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How to build a besser block wall

This document provides comprehensive guidance on building besser block walls, including reinforced retaining walls and basement walls, detailing design specifications, materials, and construction steps. It emphasizes the importance of proper drainage systems, soil classification, and foundational considerations while adhering to Australian standards. Additionally, it contains design details for various wall types and construction techniques to ensure structural integrity and performance.

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AUSTRALIAN PAVING CENTRE How to build a Besser Block Wall
Contents Preface Introduction 1.0 Retaining walls 1.1 Designs for reinforced retaining wall types 1.2 Loading Conditions 1.2.1 Retaining Walls 1.3 Material Specifications 1.4 Soil Classification 1.5 Wall Foundation 1.6 Infill Soil and Retained Soil 1.7 Drainage Systems 1.8 Water Penetration 1.9 Exploded View of Construction 1.10 How to Build the Wall 1.10.1 Preliminary 1.10.2 Base and Hob 1.10.3 Block Laying 1.10.4 Grouting 1.11 Tanking 1.12 Infill Soil and Drainage 1.13 Design Details for Wall Type 1 1.13.1 Level Surface Wall Layout 1.13.2 Sloping Surface up to 1 in 4 Wall Layout 1.13.3 Base and Key Sizes 1.13.4 Reinforcement Details 1.14 Design Details for Wall Type 2 1.14.1 Level Surface Wall Layout 1.14.2 Sloping Surface up to 1 in 4 Wall Layout 1.14.3 Base and Key Sizes 1.14.4 Reinforcement Details 2.0 Basement Walls 2.1 General 2.2 Drainage 2.3 Tanking 2.4 How to build the wall 2.5 Designs for reinforced basement wall types 2.6 Besser block basement wall design details for supporting a concrete floor 2.7 Besser block basement wall design details for supporting a timber floor 2.8 Basement walls Glossary Introduction 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 Preface The designs shown in the brochure are based on limit state design in accordance with the provisions of AS4678-2002 Earth retaining structures standard including Amendment 1, 2003. The designs are hereby certified by Adbri Masonry Building Products Pty Ltd ABN 31 009 687 521. The design details provided in this brochure have been prepared by Adbri Masonry specifically for Adbri Masonry blocks and are applicable only to retaining walls using Adbri Masonry products for residential or light commercial applications up to 3.0m high. For higher and/or more complex applications it is recommended reference be made to the Concrete Masonry Association of Australia document Reinforced Concrete Masonry Cantilever Retaining Walls – Design and Construction Guide MA51, Amended July 2003. Reinforced BESSER™ Block Retaining and Basement Walls consist of a reinforced concrete base which anchors the wall against overturning and sliding, and a stem of BESSER™ blocks. The stem is reinforced with steel bars placed vertically and horizontally, and all cores in the blocks are filled with semi-fluid concrete, known as ‘grout’. The vertical reinforcing bars in the cores are lapped with shorter ‘starter bars’ embedded firmly in the reinforced concrete base using a hob to correctly locate the bars. These short bars allow easier block laying, and the longer bars are put in after all blocks are laid and before grouting. The length of the lap is critically important and must be shown on the drawings.
03 1.0 Retaining Walls 1.1 Designs for Reinforced Retaining Wall Types Retaining walls up to 3.0m high. Wall Type 1 Boundary 45º Reinforced block stem Infill soil Drainage layer Hob Retained soil Drain Base Wall Type 2 Boundary 45º Reinforced block stem Infill soil Drainage layer Hob Retained soil Base Drain Note: Diagrams not to scale
04 1.2 Loading Conditions 1.4 Soil Classification 1.2.1 Retaining Walls 1.4 Soil classification These tables cover four loading conditions: • Level surface with 2.5 kPa surcharge for walls up to 1.5m high. • Level surface with 5.0 kPa surcharge for walls over 1.5m high. • Sloping surface up to 1:4 with 2.5 kPa surcharge for walls up to 1.5m high. • Sloping surface up to 1:4 with 5.0 kPa surcharge for walls over 1.5m high. To simplify the following design tables only one type of soil has been used throughout for both infill soil and retained soil. It is classified as an average soil and would be typical of a wide range of insitu soils and would normally include; stiff sandy clays, gravelly clays, compact clayey sand and sandy silts, compacted clay fill (Class II). Notes: • 300mm of soil or a private driveway imposes a load of approximately 5 kPa. • Sloping surface steeper than 1:4 is not included in this brochure. 1.3 Material Specifications In calculating these tables, the following material specifications were adopted: BESSER™ Block f’uc = 15 MPa in accordance with AS 4455 - 1997 Mortar Class M3 Cement 1 : Lime 1 : Sand 6 OR Cement 1 : Lime 0 : Sand 5 plus cellulose-based water thickener Concrete base f’c = 25 MPa Reinforcement Grade 500 N Grout f’c = 20 MPa with a pourable consistency and a cement content no less than 300 kg/m3 Where possible, use ready-mixed grout and specify when ordering that it is for filling blockwork. If the grout is mixed on site, use the following proportion: Cement 1 part Hydrated Lime Up to 1/10th part Mortar Sand 3 parts 10mm aggregate Up to 2 parts Notes: • 10mm aggregate should be rounded gravel where possible. • Grout should be mixed in a tilting drum paddle mixer and should flow freely without separation of the aggregate. The characteristic soil property has been reduced by the uncertainty factors below and upon which the designs have been based: Uncertainty factor for drained cohesion, = uc 0.70 Uncertainty factor for drained internal friction angle, ie: * = tan-1 ( u (tan ‘)) u Characteristic soil parameters = 0.85 Design soil parameters Internal friction angle ‘ (degrees) Cohesion c’ (kPa) Internal friction angle * (degrees) Cohesion c* (kPa) 27 3 23 2 1.5 Wall foundation The tables have been based on a foundation soil as described above and which must be excavated to sufficient depth to expose undisturbed material which is firm and dry. Should a designer wish to analyse a retaining wall built on a different foundation, base dimensions different from the tabulated values could be appropriate. If any of the following foundation conditions exist: softness, poor drainage, filled ground, organic matter, variable conditions, heavily cracked rock, aggressive soils, then experienced professional engineering advice should be obtained. 1.6 Infill soil and retained soil These tables have been calculated for infill soil and retained soil of soil classification shown above. Note: The following poor quality soils are not allowed for in the tables; soft and firm clay of medium to high plasticity, silty clays, loose variable clayey fill, loose sandy silts. If these soils are considered for use or aggressive groundwater exists an experienced professional engineer should be consulted and separate designs be obtained.
