therefore were assumed to be
significant.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
I. Objective
II. Theory
III. Equipment
IV. Apparatus
V. Circuits
VI. Procedure
VII. Graphs
VIII. Results, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Appendix A Data
Appendix B Formulas and Sample Calculations
Appendix C References and Laboratory Instruction Sheet
4
I. Objective:
The purpose of this experiment was to explore the behavior of a low pass filter
and high pass filter over a range of frequencies with a given break frequency.
II. Theory:
A filter is a device that attenuates a range of frequencies and passes a range of
frequencies. There are several types of filters including low pass, high pass,
band pass and band reject. The range of frequencies that are passed by a filter
are called the pass band. The frequency where the relationship between input
and output is equal to .707 is called the break frequency or half power point. An
example of a high pass filter would be a tweeter on a speaker in a car. An
example of a low pass filter would be the bass from a speaker in a car. An
example of a band pass filter would be the selector for a radio station. In this
experiment the low pass and high pass filter will be explored. Equation (1) is the
transfer function relationship for the high pass filter. Equation (2) is the low pass
transfer function for the low pass filter.
H(S) =
sRC
sRC
sV
sV
i
o
1)(
)(
(1)
H(s) =
sRCsV
sV
i
o
1
1
)(
)(
(2)
III. Equipment:
Breadboard
Wire leads
Digital Oscilloscope
Digital Multimeter
Function Generator
Power Supply
Resistors (1 k, 5 k)
Capacitors (.01 F, 1 F)
741 Op-amp
IV. Apparatus:
The apparatus used to measure the transient and AC response of a circuit
includes the breadboard with the resistor and capacitor positioned for a low pass
or high pass filter, ...
Dynamic Power Quality Compensator with an Adaptive Shunt Hybrid FilterIAES-IJPEDS
Major portion of nonlinear loads in industries are contributed by variable speed drives because of their desirable features such as energy saving, smooth control, flexible operation and fast response. These electric drives introduce large amount of current and voltage harmonic distortions at the point of common coupling. These distortions are propagated throughout the system and affect all other loads connected in the system. Hence these distortions are to be mitigated with suitable harmonic filters installed near to the respective load terminals. This paper presents an effective ANN based digital controller for shunt hybrid harmonic filter to provide instantaneous harmonic and reactive compensation. The performance of the adaptive shunt hybrid filter is verified by simulation and experimental studies under steady state and dynamic conditions. The results show that it is an effective, flexible and low rated hybrid filter configuration.
Synchronization of Photo-voltaic system with a GridIOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on synchronizing a photovoltaic (PV) system with a single phase grid. A digital phase locked loop (DPLL) technique is used for synchronization. An optocoupler detects the grid voltage zero crossings and a microcontroller using pulse width modulation controls the inverter to match the grid frequency and phase. Simulation results show the PV system output is synchronized with the grid with low harmonics. Hardware implementation involves using an optocoupler, microcontroller and inverter to synchronize the PV system voltage, frequency and phase to the grid.
A New Filtering Method and a Novel Converter Transformer for HVDC System.IOSR Journals
This document presents a new filtering method and converter transformer design for HVDC systems. The new design aims to address issues with traditional converter transformers and passive filtering methods, such as additional harmonic losses and difficulties meeting insulation requirements.
The new converter transformer uses a prolonged-delta winding configuration and phase shifts of 15 degrees to provide 12-phase commutation voltages. It also employs an inductive filtering mechanism where a tap connects the prolonged and common windings to an LC resonance circuit. This allows harmonic currents to balance out so no inductive harmonics flow in the primary winding.
Simulation results show the new design greatly reduces harmonic content and transformer losses compared to traditional designs. The primary current waveform has lower distortion and THD with the
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document describes a simulation of a three-phase shunt active power filter using a fuzzy logic controller to compensate for current harmonics from a non-linear load. It discusses how active power filters can mitigate harmonics and reactive power issues. The simulation shows that the fuzzy logic controller is able to keep the source current balanced, sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage after compensation, reducing the total harmonic distortion from 28.61% to 3.85%. The fuzzy logic controller provides an effective control approach without requiring an accurate mathematical model of the system.
