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How many levels?
The document discusses levels in statistics and provides examples to illustrate the concept. Levels refer to the number of conditions within an independent variable. The number of levels determines the appropriate statistical analysis method. Examples are provided of studies with different numbers of levels, such as socioeconomic status having 4 levels (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, below poverty line) while gender has 2 levels (male, female). Visual representations are given to depict levels within independent variables. The document concludes by restating that levels indicate the number of conditions in an independent variable and that determining the number of levels is important for selecting the correct statistical analysis.
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How many levels?
- 1. You will nowdetermine the number of levels there are in the problem you are working on.
- 2.
- 3. Your options willbe: Two Levels Three or More Levels
- 4. Levels mean thenumber of conditions within an independent variable.
- 5. Why are levelsimportant in statistics? As you will see, the number of levels of the independent variable will determine the type of statistical analysis method we use!
- 6. As you willsee, the number of levels of the independent variable will determine the type of statistical method you will use!
- 7. You will nowsee illustrations of what we mean by the concept of “levels” or “number of conditions within an independent variable”
- 8. Consider the followingresearch question:
- 9. A researcher wantsto analyze if there are statistically significant differences among religious groups (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) in terms of public religious devotion.
- 10. First, let’s identifythe dependent and independent variables.
- 11.
- 12. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. The dependent variable is:
- 13. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. The dependent variable is:
- 14.
- 15. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. The independent variable is:
- 16. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. The independent variable is:
- 17. Now we lookfor levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 18. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 19. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 20. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 21. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 22. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 23. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. 3 Levels Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 24. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Three levels
- 25. A researcher wantsto analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Three levels within the independent variable
- 26. So the numberof levels would be:
- 27. So the numberof levels would be: Two Levels Three or More Levels
- 28. Here is anotherstudy
- 29. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music.
- 30. What is thedependent variable?
- 31. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. What is the dependent variable?
- 32. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. What is the dependent variable?
- 33. What is theindependent variable?
- 34. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. What is the independent variable?
- 35. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. Actually, the independent variable is not stated.
- 36. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. But, we can determine the independent variable by looking at the groups.
- 37. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. It appears that there are two groups
- 38. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. Group 1 It appears that there are two groups
- 39. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. Group 2 It appears that there are two groups
- 40. So what isthe difference between these two groups?
- 41. So what isthe difference between these two groups? - One group listens to country music
- 42. So what isthe difference between these two groups? - One group listens to country music - The other group does not listen to country music
- 43. So what isthe difference between these two groups? - One group listens to country music - The other group does not listen to country music An independent variable simply provides a description of these two groups.
- 44. So what isthe difference between these two groups? - One group listens to country music - The other group does not listen to country music In this case: Country Music Listening
- 45. So, let’s goback to the problem
- 46. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. Now we know that the independent variable is country music listening.
- 47. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. At this point the levels are easy to see:
- 48. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who listen country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. At this point the levels are easy to see:
- 49. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who listen country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. At this point the levels are easy to see:
- 50. There is nosignificant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who listen country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. 2 Levels At this point the levels are easy to see:
- 51. Here is away to visualize this:
- 52. Independent Variable: CountryMusic Listening
- 53. Independent Variable: CountryMusic Listening 2 levels / conditions Those who listen Those who DON’T listen
- 54. So the numberof levels would be:
- 55. So the numberof levels would be: Two Levels Three or More Levels
- 56. Sometimes there willbe two independent variables.
- 57. Each independent variablewill have it’s own levels.
- 58. Let’s see anexample:
- 59. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)?
- 60. What is thedependent variable?
- 61. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? What is the dependent variable?
- 62. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? What is the dependent variable?
- 63. What are theindependent variables (IVs)?
- 64. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? What are the independent variables (IVs)?
- 65. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or n1on attender)? st IV What are the independent variables (IVs)?
- 66. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? 2nd IV What are the independent variables (IVs)?
- 67. What are theLevels?
- 68. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? What are the Levels?
- 69. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level 1 = wealthy - level 2 = upper middle class - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 70. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level = wealthy - level 2 = upper middle class - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 71. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level = wealthy - level = upper middle class - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 72. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level = wealthy - level = upper middle class - level = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 73. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level = wealthy - level = upper middle class - level = lower middle class - level = below the poverty line
- 74. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic 4 Levels status - level = wealthy - level = upper middle class - level = lower middle class - level = below the poverty line
- 75. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For church attendance - level 1 = those who attend - level 2 = those who do not attend - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 76. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For church attendance - level = those who attend - level 2 = those who do not attend - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 77. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For church attendance - level = those who attend - level = those who do not attend - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 78. Is there adifference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? 2 Levels For church attendance - level = those who attend - level = those who do not attend - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 79. Let’s see thisvisually:
- 80.
- 81. Independent Variable: Socio-economicStatus Wealthy
- 82. Independent Variable: Socio-economicStatus Upper Middle Class Wealthy
- 83. Independent Variable: Socio-economicStatus Upper Middle Class Wealthy Lower Middle Class
- 84. Independent Variable: Socio-economicStatus Upper Middle Class Wealthy Below Poverty Line Lower Middle Class
- 85. Independent Variable: Socio-economicStatus 4 levels Upper Middle Class Wealthy Below Poverty Line Lower Middle Class
- 86.
- 87. Independent Variable: ChurchAttendance
- 88. Independent Variable: ChurchAttendance Non-attender
- 89. Independent Variable: ChurchAttendance Non-attender Attender
- 90. Independent Variable: ChurchAttendance 2 levels Non-attender Attender
- 91. So the numberof levels would be:
- 92. Independent Variable: Socio-economicStatus 4 levels Upper Middle Wealthy Below Class Poverty Line Lower Middle Class
- 93. Independent Variable: Socio-economicStatus 4 levels Upper Middle Wealthy Below Class Poverty Line Lower Middle Class
- 94. Independent Variable: Socio-economicStatus 4 levels Upper Middle Wealthy Below Class Poverty Line Lower Middle Class Independent Variable: Church Attendance 2 levels Attender Non-attender
- 95. Independent Variable: Socio-economicStatus 4 levels Upper Middle Wealthy Below Class Poverty Line Lower Middle Class Independent Variable: Church Attendance 2 levels Attender Non-attender 6 levels
- 96. So the numberof levels would be: Two Levels Three or More Levels
- 97.
- 98. Levels simply meanthe number of conditions within an independent variable.
- 99. Here are anumber of visual examples
- 100.
- 101. Socio-economic status Independent Variable
- 102.
- 103. Socio-economic Wealthy Upper status Middle Class Lower Middle Class 4 Levels Poverty
- 104.
- 105. Country Music Listening Independent Variable
- 106. Levels Country Music Listening
- 107. Those who DO listen Those who DON’T listen 2 Levels Country Music Listening
- 108.
- 109. Independent Religious Affiliation Variable
- 110.
- 111. Catholic Muslim Buddhist 3 Levels Religious Affiliation
- 112.
- 113.
- 114.
- 115. Male Female 2Levels Gender
- 116. How many levelsdoes the problem you are working on have?
- 117. How many levelsdoes the problem you are working on have? Two Levels Three or More Levels