05 1.7 Drainage Systems It is essential that steps be taken to prevent the soil behind the wall from becoming saturated. These steps should include: • Sealing the soil surface – this can be done by covering it with a compacted layer of material with low permeability. The surface should be sloped towards an open drain. • A drainage system within the soil – this should preferably be achieved by placing gravel to a width of approximately 300mm immediately behind the wall with a continuous 100mm diameter slotted pvc agricultural pipe with geo fabric sock located at the base of the wall. The outlets from the pipe must be beyond the ends of the wall unless the pipe is connected to a proper storm water drainage system. For higher walls, or in cases where excessive ground water exists it may be necessary to provide another agricultural pipe drain at mid height of the wall. If it is not possible to discharge the drains beyond the end of the wall, weep-holes may be provided (see items for block laying following). In this case, a collecting system (e.g. spoon drains) must discharge the water into a drainage system to prevent saturation of the ground in front of the wall. A subfloor drainage system is advisable in basements to prevent hydrostatic pressure under the floor slab. 1.8 Water Penetration If considered necessary to reduce the passage of water through the wall, for aesthetic or other reasons such as aggressive ground water, the earth face of the wall should be treated using appropriate sealing techniques (see notes on tanking.) 1.9 Exploded View of Construction Grout all cores Grout Hopper Note: Where 15.42 or 20.42 blocks are in lieu of 20.48 blocks, lay alternative courses inverted and support horizontal reinforcement in the centre of the wall and 20 mm clear of the webs. Blocks type 20.48 Vertical X-bars (Stem) lapped with and tied to starter Y-bars Horizontal bars in wall can be laid on webs of H-blocks. Wall base Cleanout Blocks 20.61 or 20.45 Lap Position vertical X and Y-bars to give 55mm clear cover on earth side. Cleanout Block 20.45 Vertical starter Y-bars cast into base Formwork to close cleanout openings. Tie to vertical bars with wire or support with temporary timber struts. Hob Base transverse bars Base longitudinal bars Cleanout Biscuit 20.45A Key Note: Diagrams not to scale
06 1.10 How to Build the Wall 1.10.1 Preliminary • Excavate to a satisfactory foundation. • Arrange for supply of materials to the specifications given previously. 1.10.2 Base and hob • Form the base and hob to the required dimensions and levels as shown in tables. • Place the base reinforcement as shown in the diagrams, securely fix the starter bars for the vertical reinforcement (Y-bars) 55mm from the back face of the wall, in the correct positions relative to the block cores to be reinforced by using the top front edge of the hob as a positioning reference point. • Place the base concrete, preferably using ready-mixed concrete, and compact thoroughly by rodding, spading or vibrating. Wood float finish any surface to be exposed permanently. Take care not to dislodge reinforcement. 1.10.3 Block laying Block laying procedure follows that of the normal practice for building unreinforced walls but, includes the additional requirement of locating the first course directly on top of a hob which is used to accurately locate the starter bars. The mortar mix used should be cement 1 part, lime 1 part, sand 6 parts or cement 1 part, sand 5 parts plus water thickener. These parts should be accurately measured by volume (e.g. a bucket). The sand used should be clean pit sand, masonry or plasterer’s sand. The use of plasticising additives is permitted. Where they are used, the dosage rate must not exceed that recommended by the supplier as this will drastically reduce the mortar strength. Detergent should never be used. Recommendations specifically applicable to reinforced concrete block retaining walls follow: • Cleanout openings should be provided in the bottom course using either 20.61 blocks plus timber formwork at the front or 20.45 blocks plus 20.45 A biscuits to permit removal of mortar fins and other debris, and to allow positioning and tying of vertical reinforcement. These openings must be closed before grouting. • Above the first course, the use of 15.48, 20.48 and 30.48 H-Blocks is recommended because they are easier to fill with grout and provide required protection of the reinforcement. 15.42 and 20.42 blocks may be used in lieu of H-Blocks and these blocks require less grout for filling. However, they must be laid with alternative courses inverted so as to provide grout cover to longitudinal reinforcement, which must be lifted 20mm clear of the web of the block by using stirrups or other supports (see diagram). • Mortar projecting into the cores should be removed, either as the blocks are laid, or by rodding after the mortar has set. Debris should be removed from the cores through the cleanout openings. • When the wall is to be tanked, the mortar joints on that face should be struck flush and cleaned. • Weepholes can be providing by passing 50mm diameter upvc pipes holes through the hob at 1200mm centres. • Reinforcement must be positioned accurately (refer to above), and tied securely before placing concrete or grout. Vertical reinforcing bars, including starter bars, should be as close to the back face of the wall as possible, consistent with 55mm cover requirements. 1.10.4 Grouting • Close cleanout openings. • Place grout. It is recommended that whenever available, ready-mixed grout to workability specifications given in AS3700 2001 should be used. Site-mixed grout, if used, should be mixed thoroughly in a tilting drum type paddle mixer to the same specification as ready-mixed grout. • All cores should be filled with grout, whether reinforced or not. This is essential to bond and protect horizontal reinforcement, and to give maximum weight for stability. • The grout should be compacted thoroughly so that voids are not left. Compaction may be by rodding with a plain round bar (do not use main vertical reinforcing bars or other deformed bars) or with a high frequency pencil vibrator, used carefully. • We recomend using “Coremasta” for corefilling your walls. “Coremasta” is a specially formulated block filler that gives superior grout penetration and requires minimal labour hours. Contact Hanson Construction Materials on 132 662 for more details. 1.11Tanking Where the wall is required to be waterproof, for example a basement wall, various proprietary tanking methods are available. One such method is a three coat liquid rubber compound incorporating a special reinforcing fabric for high stressed areas. Another method is a heavy duty, pliable, waterproof sheet membrane fixed to the wall surface. Surface coatings or sheet membranes must always be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications. 1.12 Infill Soil and Drainage • Infill soil should not placed behind the wall until at least ten days after grouting. • Infill soil should be placed and compacted in layers not more than 200mm deep. The degree and method of compaction depends on the proposed use of the retaining wall. • The drainage system should be installed progressively as the infill soil rises. • The drainage system behind the wall should be connected to the main drainage system. • For the nominated infill soil in this brochure, it is advisable to seal off the top surface of the infill soil with a semi-impermeable layer of soil or earth. Compact and grade to a gutter to provide surface drainage.