This document summarizes a research paper on implementing hysteresis control for space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverters. It begins by introducing SVPWM and total harmonic distortion (THD). It then describes the principles of SVPWM, including determining switching times and patterns. Next, it defines the hysteresis band control method using a relay function. The document proceeds to model the inverter and describe the switching interval generator and control signal generator blocks. Finally, it provides an overview of the simulation model, which combines hysteresis control with SVPWM.
Unified Power Quality Conditioner Model Based with Series and Shunt FiltersIAES-IJPEDS
With the increase of the complexion in the power distribution system, it is very possible that several kinds of power quality disturbances are happened in a power distribution system simultaneously.This paper proposes a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) including a series and a shunt active power filter (APF) to compensate harmonics in both the distorted supply voltage and nonlinear load current. In the series APF control scheme, a proportional-integral (PI) controller, meanwhile a PI controller and are designed in the shunt APF control scheme to relieve harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads. The DC voltage is maintained constant using Two degree of freedom proportional integral voltage controller (2DoFPI). The performance of the proposed UPQC is significantly improved compared to the conventional control strategy. The feasibility of the proposed UPQC control scheme is validated through the simulations.
This document compares the fixed-band hysteresis current control (HCC) and adaptive HCC used for active power filtering (APF) control. The fixed-band HCC has variable switching frequency which causes switching losses and noise, while the adaptive HCC uses a variable hysteresis band to achieve nearly constant switching frequency and smooth switching speed. The document presents the instantaneous reactive power theory used to estimate compensation current, describes fixed-band and adaptive HCC techniques, and simulates the controllers in Matlab/Simulink, showing the adaptive HCC achieves nearly constant switching frequency unlike the fixed-band HCC.
This document summarizes an adaptive fuzzy logic power filter for nonlinear systems. It proposes using a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to control a three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) to compensate for harmonic distortion and power quality issues caused by nonlinear loads. The FLC generates reference compensation currents and maintains the SAPF DC capacitor voltage. It is compared to a conventional PI controller, with the FLC showing better robustness to load and system parameter changes. The document describes the instantaneous reactive power theory used to estimate compensation currents, the design of the Takagi-Sugeno FLC, and an adaptive hysteresis current control method to generate switching signals for the SAPF
This document summarizes various regulator collections that can be used to control a parallel active power filter. It discusses fuzzy logic, PWM, space vector PWM (SVPWM), new space vector PWM (NSVPWM), and hysteresis regulators. It provides block diagrams and equations to describe how each regulator works. The document also proposes a new method of using NSVPWM with hysteresis control to regulate harmonic currents injected by the active filter while maintaining a fixed switching frequency.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document presents an adaptive zone selection algorithm for distance protection of a transmission line with a midpoint connected STATCOM device. The algorithm aims to address challenges to distance protection posed by the presence of the STATCOM. It investigates the impact of the STATCOM on apparent impedance seen by distance relays under different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD software. An adaptive setting is proposed that calculates a new reach based on system and STATCOM parameters to ensure proper operation of distance relays for both underreach and overreach scenarios. The performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm is evaluated through simulations of various single line to ground and three phase fault cases with different fault locations, resistances and system load angles.
Fuzzy Logic Controlled Harmonic Suppressor in Cascaded Multilevel InverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents an investigation of seven level cascaded H-bridge (CHB)
inverter in power system for compensation of harmonics. For power quality
control a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) giving comparatively better harmonic
reduction than the conventional controllers. Harmonic distortion is the most
important power quality problem stirring in multilevel inverter; the
harmonics can be eliminated by an optimal selection of switching angles. A
hybrid evaluation technique evaluates the obtained optimal switching angles
that are attained from the fuzzy inference system as well as neural network.
The proposed method will be implemented in MATLAB working platform
and the harmonic elimination performance will be evaluated.
An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) in...IAES-IJPEDS
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 200 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.
Implementation for Controller to Unified Single Phase Power Flow Using Digita...IJERA Editor
Presenting in his paper, Digital signal processor (DSP)-based implementation of a single phase unified power flow controller (UPFC). For shunt side and series side An efficient UPFC control algorithm is achieved. Discussing the laboratory experimental results using DC source are taken as an UPFC linked by two ll-bridge PWM voltage source converters.