07 1.13 Design Details for Wall Type 1 1.13.1 Level Surface Wall Layout Walls up to 1.2m high Walls over 1.8m and up to 3.0m high 75.10 Capping Tile if required 190 10.31 Capping Tile if required 140 2.5 kPa surcharge 100 340 290 190 100 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m N16 top course only 55 cover 55 cover N16 top course only N12 @ 400 crs H Note: All cores fully grouted X-bars Y-bars 500 lap N12 @ 400 crs X-bars Note: All cores fully grouted 700 lap 55 cover Cleanout Block Y-bars with 55 cover 100 55 cover to top of Y-bars 200 H N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars B 700 lap Walls over 1.2m and up to 1.8m high Y-bars 55 cover N16 @ 400 crs X-bars Cleanout Block 240 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 10.31 Capping Tile if required 190 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 100 Y-bars with 55 cover 100 350 N16 @ 300 crs N16 top course only B 55 cover X-bars H Note: All cores fully grouted Y-bars 700 lap N12 @ 400 crs 55 cover Cleanout Block Y-bars with 55 cover 100 250 N16 @ 300 crs B Note: Diagrams not to scale Wall Type 1
07 1.13.2 Sloping Surface up to 1 in 4 Wall Layout Walls up to 1.2m high 75.10 Capping Tile if required Walls over 1.8m and up to 3.0m high 340 190 10.31 Capping Tile if required 2.5 kPa surcharge 140 100 100 290 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 N16 top course only 55 cover 55 cover N16 top course only N12 @ 400 crs H Note: All cores fully grouted X-bars Y-bars 55 cover 500 lap X-bars 700 lap N12 @ 400 crs Cleanout Block Y-bars with 55 cover 100 55 cover to top of Y-bars 200 Note: All cores fully grouted H N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars B 700 lap Walls over 1.2m and up to 1.8m high Y-bars 55 cover N16 @ 400 crs X-bars 10.31 Capping Tile if required Cleanout Block 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 240 Y-bars with 55 cover 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 100 100 350 D N16 @ 300 crs N16 top course only W 55 cover B X-bars Note: All cores fully grouted H Y-bars 700 lap N12 @ 400 crs 55 cover Cleanout Block Y-bars with 55 cover 100 250 D N16 @ 300 crs W B Note: Diagrams not to scale Wall Type 1
09 1.13.3 Base and Key Sizes Key width ‘W’ Base width ‘B’ Surface slope Wall height ‘H’ Key depth ‘D’ Surface slope Level with Up to 1 in 4 with Up to 1 in 4 with 2.5 kPa surcharge 2.5 kPa surcharge 5.0 kPa surcharge 600 500 - 700 - - - 800 600 - 800 - - - 1000 700 - 1000 - - - 1200 850 - 1200 - - - 1400 1000 - 1400 - - - 1600 - 1300 - 1800 200 200 1800 - 1450 - 2200 200 250 2000 - 1650 - 2400 300 250 2200 - 1800 - 2700 300 300 2400 - 2000 - 2900 300 300 2600 - 2100 - 3200 300 350 2800 - 2250 - 3400 300 350 3000 Notes: 5.0 kPa surcharge - 2450 - 3700 300 400 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5.0 kPa surcharge No key required for level surface slope walls. All dimensions in millimeters. 300mm of soil or a private driveway imposes a surcharge load of approximately 5 kPa. 2.5 kPa surcharge applies up to 1.5m. 5.0 kPa surcharge applies over 1.5m. 1.13.4 Reinforcement Details Wall height Total wall height ‘H’ 600 Reinforcement Height of 150 series block Height of 200 series block Height of 300 series block 600 - Surface slope Surface slope Level 1:4 Level 1:4 X-bar X-bar Y-bar Y-bar - N12 N12 N12 N12 800 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1000 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1200 1200 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1400 - 1400 - N16 N16 N16 N16 1600 - 1600 - N16 N16 N16 N16 1800 - 1800 - N16 N16 N16 N16 2000 - 1800 200 N16 N16 N16 N16 2200 - 1800 400 N16 N16 N16 N16 2400 - 1800 600 N16 N16 N16 N16 2600 - 1800 800 N16 N16 N16 N16 2800 - 1800 1000 N16 N16 N16 @ 200 N16 @ 200 3000 Notes: 800 1000 - 1800 1200 N16 N16 N16 @ 200 N16 @ 200 1. All bars are to be at 400mm centres unless otherwise stated. 2. All bars to have 55mm cover from outside concrete surface. 3. All dimensions in millimeters. Wall Type 1
10 1.14 Design Details for Wall Type 2 1.14.1 Level Surface Wall Layout Walls up to 1.2m high Walls over 1.8m and up to 3.0m high 75.10 Capping Tile if required 340 190 140 10.31 Capping Tile if required 2.5 kPa surcharge 100 290 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 100 N16 top course only 55 cover 55 cover N16 top course only N12 @ 400 crs H X-bars Y-bars 55 cover 500 lap N12 @ 400 crs Note: All cores fully grouted X-bars Note: All cores fully grouted 700 lap Cleanout Block SL72 Mesh 100 55 cover to top of Y-bars 200 H D Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars 55 cover W Y-bars 55 cover B N16 @ 400 crs 700 lap Walls over 1.2m and up to 1.8m high X-bars 10.31 Capping Tile if required Cleanout Block 240 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 190 100 SL72 mesh 100 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 350 D Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs N16 top course only 55 cover W 55 cover X-bars H Note: All cores fully grouted B N12 @ 400 crs 700 lap Y-bars 55 cover Cleanout Block SL72 mesh 100 250 D Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs 55 cover W B Note: Diagrams not to scale Wall Type 2
11 1.14.2 Sloping Surface up to 1 in 4 Wall Layout Walls up to 1.2m high Walls over 1.8m and up to 3.0m high 75.10 Capping Tile if required 190 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 340 10.31 Capping Tile if required 2.5 kPa surcharge 140 290 100 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 100 N16 top course only 55 cover 55 cover N16 top course only N12 @ 400 crs H X-bars Y-bars 55 cover 500 lap Note: All cores fully grouted Note: All cores fully grouted X-bars 700 lap N12 @ 400 crs Cleanout Block SL72 Mesh 100 55 cover to top of Y-bars 200 D H Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars 55 cover W Y-bars 55 cover B N16 @ 400 crs 700 lap Walls over 1.2m and up to 1.8m high X-bars 10.31 Capping Tile if required Cleanout Block 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 240 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 SL72 mesh 100 100 350 D N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars with 55 cover N16 top course only 55 cover W 55 cover B X-bars H Note: All cores fully grouted N12 @ 400 crs Y-bars 55 cover 700 lap Cleanout Block SL72 mesh 100 250 D Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs 55 cover W B Note: Diagrams not to scale Wall Type 2
12 1.14.3 Base and Key Sizes Key width ‘W’ Base width ‘B’ Surface slope Wall height ‘H’ Key depth ‘D’ Surface slope Level with Up to 1 in 4 with 2.5 kPa surcharge 2.5 kPa surcharge 5.0 kPa surcharge Level 1 in 4 Level 1 in 4 600 500 - 700 - - 150 - 100 800 800 - 900 - - 150 - 200 1000 800 - 1100 - 150 200 200 300 1200 1000 - 1400 - 200 300 300 400 1400 1100 - 1500 - 200 350 300 500 1600 - 1600 - 2200 350 500 500 700 1800 - 1900 - 2400 400 550 600 800 2000 - 2000 - 2600 400 550 600 800 2200 - 2200 - 2900 500 600 700 900 2400 - 2400 - 3200 550 700 800 1000 2600 - 2700 - 3500 600 750 900 1100 2800 - 2900 - 3700 600 800 900 1200 3000 Notes: 5.0 kPa surcharge - 3100 - 4000 700 900 1000 1300 1. 2. 3. 4. All dimensions in millimeters. 300mm of soil or a private driveway imposes a surcharge load of approximately 5 kPa. 2.5 kPa surcharge applies up to 1.5m. 5.0 kPa surcharge applies over 1.5m. 1.14.3 Reinforcement Details Wall height Total wall height ‘H’ 600 Reinforcement Height of 150 series block Height of 200 series block Height of 300 series block 600 - Surface slope Surface slope Level 1:4 Level 1:4 X-bar X-bar Y-bar Y-bar - N12 N12 N12 N12 800 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1000 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1200 1200 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1400 - 1400 - N16 N16 N16 N16 1600 - 1600 - N16 N16 N16 N16 1800 - 1800 - N16 N16 N16 N16 2000 - 1800 200 N16 N16 N16 N16 2200 - 1800 400 N16 N16 N16 N16 2400 - 1800 600 N16 N16 N16 N16 2600 - 1800 800 N16 N16 N16 N16 2800 - 1800 1000 N16 N16 N16 @ 200 N16 @ 200 3000 Notes: 800 1000 - 1800 1200 N16 N16 N16 @ 200 N16 @ 200 1. All bars are to be at 400mm centres unless otherwise stated. 2. All bars to have 55mm cover from outside concrete surface. 3. All dimensions in millimeters. Wall Type 2
13 2.0 Basement Walls 2.1 General The foundation slab of a basement can be modified to provide an efficient footing for a retaining wall. In addition, a concrete floor slab will provide a ‘prop’ to the top of the wall, simplifying the wall details compared to a timber floor. All infill materials must be with granular material. Details of typical basement walls are shown in the following figures. 2.2 Drainage As with all retaining walls it is critical that the soil is prevented from becoming saturated. Steps to be taken to achieve this include: • A drainage system within the soil. This should preferably take the form of a 300 mm width of gravel immediately behind the wall with a continuous agricultural pipe located at the base of the wall. The pipe must discharge beyond the ends of the wall. • Sealing the soil surface. This can be done by placing a compacted layer of low-permeability material over the soil and sloping the surface away from the house. It is also important to prevent hydrostatic pressure under the floor slab. Where there is the possibility of groundwater under the slab, then a subfloor drainage system is advisable. 2.3 Tanking Where it is required that the basement be kept dry, a proper tanking system needs to be installed behind the wall before backfilling (refer Chapter 10). An alternative to this is to provide a drain and a false wall in front of the wall (refer alternative detail). 2.4 How to Build the Wall Building a Basement wall is essentially the same as building a retaining wall. Please refer to section 1.10 for details on how to build a basement wall. 2.5 Basement Walls Unpropped or partially propped wall Basement walls up to 2.7m high. Propped wall Timber floor Concrete floor 45º 45º Infill soil Reinforced block stem Drainage layer Reinforced block stem Drainage layer Retained soil Retained soil Basement Base Infill soil Basement Drain Base Drain Note: Diagrams not to scale
14 2.6 BESSER™ Block Basement Wall Design Details For Supporting a Concrete Wall Typical details - Fully-propped walls Alternative details Starter bar to match wall reinforcement above N12 at 200 crs Floor slab reinforcement One-course bond beam with N12 bar 20.20 knock-out block saw-cut at floor soffit level 20.48 ‘H’ blocks Horizontal reinforcement N12 at 400 crs Tanking to back face of wall Note: Wall blocks and reinforcement as for ‘Typical Details’ - fully propped walls 2700 max. 190 thick blockwork Vertical reinforcement N16 at 400 crs, central Note: No tanking required Note: N12 at 200 crs may be used instead of N16 at 400 crs False wall Ag. drain Floor slab reinforcement N16 at 400 crs Drained cavity Ag. drain 200 200 N12 at 400 crs 55 cover 1000 2.7 BESSER™ Block Basement Wall Design Details For Supporting a Timber Floor Typical details - Unpropped or partially-propped walls Timber floor Alternative details Timber floor 140-thick blockwork One-course bond beam using 20.20 knock-out block with 1-N12 bar Pole plate fixed to bond beam Vertical reinforcement N16 at 400 crs, central 20.48 ‘H’ blocks 190-thick blockwork Horizontal reinforcement N12 at 400 crs 55 cover to back face Note: Reinforcement as for ‘Typical Details’ 190 thick blockwork 2700 max. to ground level 290-thick blockwork 290 thick blockwork Tanking to back face of wall 55 cover to back face Note: N20 at 400 crs may be used instead of N16 at 200 crs 1200 False wall 30.48 ‘H’ blocks Floor slab reinforcement Ag. drain Drained cavity N16 at 200 crs Ag. drain 300 N12 at 400 crs Note: No tanking required 300 55 cover 1500 Note: Diagrams not to scale
Glossary 2.8 Basement Walls These designs are based on a level surface with 5 kPa surcharge. Walls designed as propped must not be backfilled before the concrete floor at the top of the wall is in place. Important Notes No loadings should be applied (e.g. from footings), within the area of infill soil other than those loadings referred to above. The area of infill soil is bounded by a line at 45° to the rear of the base as illustrated in chapter 1. Only one typical soil case is presented. These tables may not provide an ideal solution in a particular case. For situations other than those covered by the tables, or if there is doubt as to: • The strength and stability of the foundation material the drainage system needed • An experienced professional engineer should be consulted for advice. Flinders Park 284 Grange Road, Flinders Park, SA 5025 phone: (08) 8234 7144 I fax: (08) 8234 9644 Gawler Cnr Main North & Tiver Rd, Evanston, SA 5116 phone: (08) 8522 2522 I fax: (08) 8522 2488 Gepps Cross 700 Main North Road, Gepps Cross, SA 5094 phone: (08) 8349 5311 I fax: (08) 8349 5833 Holden Hill 578 North East Road, Holden Hill, SA 5088 phone: (08) 8369 0200 I fax: (08) 8266 6855 Kadina 86 Port Road, Kadina, SA 5554 phone: (08) 8821 2077 | fax: (08) 8821 2977 Load and Limit States: Dead load* The self-weight of the structure, infill soil, retained soil or rock. Live load* Loads that arise from the intended use of the structure, including distributed, concentrated, impact and inertia loads. It includes construction loads, but excludes wind and earthquake loads. Surcharge A uniformaly distributed external load. For retaining walls under 1.5m a minimum load of 2.5 kPa. For retaining walls over 1.5m a minimum load of 5 kPa. Stability limit state A limit state of loss of static equilibrium of a structure or part thereof, when considered as a rigid body. Strength limit state A limit state of collapse or loss of structural integrity of the components of the retaining wall. Serviceability limit state A limit state for acceptable in-service conditions. The most common serviceability states are excessive differential settlement and forward movement of the retaining wall. Components: Concrete masonry units Concrete blocks manufactured to provide an attractive, durable, stable face to a retaining wall. The recommended block types are the 15.48, 20.48 and 30.48 ‘H’ blocks. Retained soil The natural soil, intended to be retained by a retaining wall. Foundation soil The natural soil material under a retaining wall. Infill soil The soil material placed behind the retaining wall facing. Often retained soil is used for this purpose. Lonsdale 13 Sherriffs Road, Lonsdale, SA 5160 phone: (08) 8381 2400 I fax: (08) 8381 2366 Mount Barker 4 Oborn Road, Mount Barker, SA 5251 phone: (08) 8391 3467 fax: (08) 8398 2518 Mount Gambier 6 Graham Road, Mount Gambier West, SA 5291 phone: (08) 8725 6019 I fax: (08) 8725 3724 Hallet Cove 9-11 Commercial Road, Sheidow Park, SA 5158 phone: (08) 8381 9142 I fax: (08) 8381 7666 Streaky Bay 18 Bay Road, Streaky Bay, SA 5680 phone: (08) 8626 7011 I mob: 0427 263 050 Westbourne Park 455 Goodwood Rd, Westbourne Park, SA 5041 phone: (08) 8299 9633 I fax: 08) 8299 9688 Whyalla 132 Norrie Ave, Whyalla Norrie, SA 5608 phone: (08) 8644 0918 I mob: 0412 810 056 * This brochure uses the terminology ‘dead load’ to indicate permanent loads and ‘live load’ to indicate imposed loads. This terminology is consistent with the convention adopted in AS 4678-2002.

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How to build a besser block wall

  • 1.