Design of 5.1 GHz ultra-low power and wide tuning range hybrid oscillatorIJECEIAES
The objective of the proposed work is to demonstrate the use of a hybrid approach for the design of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) which can lead to higher performance. The performance is improved in terms of the tuning range, frequency of oscillation, voltage swing, and power consumption. The proposed hybrid VCO is designed using an active load common source amplifier and current starved inverter that are cascaded alternatively to achieve low power consumption. The proposed VCO achieves a measured phase noise of -74 dBc/Hz and a figure of merit (FOM) of -152.6 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset when running at 5.1 GHz frequency. The hybrid current starved-current starved VCO (CS-CS VCO) consumes a power of 289 µW using a 1.8 V supply and attains a wide tuning range of 96.98%. Hybrid VCO is designed using 0.09 µm complementary metal– oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. To justify the robustness, reliability, and scalability of the circuit different corner analysis is performed through 500 runs of Monte-Carlo simulation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The document proposes a new inverter design for Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) applications to improve efficiency.
2) The proposed inverter uses fewer switches than conventional cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters, reducing switching losses. It produces 7 voltage levels using only 8 switches and 4 DC sources, whereas conventional designs require 12 switches and 3 DC sources.
3) Simulation results show that the proposed inverter produces voltage waveforms with lower harmonic content when used in a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) FACTS controller, demonstrating its potential to improve FACTS system performance with reduced complexity.
Tennessee State University College of Engineering, Tec.docxmehek4
Tennessee State University
College of Engineering, Technology, and Computer Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
ENGR 2001
CIRCUITS I LAB
Section 01
Lab 1
Low Pass/High Pass Filters
Transient and AC Analysis
Beyonce Smith
Lab Partner: Will Knowles
Instructor: Dr. Carlotta A. Berry
Lab Performed: October 16, 2000
Report Submitted: October 23, 2000
2
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to design a high pass and low pass filter that
attenuates a 1 kHz signal by 20 db. Test and evaluate this circuit built in a laboratory to
determine how closely actual values correlate to theoretical values. Part of this analysis
will include observing the transient and AC characteristics by using an oscilloscope,
digital multimeter and function generator. The theory used to design this filter included
Ohm’s law, the voltage divider rule and Laplace transforms. The results were shown to
correlate closely with the theoretical values and therefore were assumed to be
significant.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
I. Objective
II. Theory
III. Equipment
IV. Apparatus
V. Circuits
VI. Procedure
VII. Graphs
VIII. Results, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Appendix A Data
Appendix B Formulas and Sample Calculations
Appendix C References and Laboratory Instruction Sheet
4
I. Objective:
The purpose of this experiment was to explore the behavior of a low pass filter
and high pass filter over a range of frequencies with a given break frequency.
II. Theory:
A filter is a device that attenuates a range of frequencies and passes a range of
frequencies. There are several types of filters including low pass, high pass,
band pass and band reject. The range of frequencies that are passed by a filter
are called the pass band. The frequency where the relationship between input
and output is equal to .707 is called the break frequency or half power point. An
example of a high pass filter would be a tweeter on a speaker in a car. An
example of a low pass filter would be the bass from a speaker in a car. An
example of a band pass filter would be the selector for a radio station. In this
experiment the low pass and high pass filter will be explored. Equation (1) is the
transfer function relationship for the high pass filter. Equation (2) is the low pass
transfer function for the low pass filter.
H(S) =
sRC
sRC
sV
sV
i
o
1)(
)(
(1)
H(s) =
sRCsV
sV
i
o
1
1
)(
)(
(2)
III. Equipment:
Breadboard
Wire leads
Digital Oscilloscope
Digital Multimeter
Function Generator
Power Supply
Resistors (1 k, 5 k)
Capacitors (.01 F, 1 F)
741 Op-amp
IV. Apparatus:
The apparatus used to measure the transient and AC response of a circuit
includes the breadboard with the resistor and capacitor positioned for a low pass
or high pass filter, ...
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1. Design and Specification of Harmonic Filters for Variable Frequency Drives
Jesús A. Baez Moreno
ITESM (Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica)
Monterrey, NL. CP. 64849
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a method that can be applied to
design and specify low voltage harmonic filters for
variable frequency drives. The proposed methodology is
used to analyze an electrical distribution system feeding
a group of variable frequency drives.