    AUSTRALIAN PAVING CENTRE Howto build a Besser Block Wall
  • 2.
    Contents Preface Introduction 1.0 Retaining walls 1.1Designs for reinforced retaining wall types 1.2 Loading Conditions 1.2.1 Retaining Walls 1.3 Material Specifications 1.4 Soil Classification 1.5 Wall Foundation 1.6 Infill Soil and Retained Soil 1.7 Drainage Systems 1.8 Water Penetration 1.9 Exploded View of Construction 1.10 How to Build the Wall 1.10.1 Preliminary 1.10.2 Base and Hob 1.10.3 Block Laying 1.10.4 Grouting 1.11 Tanking 1.12 Infill Soil and Drainage 1.13 Design Details for Wall Type 1 1.13.1 Level Surface Wall Layout 1.13.2 Sloping Surface up to 1 in 4 Wall Layout 1.13.3 Base and Key Sizes 1.13.4 Reinforcement Details 1.14 Design Details for Wall Type 2 1.14.1 Level Surface Wall Layout 1.14.2 Sloping Surface up to 1 in 4 Wall Layout 1.14.3 Base and Key Sizes 1.14.4 Reinforcement Details 2.0 Basement Walls 2.1 General 2.2 Drainage 2.3 Tanking 2.4 How to build the wall 2.5 Designs for reinforced basement wall types 2.6 Besser block basement wall design details for supporting a concrete floor 2.7 Besser block basement wall design details for supporting a timber floor 2.8 Basement walls Glossary Introduction 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 Preface The designs shown in the brochure are based on limit state design in accordance with the provisions of AS4678-2002 Earth retaining structures standard including Amendment 1, 2003. The designs are hereby certified by Adbri Masonry Building Products Pty Ltd ABN 31 009 687 521. The design details provided in this brochure have been prepared by Adbri Masonry specifically for Adbri Masonry blocks and are applicable only to retaining walls using Adbri Masonry products for residential or light commercial applications up to 3.0m high. For higher and/or more complex applications it is recommended reference be made to the Concrete Masonry Association of Australia document Reinforced Concrete Masonry Cantilever Retaining Walls – Design and Construction Guide MA51, Amended July 2003. Reinforced BESSER™ Block Retaining and Basement Walls consist of a reinforced concrete base which anchors the wall against overturning and sliding, and a stem of BESSER™ blocks. The stem is reinforced with steel bars placed vertically and horizontally, and all cores in the blocks are filled with semi-fluid concrete, known as ‘grout’. The vertical reinforcing bars in the cores are lapped with shorter ‘starter bars’ embedded firmly in the reinforced concrete base using a hob to correctly locate the bars. These short bars allow easier block laying, and the longer bars are put in after all blocks are laid and before grouting. The length of the lap is critically important and must be shown on the drawings.
  • 3.
    03 1.0 Retaining Walls 1.1Designs for Reinforced Retaining Wall Types Retaining walls up to 3.0m high. Wall Type 1 Boundary 45º Reinforced block stem Infill soil Drainage layer Hob Retained soil Drain Base Wall Type 2 Boundary 45º Reinforced block stem Infill soil Drainage layer Hob Retained soil Base Drain Note: Diagrams not to scale
  • 4.
    04 1.2 Loading Conditions1.4 Soil Classification 1.2.1 Retaining Walls 1.4 Soil classification These tables cover four loading conditions: • Level surface with 2.5 kPa surcharge for walls up to 1.5m high. • Level surface with 5.0 kPa surcharge for walls over 1.5m high. • Sloping surface up to 1:4 with 2.5 kPa surcharge for walls up to 1.5m high. • Sloping surface up to 1:4 with 5.0 kPa surcharge for walls over 1.5m high. To simplify the following design tables only one type of soil has been used throughout for both infill soil and retained soil. It is classified as an average soil and would be typical of a wide range of insitu soils and would normally include; stiff sandy clays, gravelly clays, compact clayey sand and sandy silts, compacted clay fill (Class II). Notes: • 300mm of soil or a private driveway imposes a load of approximately 5 kPa. • Sloping surface steeper than 1:4 is not included in this brochure. 1.3 Material Specifications In calculating these tables, the following material specifications were adopted: BESSER™ Block f’uc = 15 MPa in accordance with AS 4455 - 1997 Mortar Class M3 Cement 1 : Lime 1 : Sand 6 OR Cement 1 : Lime 0 : Sand 5 plus cellulose-based water thickener Concrete base f’c = 25 MPa Reinforcement Grade 500 N Grout f’c = 20 MPa with a pourable consistency and a cement content no less than 300 kg/m3 Where possible, use ready-mixed grout and specify when ordering that it is for filling blockwork. If the grout is mixed on site, use the following proportion: Cement 1 part Hydrated Lime Up to 1/10th part Mortar Sand 3 parts 10mm aggregate Up to 2 parts Notes: • 10mm aggregate should be rounded gravel where possible. • Grout should be mixed in a tilting drum paddle mixer and should flow freely without separation of the aggregate. The characteristic soil property has been reduced by the uncertainty factors below and upon which the designs have been based: Uncertainty factor for drained cohesion, = uc 0.70 Uncertainty factor for drained internal friction angle, ie: * = tan-1 ( u (tan ‘)) u Characteristic soil parameters = 0.85 Design soil parameters Internal friction angle ‘ (degrees) Cohesion c’ (kPa) Internal friction angle * (degrees) Cohesion c* (kPa) 27 3 23 2 1.5 Wall foundation The tables have been based on a foundation soil as described above and which must be excavated to sufficient depth to expose undisturbed material which is firm and dry. Should a designer wish to analyse a retaining wall built on a different foundation, base dimensions different from the tabulated values could be appropriate. If any of the following foundation conditions exist: softness, poor drainage, filled ground, organic matter, variable conditions, heavily cracked rock, aggressive soils, then experienced professional engineering advice should be obtained. 1.6 Infill soil and retained soil These tables have been calculated for infill soil and retained soil of soil classification shown above. Note: The following poor quality soils are not allowed for in the tables; soft and firm clay of medium to high plasticity, silty clays, loose variable clayey fill, loose sandy silts. If these soils are considered for use or aggressive groundwater exists an experienced professional engineer should be consulted and separate designs be obtained.
  • 5.
    05 1.7 Drainage Systems Itis essential that steps be taken to prevent the soil behind the wall from becoming saturated. These steps should include: • Sealing the soil surface – this can be done by covering it with a compacted layer of material with low permeability. The surface should be sloped towards an open drain. • A drainage system within the soil – this should preferably be achieved by placing gravel to a width of approximately 300mm immediately behind the wall with a continuous 100mm diameter slotted pvc agricultural pipe with geo fabric sock located at the base of the wall. The outlets from the pipe must be beyond the ends of the wall unless the pipe is connected to a proper storm water drainage system. For higher walls, or in cases where excessive ground water exists it may be necessary to provide another agricultural pipe drain at mid height of the wall. If it is not possible to discharge the drains beyond the end of the wall, weep-holes may be provided (see items for block laying following). In this case, a collecting system (e.g. spoon drains) must discharge the water into a drainage system to prevent saturation of the ground in front of the wall. A subfloor drainage system is advisable in basements to prevent hydrostatic pressure under the floor slab. 1.8 Water Penetration If considered necessary to reduce the passage of water through the wall, for aesthetic or other reasons such as aggressive ground water, the earth face of the wall should be treated using appropriate sealing techniques (see notes on tanking.) 1.9 Exploded View of Construction Grout all cores Grout Hopper Note: Where 15.42 or 20.42 blocks are in lieu of 20.48 blocks, lay alternative courses inverted and support horizontal reinforcement in the centre of the wall and 20 mm clear of the webs. Blocks type 20.48 Vertical X-bars (Stem) lapped with and tied to starter Y-bars Horizontal bars in wall can be laid on webs of H-blocks. Wall base Cleanout Blocks 20.61 or 20.45 Lap Position vertical X and Y-bars to give 55mm clear cover on earth side. Cleanout Block 20.45 Vertical starter Y-bars cast into base Formwork to close cleanout openings. Tie to vertical bars with wire or support with temporary timber struts. Hob Base transverse bars Base longitudinal bars Cleanout Biscuit 20.45A Key Note: Diagrams not to scale
  • 6.
    06 1.10 How toBuild the Wall 1.10.1 Preliminary • Excavate to a satisfactory foundation. • Arrange for supply of materials to the specifications given previously. 1.10.2 Base and hob • Form the base and hob to the required dimensions and levels as shown in tables. • Place the base reinforcement as shown in the diagrams, securely fix the starter bars for the vertical reinforcement (Y-bars) 55mm from the back face of the wall, in the correct positions relative to the block cores to be reinforced by using the top front edge of the hob as a positioning reference point. • Place the base concrete, preferably using ready-mixed concrete, and compact thoroughly by rodding, spading or vibrating. Wood float finish any surface to be exposed permanently. Take care not to dislodge reinforcement. 1.10.3 Block laying Block laying procedure follows that of the normal practice for building unreinforced walls but, includes the additional requirement of locating the first course directly on top of a hob which is used to accurately locate the starter bars. The mortar mix used should be cement 1 part, lime 1 part, sand 6 parts or cement 1 part, sand 5 parts plus water thickener. These parts should be accurately measured by volume (e.g. a bucket). The sand used should be clean pit sand, masonry or plasterer’s sand. The use of plasticising additives is permitted. Where they are used, the dosage rate must not exceed that recommended by the supplier as this will drastically reduce the mortar strength. Detergent should never be used. Recommendations specifically applicable to reinforced concrete block retaining walls follow: • Cleanout openings should be provided in the bottom course using either 20.61 blocks plus timber formwork at the front or 20.45 blocks plus 20.45 A biscuits to permit removal of mortar fins and other debris, and to allow positioning and tying of vertical reinforcement. These openings must be closed before grouting. • Above the first course, the use of 15.48, 20.48 and 30.48 H-Blocks is recommended because they are easier to fill with grout and provide required protection of the reinforcement. 15.42 and 20.42 blocks may be used in lieu of H-Blocks and these blocks require less grout for filling. However, they must be laid with alternative courses inverted so as to provide grout cover to longitudinal reinforcement, which must be lifted 20mm clear of the web of the block by using stirrups or other supports (see diagram). • Mortar projecting into the cores should be removed, either as the blocks are laid, or by rodding after the mortar has set. Debris should be removed from the cores through the cleanout openings. • When the wall is to be tanked, the mortar joints on that face should be struck flush and cleaned. • Weepholes can be providing by passing 50mm diameter upvc pipes holes through the hob at 1200mm centres. • Reinforcement must be positioned accurately (refer to above), and tied securely before placing concrete or grout. Vertical reinforcing bars, including starter bars, should be as close to the back face of the wall as possible, consistent with 55mm cover requirements. 1.10.4 Grouting • Close cleanout openings. • Place grout. It is recommended that whenever available, ready-mixed grout to workability specifications given in AS3700 2001 should be used. Site-mixed grout, if used, should be mixed thoroughly in a tilting drum type paddle mixer to the same specification as ready-mixed grout. • All cores should be filled with grout, whether reinforced or not. This is essential to bond and protect horizontal reinforcement, and to give maximum weight for stability. • The grout should be compacted thoroughly so that voids are not left. Compaction may be by rodding with a plain round bar (do not use main vertical reinforcing bars or other deformed bars) or with a high frequency pencil vibrator, used carefully. • We recomend using “Coremasta” for corefilling your walls. “Coremasta” is a specially formulated block filler that gives superior grout penetration and requires minimal labour hours. Contact Hanson Construction Materials on 132 662 for more details. 1.11Tanking Where the wall is required to be waterproof, for example a basement wall, various proprietary tanking methods are available. One such method is a three coat liquid rubber compound incorporating a special reinforcing fabric for high stressed areas. Another method is a heavy duty, pliable, waterproof sheet membrane fixed to the wall surface. Surface coatings or sheet membranes must always be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications. 1.12 Infill Soil and Drainage • Infill soil should not placed behind the wall until at least ten days after grouting. • Infill soil should be placed and compacted in layers not more than 200mm deep. The degree and method of compaction depends on the proposed use of the retaining wall. • The drainage system should be installed progressively as the infill soil rises. • The drainage system behind the wall should be connected to the main drainage system. • For the nominated infill soil in this brochure, it is advisable to seal off the top surface of the infill soil with a semi-impermeable layer of soil or earth. Compact and grade to a gutter to provide surface drainage.
  • 7.
    07 1.13 Design Detailsfor Wall Type 1 1.13.1 Level Surface Wall Layout Walls up to 1.2m high Walls over 1.8m and up to 3.0m high 75.10 Capping Tile if required 190 10.31 Capping Tile if required 140 2.5 kPa surcharge 100 340 290 190 100 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m N16 top course only 55 cover 55 cover N16 top course only N12 @ 400 crs H Note: All cores fully grouted X-bars Y-bars 500 lap N12 @ 400 crs X-bars Note: All cores fully grouted 700 lap 55 cover Cleanout Block Y-bars with 55 cover 100 55 cover to top of Y-bars 200 H N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars B 700 lap Walls over 1.2m and up to 1.8m high Y-bars 55 cover N16 @ 400 crs X-bars Cleanout Block 240 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 10.31 Capping Tile if required 190 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 100 Y-bars with 55 cover 100 350 N16 @ 300 crs N16 top course only B 55 cover X-bars H Note: All cores fully grouted Y-bars 700 lap N12 @ 400 crs 55 cover Cleanout Block Y-bars with 55 cover 100 250 N16 @ 300 crs B Note: Diagrams not to scale Wall Type 1
  • 8.
    07 1.13.2 Sloping Surfaceup to 1 in 4 Wall Layout Walls up to 1.2m high 75.10 Capping Tile if required Walls over 1.8m and up to 3.0m high 340 190 10.31 Capping Tile if required 2.5 kPa surcharge 140 100 100 290 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 N16 top course only 55 cover 55 cover N16 top course only N12 @ 400 crs H Note: All cores fully grouted X-bars Y-bars 55 cover 500 lap X-bars 700 lap N12 @ 400 crs Cleanout Block Y-bars with 55 cover 100 55 cover to top of Y-bars 200 Note: All cores fully grouted H N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars B 700 lap Walls over 1.2m and up to 1.8m high Y-bars 55 cover N16 @ 400 crs X-bars 10.31 Capping Tile if required Cleanout Block 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 240 Y-bars with 55 cover 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 100 100 350 D N16 @ 300 crs N16 top course only W 55 cover B X-bars Note: All cores fully grouted H Y-bars 700 lap N12 @ 400 crs 55 cover Cleanout Block Y-bars with 55 cover 100 250 D N16 @ 300 crs W B Note: Diagrams not to scale Wall Type 1
  • 9.