1. INTRODUCTION
Generalized use of Variable Frequency Drives has
increased harmonic distortion at electrical distribution
systems. Some pieces of equipment, such as personal
computers, programmable controllers and
microprocessor-based instrumentation are very sensitive
to harmonic distortion. Proper application of harmonic
filters can help to keep harmonic distortion within
acceptable limits.
This paper describes a simple methodology that can be
applied to design harmonic filters for an electrical
system that will feed variable frequency drives. The
proposed methodology calculates the harmonic voltage
attenuation factor produced by filters [1]. Attenuation
factor is then used to estimate voltage harmonic
distortion at the point of connection and also the
harmonic currents injected into the system.
A computer program (EXCEL Macro) was developed
using Visual Basic for Application language to simulate
system performance. The application of this program to
the analysis of a electrical distribution system feeding a
group of VFDs is also presented.
2. SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
Figure 1 shows a one-line diagram of a electrical
distribution system feeding a Variable Frequency Drive
(VFD). The harmonic filter consists of a capacitor and
an inductor connected in series.
~
Utility
Nonlinear
Load (VFD)
Filter
Low Voltage Bus
Figure 1. One-line diagram of the electrical distribution
system feeding the VFD
A harmonic filter modifies all harmonic voltages at the
point of connection(Low Voltage Bus). Maximum
attenuation occurs for the voltage whose frequency is
equal or close to the resonant frequency of the filter. In
order to quantify how harmonic voltages are affected, we
will define the attenuation factor[1] as
( )
a h
V h
Vf h
n =
( )
( )
Where:
V(h): Harmonic voltage without the filter at the low
voltage bus.
Vf(h): The h-th Harmonic voltage with the filter at the
low voltage bus
an(h) : Attenuation factor of the harmonic voltage(h)
due to the (n-th) tuned filter.
2. Figure 2 illustrates the basic circuit used to calculate the
h-th harmonic attenuation factor produced by the n-th
harmonic filter. In this diagram, I(h) represents the h-th
harmonic injected by the variable frequency drive, Zs(h)
accounts for the system impedance and Zn(h) represents
the n-th harmonic filter impedance at the h-th harmonic.
I(h)
Zn(h)
Zs(h)
jh
SCKVA
−
j
h KVAn
j h
h KVAn
n
2
Figure 2. Circuit used for harmonic voltage calculation.
The n-th harmonic filter impedance at the harmonic
frequency (h) can be expressed in terms of the filter
kVAR(kVAn) and its tuning frequency (hn) as:
Z h
j
kVAn
h
h h
j
kVAn
h h
h h
n
n
( )
( )
= −
=
−
2
2 2
2
1 n
n
The distribution system impedance seen by the low
voltage bus at the harmonic frequency (h) is related to
the low voltage bus short circuit kVA as follows:
Zs h
j h
SCkVA
( ) =
In order to simplify the calculation, the filter and the
system are represented by their admittance values.
Yn h
kVAn
j
h h
h h
Ys h
SCKVA
jh
( )
( )
=
−
=
n
2
n
2
2
The equivalent admittance seen by the VFD is calculated
by adding Yn(h) and Ys(h)
Yeq h
kVAn
j h
h h
h h
SCKVA
jh
( ) =
−
+
2
2
n
2
n
2
[ ]
Yeq h
jh
kVAn SCKVA
( ) = +
1
δ
where:
δ =
−
h h
h h
2
2
n
2
n
2
The attenuation factor an(h) is then obtained as [1]:
[ ]
an h
V h
Vf h
Yeq h
Ys h
jh
kVAn SCKVA
SCKVA
jh
an h
kVAn
SCKVA
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
= = =
+
= +
1
1
δ
δ
When more than one filter is used, the attenuation
factor of the h-th harmonic voltage is given by
( )
( )
an h
kVA
SCKVA
kVA
SCKVA
h h
h h
n n N
n
k
n
k
N
k
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
= + + +
=
−
1 1
2
2
2
2
1
δ δ
δ
L
where:
Harmonic currents flowing into the tuned filters and into
the system(utility) with the connected filter(s) can be
calculated as follows:
In h
V h
Zn h
( )
( )
( )
= ; Is h
I h
an h
( )
( )
( )
=
3. I(h)
Zn(h)
Zs(h)
Is(h) If(h)
+
V(h)
-
Figure 3. Harmonic filter and system current calculation
Once these currents have been calculated, it is possible
to get filter’s specifications with the aid of the worksheet
filter.xls [3]
The above procedure is summarized in the flowchart
shown in Figure 4.