    09 1.13.3 Base andKey Sizes Key width ‘W’ Base width ‘B’ Surface slope Wall height ‘H’ Key depth ‘D’ Surface slope Level with Up to 1 in 4 with Up to 1 in 4 with 2.5 kPa surcharge 2.5 kPa surcharge 5.0 kPa surcharge 600 500 - 700 - - - 800 600 - 800 - - - 1000 700 - 1000 - - - 1200 850 - 1200 - - - 1400 1000 - 1400 - - - 1600 - 1300 - 1800 200 200 1800 - 1450 - 2200 200 250 2000 - 1650 - 2400 300 250 2200 - 1800 - 2700 300 300 2400 - 2000 - 2900 300 300 2600 - 2100 - 3200 300 350 2800 - 2250 - 3400 300 350 3000 Notes: 5.0 kPa surcharge - 2450 - 3700 300 400 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5.0 kPa surcharge No key required for level surface slope walls. All dimensions in millimeters. 300mm of soil or a private driveway imposes a surcharge load of approximately 5 kPa. 2.5 kPa surcharge applies up to 1.5m. 5.0 kPa surcharge applies over 1.5m. 1.13.4 Reinforcement Details Wall height Total wall height ‘H’ 600 Reinforcement Height of 150 series block Height of 200 series block Height of 300 series block 600 - Surface slope Surface slope Level 1:4 Level 1:4 X-bar X-bar Y-bar Y-bar - N12 N12 N12 N12 800 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1000 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1200 1200 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1400 - 1400 - N16 N16 N16 N16 1600 - 1600 - N16 N16 N16 N16 1800 - 1800 - N16 N16 N16 N16 2000 - 1800 200 N16 N16 N16 N16 2200 - 1800 400 N16 N16 N16 N16 2400 - 1800 600 N16 N16 N16 N16 2600 - 1800 800 N16 N16 N16 N16 2800 - 1800 1000 N16 N16 N16 @ 200 N16 @ 200 3000 Notes: 800 1000 - 1800 1200 N16 N16 N16 @ 200 N16 @ 200 1. All bars are to be at 400mm centres unless otherwise stated. 2. All bars to have 55mm cover from outside concrete surface. 3. All dimensions in millimeters. Wall Type 1
  • 10.
    10 1.14 Design Detailsfor Wall Type 2 1.14.1 Level Surface Wall Layout Walls up to 1.2m high Walls over 1.8m and up to 3.0m high 75.10 Capping Tile if required 340 190 140 10.31 Capping Tile if required 2.5 kPa surcharge 100 290 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 100 N16 top course only 55 cover 55 cover N16 top course only N12 @ 400 crs H X-bars Y-bars 55 cover 500 lap N12 @ 400 crs Note: All cores fully grouted X-bars Note: All cores fully grouted 700 lap Cleanout Block SL72 Mesh 100 55 cover to top of Y-bars 200 H D Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars 55 cover W Y-bars 55 cover B N16 @ 400 crs 700 lap Walls over 1.2m and up to 1.8m high X-bars 10.31 Capping Tile if required Cleanout Block 240 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 190 100 SL72 mesh 100 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 350 D Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs N16 top course only 55 cover W 55 cover X-bars H Note: All cores fully grouted B N12 @ 400 crs 700 lap Y-bars 55 cover Cleanout Block SL72 mesh 100 250 D Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs 55 cover W B Note: Diagrams not to scale Wall Type 2
  • 11.
    11 1.14.2 Sloping Surfaceup to 1 in 4 Wall Layout Walls up to 1.2m high Walls over 1.8m and up to 3.0m high 75.10 Capping Tile if required 190 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 340 10.31 Capping Tile if required 2.5 kPa surcharge 140 290 100 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 100 N16 top course only 55 cover 55 cover N16 top course only N12 @ 400 crs H X-bars Y-bars 55 cover 500 lap Note: All cores fully grouted Note: All cores fully grouted X-bars 700 lap N12 @ 400 crs Cleanout Block SL72 Mesh 100 55 cover to top of Y-bars 200 D H Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars 55 cover W Y-bars 55 cover B N16 @ 400 crs 700 lap Walls over 1.2m and up to 1.8m high X-bars 10.31 Capping Tile if required Cleanout Block 2.5 kPa surcharge up to 1.5m 240 5.0 kPa surcharge over 1.5m 190 SL72 mesh 100 100 350 D N16 @ 300 crs Y-bars with 55 cover N16 top course only 55 cover W 55 cover B X-bars H Note: All cores fully grouted N12 @ 400 crs Y-bars 55 cover 700 lap Cleanout Block SL72 mesh 100 250 D Y-bars with 55 cover N16 @ 300 crs 55 cover W B Note: Diagrams not to scale Wall Type 2
  • 12.
    12 1.14.3 Base andKey Sizes Key width ‘W’ Base width ‘B’ Surface slope Wall height ‘H’ Key depth ‘D’ Surface slope Level with Up to 1 in 4 with 2.5 kPa surcharge 2.5 kPa surcharge 5.0 kPa surcharge Level 1 in 4 Level 1 in 4 600 500 - 700 - - 150 - 100 800 800 - 900 - - 150 - 200 1000 800 - 1100 - 150 200 200 300 1200 1000 - 1400 - 200 300 300 400 1400 1100 - 1500 - 200 350 300 500 1600 - 1600 - 2200 350 500 500 700 1800 - 1900 - 2400 400 550 600 800 2000 - 2000 - 2600 400 550 600 800 2200 - 2200 - 2900 500 600 700 900 2400 - 2400 - 3200 550 700 800 1000 2600 - 2700 - 3500 600 750 900 1100 2800 - 2900 - 3700 600 800 900 1200 3000 Notes: 5.0 kPa surcharge - 3100 - 4000 700 900 1000 1300 1. 2. 3. 4. All dimensions in millimeters. 300mm of soil or a private driveway imposes a surcharge load of approximately 5 kPa. 2.5 kPa surcharge applies up to 1.5m. 5.0 kPa surcharge applies over 1.5m. 1.14.3 Reinforcement Details Wall height Total wall height ‘H’ 600 Reinforcement Height of 150 series block Height of 200 series block Height of 300 series block 600 - Surface slope Surface slope Level 1:4 Level 1:4 X-bar X-bar Y-bar Y-bar - N12 N12 N12 N12 800 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1000 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1200 1200 - - N12 N12 N12 N12 1400 - 1400 - N16 N16 N16 N16 1600 - 1600 - N16 N16 N16 N16 1800 - 1800 - N16 N16 N16 N16 2000 - 1800 200 N16 N16 N16 N16 2200 - 1800 400 N16 N16 N16 N16 2400 - 1800 600 N16 N16 N16 N16 2600 - 1800 800 N16 N16 N16 N16 2800 - 1800 1000 N16 N16 N16 @ 200 N16 @ 200 3000 Notes: 800 1000 - 1800 1200 N16 N16 N16 @ 200 N16 @ 200 1. All bars are to be at 400mm centres unless otherwise stated. 2. All bars to have 55mm cover from outside concrete surface. 3. All dimensions in millimeters. Wall Type 2
  • 13.