Read system data
UtilitySCMVA,XFMR(ZandkVA)
Drive KVA, Harmonic Spectra (%I(h)),
Displacement power factor
Filter(s) kVAr, Detuning Factors(α)
MaximumallowedTHDV(THDVmax)
Evaluate harmonic Voltages
and THDV without filters
V h I h h
DrivekVA
SCKVA
( ) [% ( )][ ]
=
Calculate attenuation factors an(h),
resulting harmonic voltages and THDV
( )
Vf h
V h
a h
n
( )
( )
= [ ]
THDV Vf h
h
=
=
∑ ( )
2
5
43
[ ]
THDV V h
h
=
=
∑ ( )
2
5
43
THDV<THDVmax?
Modify
filter(s) kVAr
Calculate harmonic
filter loading and harmonics
flowing into the system
Calculate filter specs
using spredasheet filters.xls
NO YES
In h
V h
Zn h
( )
( )
( )
=
SCMVA
13.8 kV 50
5.75% 1000 kVA
12903.2 SCKVA 480 V
THDV 3.58%
472.50 233.62
0.031911 Ω
Ω A RMS 0.03256 Ω
Ω A RMS
500kVAr 250kVAr
@ 600V @ 600V
5-th 7-th
900 kVA
6-pulse 250 HP 480-V CSI VFD(measured)
~
Generate Report
*Voltage/current distortion
* Filter sepecifications)
I s h
I h
an h
( )
( )
( )
=
;
an h
kVA
SCKVA
kVA
SCKVA
n n N
N
( )
( ) ( )
= + + +
1 1 1
δ δ
L
Figure 4. Flowchart for the proposed solution methodology
4. 3. COMPUTER PROGRAM
The computer program was developed in an Excel
Workbook (VFD.XLS), using Visual Basic for
Applications Language[2].
Harmonic Spectra of Variable Frequency Drives is
stored in one worksheet within the same workbook. To
add harmonic spectra of a non listed VFD(or group of
VFDs), the user types in this worksheet a name for this
load and its harmonic spectra.
Simulation results are stored into the following
Worksheets:
1) SUMMARY : Summary of the results obtained in
the simulation (THDV, Filter specs)
2) VOLTAGES: Harmonic voltages in the low voltage
bus without filters, with filters and with plain
capacitors(no tuning reactor)
3) CURRENTS: Harmonic currents flowing into the
system with and without filters, and filter currents
4) FILTER-5: 5th harmonic filter design
specifications
5) FILTER-7: 7th harmonic filter design
specifications
The program was written under the following
assumptions:
1)This application was developed for VFDs operating at
240V and 480 V systems. For applications at 240V, 480
V capacitor banks are used, and the total KVAR rating
is adjusted to the next multiple of 25 kVAR
For applications at 480V , 600 V capacitor banks are
used and the total KVAR rating is adjusted to the next
multiple of 50 kVAR For example, if the user chooses a
300 kVAR bank at 480 V, the required kVAR rating at
600 V is 300(600/480) ^2 = 468.75 kVAR. The bank
kVAr rating is adjusted to 500 kVAR.
2) Load at the low voltage bus consists only of VFDs and
the resistive effect is neglected
3) 5th
and 7th
harmonic voltage distortion at the high
voltage side is given a as 2%. (This value can be
modified in Worksheets FILTER-5 and FILTER-7
4) Voltage at the low voltage bus is assumed constant
(1.0 pu).
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed methodology and the computer program
(VFD.XLS) were used to simulate the sample electrical
distribution system depicted in figure 5.
UTILITY
5th
7th
SCMVA=50
~
Z (%) = 5.75
1000 KVA
150-HP PWM VFDs
TOTAL LOAD =900 KVA
300 kVAR 150 kVAR
α=0.95 α=0.95
. . .
13.8 kV
480 V
Figure 5. One-line diagram of the electrical system
This system feeds a group of PWM variable frequency
drives with a total load of 900 kVA operating at 0.9(-)
displacement power factor. This loading condition
results in a very high harmonic current and voltage
distortion.