    13 2.0 Basement Walls 2.1General The foundation slab of a basement can be modified to provide an efficient footing for a retaining wall. In addition, a concrete floor slab will provide a ‘prop’ to the top of the wall, simplifying the wall details compared to a timber floor. All infill materials must be with granular material. Details of typical basement walls are shown in the following figures. 2.2 Drainage As with all retaining walls it is critical that the soil is prevented from becoming saturated. Steps to be taken to achieve this include: • A drainage system within the soil. This should preferably take the form of a 300 mm width of gravel immediately behind the wall with a continuous agricultural pipe located at the base of the wall. The pipe must discharge beyond the ends of the wall. • Sealing the soil surface. This can be done by placing a compacted layer of low-permeability material over the soil and sloping the surface away from the house. It is also important to prevent hydrostatic pressure under the floor slab. Where there is the possibility of groundwater under the slab, then a subfloor drainage system is advisable. 2.3 Tanking Where it is required that the basement be kept dry, a proper tanking system needs to be installed behind the wall before backfilling (refer Chapter 10). An alternative to this is to provide a drain and a false wall in front of the wall (refer alternative detail). 2.4 How to Build the Wall Building a Basement wall is essentially the same as building a retaining wall. Please refer to section 1.10 for details on how to build a basement wall. 2.5 Basement Walls Unpropped or partially propped wall Basement walls up to 2.7m high. Propped wall Timber floor Concrete floor 45º 45º Infill soil Reinforced block stem Drainage layer Reinforced block stem Drainage layer Retained soil Retained soil Basement Base Infill soil Basement Drain Base Drain Note: Diagrams not to scale
  • 14.
    14 2.6 BESSER™ BlockBasement Wall Design Details For Supporting a Concrete Wall Typical details - Fully-propped walls Alternative details Starter bar to match wall reinforcement above N12 at 200 crs Floor slab reinforcement One-course bond beam with N12 bar 20.20 knock-out block saw-cut at floor soffit level 20.48 ‘H’ blocks Horizontal reinforcement N12 at 400 crs Tanking to back face of wall Note: Wall blocks and reinforcement as for ‘Typical Details’ - fully propped walls 2700 max. 190 thick blockwork Vertical reinforcement N16 at 400 crs, central Note: No tanking required Note: N12 at 200 crs may be used instead of N16 at 400 crs False wall Ag. drain Floor slab reinforcement N16 at 400 crs Drained cavity Ag. drain 200 200 N12 at 400 crs 55 cover 1000 2.7 BESSER™ Block Basement Wall Design Details For Supporting a Timber Floor Typical details - Unpropped or partially-propped walls Timber floor Alternative details Timber floor 140-thick blockwork One-course bond beam using 20.20 knock-out block with 1-N12 bar Pole plate fixed to bond beam Vertical reinforcement N16 at 400 crs, central 20.48 ‘H’ blocks 190-thick blockwork Horizontal reinforcement N12 at 400 crs 55 cover to back face Note: Reinforcement as for ‘Typical Details’ 190 thick blockwork 2700 max. to ground level 290-thick blockwork 290 thick blockwork Tanking to back face of wall 55 cover to back face Note: N20 at 400 crs may be used instead of N16 at 200 crs 1200 False wall 30.48 ‘H’ blocks Floor slab reinforcement Ag. drain Drained cavity N16 at 200 crs Ag. drain 300 N12 at 400 crs Note: No tanking required 300 55 cover 1500 Note: Diagrams not to scale
  • 15.
    Glossary 2.8 Basement Walls Thesedesigns are based on a level surface with 5 kPa surcharge. Walls designed as propped must not be backfilled before the concrete floor at the top of the wall is in place. Important Notes No loadings should be applied (e.g. from footings), within the area of infill soil other than those loadings referred to above. The area of infill soil is bounded by a line at 45° to the rear of the base as illustrated in chapter 1. Only one typical soil case is presented. These tables may not provide an ideal solution in a particular case. For situations other than those covered by the tables, or if there is doubt as to: • The strength and stability of the foundation material the drainage system needed • An experienced professional engineer should be consulted for advice. Flinders Park 284 Grange Road, Flinders Park, SA 5025 phone: (08) 8234 7144 I fax: (08) 8234 9644 Gawler Cnr Main North & Tiver Rd, Evanston, SA 5116 phone: (08) 8522 2522 I fax: (08) 8522 2488 Gepps Cross 700 Main North Road, Gepps Cross, SA 5094 phone: (08) 8349 5311 I fax: (08) 8349 5833 Holden Hill 578 North East Road, Holden Hill, SA 5088 phone: (08) 8369 0200 I fax: (08) 8266 6855 Kadina 86 Port Road, Kadina, SA 5554 phone: (08) 8821 2077 | fax: (08) 8821 2977 Load and Limit States: Dead load* The self-weight of the structure, infill soil, retained soil or rock. Live load* Loads that arise from the intended use of the structure, including distributed, concentrated, impact and inertia loads. It includes construction loads, but excludes wind and earthquake loads. Surcharge A uniformaly distributed external load. For retaining walls under 1.5m a minimum load of 2.5 kPa. For retaining walls over 1.5m a minimum load of 5 kPa. Stability limit state A limit state of loss of static equilibrium of a structure or part thereof, when considered as a rigid body. Strength limit state A limit state of collapse or loss of structural integrity of the components of the retaining wall. Serviceability limit state A limit state for acceptable in-service conditions. The most common serviceability states are excessive differential settlement and forward movement of the retaining wall. Components: Concrete masonry units Concrete blocks manufactured to provide an attractive, durable, stable face to a retaining wall. The recommended block types are the 15.48, 20.48 and 30.48 ‘H’ blocks. Retained soil The natural soil, intended to be retained by a retaining wall. Foundation soil The natural soil material under a retaining wall. Infill soil The soil material placed behind the retaining wall facing. Often retained soil is used for this purpose. Lonsdale 13 Sherriffs Road, Lonsdale, SA 5160 phone: (08) 8381 2400 I fax: (08) 8381 2366 Mount Barker 4 Oborn Road, Mount Barker, SA 5251 phone: (08) 8391 3467 fax: (08) 8398 2518 Mount Gambier 6 Graham Road, Mount Gambier West, SA 5291 phone: (08) 8725 6019 I fax: (08) 8725 3724 Hallet Cove 9-11 Commercial Road, Sheidow Park, SA 5158 phone: (08) 8381 9142 I fax: (08) 8381 7666 Streaky Bay 18 Bay Road, Streaky Bay, SA 5680 phone: (08) 8626 7011 I mob: 0427 263 050 Westbourne Park 455 Goodwood Rd, Westbourne Park, SA 5041 phone: (08) 8299 9633 I fax: 08) 8299 9688 Whyalla 132 Norrie Ave, Whyalla Norrie, SA 5608 phone: (08) 8644 0918 I mob: 0412 810 056 * This brochure uses the terminology ‘dead load’ to indicate permanent loads and ‘live load’ to indicate imposed loads. This terminology is consistent with the convention adopted in AS 4678-2002.