The proposed methodology was used to analyze the
effect of connecting two harmonic filters on low voltage
bus harmonic distortion levels.
Filter 1: 300 kVAR, 5-th harmonic filter tuned at
hn=4.75
Filter 2: 150 kVAR, 7-th harmonic filter tuned at
hn=6.65
The computer program calculates harmonic voltage and
current distortion with and without filters and also
calculates harmonic filter loading. A summary of the
simulation results is presented in figure 6 (actual
program output).
The effect of these harmonic filters on harmonic
voltages and currents distortion is presented in Tables 1
and 2.
Total harmonic current distortion (THDI) is reduced
from 35% to 7.5% and total harmonic voltage distortion
is reduced from 15.76 to 4.56 %.
Figure 7 shows the 5-th harmonic filter spec sheet.
7. Low Voltage Filter Calculations: Example Filter Design Spreadsheet
SYSTEM INFORMATION:
Filter Specification: 5 th Power System Frequency: 60 Hz
Capacitor Bank Rating(Available) 500 kVAr Capacitor Rating: 600 Volts
Rated Bank Current: 481 Amps 60 Hz
Nominal Bus Voltage: 480 Derated Capacitor: 320 kVAr
Capacitor Current (actual): 384.9 Amps Total Harmonic Load: 900 kVA
Filter Tuning Harmonic: 4.75 Filter Tuning Frequency: 285 Hz
Cap Impedance (wye equivalent): 0.7200 Ω
Ω Cap Value (wye equivalent): 3684.1 uF
Reactor Impedance: 0.0319 Ω
Ω Reactor Rating: 0.0846 mH
Filter Full Load Current (actual): 402.8 Amps Supplied Compensation: 335 kVAr
Filter Full Load Current (rated): 503.4 Amps
Transformer Nameplate: 1000 Utility Side Vh: 2.00 % T H D
(Rating and Impedance) 5.75 (Utility Harmonic Voltage Source)
Load Harmonic Current: 86.54 % Fund Load Harmonic Current: 348.6 Amps
Utility Harmonic Current: 67.8 Amps Max Total Harm. Current: 416.4 Amps
CAPACITOR DUTY CALCULATIONS:
Filter RMS Current: 579.3 Amps Fundamental Cap Voltage: 502.3 Volts
Harmonic Cap Voltage: 103.9 Volts Maximum Peak Voltage: 606.1 Volts
RMS Capacitor Voltage: 512.9 Volts Maximum Peak Current: 819.1 Amps
CAPACITOR LIMITS: (IEEE Std 18-1980) FILTER CONFIGURATION:
Peak Voltage: 120% <−−−−−−> 101%
Current: 180% <−−−−−−> 120% XL => 0.0319 Ω
Ω
KVAr: 135% <−−−−−−> 103%
RMS Voltage: 110% <−−−−−−> 85% 500 kVAR
600 V
F I L T E R R E A C T O R D E S I G N S P E C I F I C A T I O N S :
Reactor Impedance: 0.0319 Ω
Ω Reactor Rating: 0.0846 mH
Fundamental Current: 402.8 Amps Harmonic Current: 416.4 Amps
Figure7. 5th
Harmonic filter specifications
8. 5. CONCLUSIONS
The filter design iterative procedure can be greatly
simplified using the equations presented in this paper
along with the program developed.
Using the proposed methodology, it is possible to
determine the required rating of the filters to keep
harmonic distortion (voltage and current) within
acceptable limits and also define filters specifications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to acknowledge the support received
from Electrotek Concepts Inc., which allowed me to
develop this project.
REFERENCES
[1] Peeran S.M. and Cascadden C. “Application, Design
and Specification of harmonic filters for Variable
Frequency Drives”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 31,
pp. 841-847, July/August 1995
[2] Boonin Elisabeth, Using Excel Visual Basic for
Applications, QUE, 1995
[3] ELECTROTEK, Harmflo+ Tech Notes, Issue # 93-
2, September, 1993
Jesus Baez. Received his BSEE in 1987, his Master of
Engineering degree in Electric Power Engineering in
1990 and his Master of Sciences Degree in Control
Engineering in 1995 from ITESM, Campus Monterrey.
He is professor of the Electrical Engineering Department
at ITESM since 1992. His research interest is simulation
and analysis of distribution and industrial power
systems.