This document discusses how politics shapes development. It outlines three core variables that influence development: 1) The political settlement, which is the balance of power between social groups. This shapes state capacity and elite commitments. 2) Ideas and beliefs, which provide solutions to social problems. 3) The policy domain, which is influenced by political capture, ideas, and policy legacies. It analyzes cases of Ghana and Uganda to show how different political settlements, like dominant vs. competitive coalitions, influence outcomes in sectors like oil governance, education, and health. Pockets of effective bureaucracy can emerge and support development goals amid these political contexts.
Criteria and indicators for tropical peatland restoration: Governance aspectCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Herry Purnomo, a CIFOR scientist. This presentation underlined the importance of governance and power structure on the sustainability and livelihoods in tropical peatland area in Indonesia. During his session, the speaker explained governance principles at the national, sub-national, and landscape level and emphasized that each level needs different principles, criteria, and indicators in measuring the governance aspect.
Online Webinar 3 - Exploring Criteria and Indicators for Tropical Peatland Restoration
Governance and Socio-Economic Attributes
19 November 2020
How are decisions on public policy made?
What are the key stages in the policy process, and what is their significance?
What are the functions of bureaucracies?
How are bureaucracies organized? How should they be organized?
Why are bureaucrats so powerful?
How, and how successfully, are bureaucracies controlled?
In a sense, policy is the aspect of politics that concerns most people. In crude terms, policy consists of the 'outputs' of the political process. It reflects the impact of government on society; that is, its ability to make things better or make things worse. Indeed, since the 1960s and 1970s a distinctive area of study has developed: policy analysis. This sets out to examine how policy is initiated, formulated and implemented, and how the policy process can be improved. At a deeper level, policy analysis reflects on how and why decisions are made, the policy process being, in effect, a linked series of decisions, or bundles of decisions. Particular debate nevertheless surrounds the extent to which these decisions are rationally-based. However, studying the policy process often means, in practice, studying the bureaucracy, the massed ranks of civil servants and public officials who are charged with the execution of public policy. As government has grown and the breadth of its responsibilities has expanded, bureaucracies have come to play an increasingly important role in political life. No longer can civil servants be dismissed as mere administrators or policy implementers; instead, they may dominate the policy process, and even, sometimes, run their countries. A reality of 'rule by the officials' may thus lie behind the façade of representation and democratic accountability. The control of bureaucratic power is therefore one of the most pressing problems in modern politics, and one that no political system has found easy to solve. Concern about how bureaucracies are organized has also become more acute as the image of bureaucratic efficiency and rationality has been challenged by critics who allege that civil servants are motivated primarily by career self-interest. This charge has led to radical attempts to restructure the administrative state.
Public policy is made through a series of linked decisions. Decisions can be explained in terms of the goal-directed behaviour of rational actors, incremental judgements made in the light of changing circumstances, the bureaucratic or organizational factors that shape the decision-making process, and the beliefs and values held by decision-makers.
Presentation made at the Conference on Monitoring Ukraine’s Security Governance Challenges: Security Sector Governance: The Role of Democratic Institutions &International Best Practices. CONFERENCE II: 16-17 March 2016 in Kyiv
by Karina Priajina Khudaverdyan.
An important feature of the process of structural transformation in developing economies is the formation of states capable of performing key administrative and economic functions. Recently, the belief that the economic performance of developing economies hinges on such capabilities (e.g., to raise revenues), which the literature terms as state capacity, has gained considerable support. For example, there is increasing evidence on the importance of fiscal and legal capacity as a stimulus for growth and poverty reduction (Besley and Persson 2011). While this has been welcomed in academic and policy arenas as an important advance, it is less clear what drives the long-run development of capable states. What are the conditions under which certain states develop higher capacity? Existing theory suggests that there are three broad groups of determinants, related to historical, geographical or political economy explanations. This paper assesses the importance of political economy explanations vis-à-vis geography and history, focusing on the role of political systems that impose constraints of the executive power. It does so by using two new databases that allow “unpacking” the concept of state capacity, by looking at what determines its key aspects of fiscal and expenditure capacity. It finds persuasive evidence that political economy factors trump geography and history in explaining variations in state fiscal capacity across countries.
by Antonio Savoia, Roberto Ricciuti, Kunal Sen
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
Criteria and indicators for tropical peatland restoration: Governance aspectCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Herry Purnomo, a CIFOR scientist. This presentation underlined the importance of governance and power structure on the sustainability and livelihoods in tropical peatland area in Indonesia. During his session, the speaker explained governance principles at the national, sub-national, and landscape level and emphasized that each level needs different principles, criteria, and indicators in measuring the governance aspect.
Online Webinar 3 - Exploring Criteria and Indicators for Tropical Peatland Restoration
Governance and Socio-Economic Attributes
19 November 2020
How are decisions on public policy made?
What are the key stages in the policy process, and what is their significance?
What are the functions of bureaucracies?
How are bureaucracies organized? How should they be organized?
Why are bureaucrats so powerful?
How, and how successfully, are bureaucracies controlled?
In a sense, policy is the aspect of politics that concerns most people. In crude terms, policy consists of the 'outputs' of the political process. It reflects the impact of government on society; that is, its ability to make things better or make things worse. Indeed, since the 1960s and 1970s a distinctive area of study has developed: policy analysis. This sets out to examine how policy is initiated, formulated and implemented, and how the policy process can be improved. At a deeper level, policy analysis reflects on how and why decisions are made, the policy process being, in effect, a linked series of decisions, or bundles of decisions. Particular debate nevertheless surrounds the extent to which these decisions are rationally-based. However, studying the policy process often means, in practice, studying the bureaucracy, the massed ranks of civil servants and public officials who are charged with the execution of public policy. As government has grown and the breadth of its responsibilities has expanded, bureaucracies have come to play an increasingly important role in political life. No longer can civil servants be dismissed as mere administrators or policy implementers; instead, they may dominate the policy process, and even, sometimes, run their countries. A reality of 'rule by the officials' may thus lie behind the façade of representation and democratic accountability. The control of bureaucratic power is therefore one of the most pressing problems in modern politics, and one that no political system has found easy to solve. Concern about how bureaucracies are organized has also become more acute as the image of bureaucratic efficiency and rationality has been challenged by critics who allege that civil servants are motivated primarily by career self-interest. This charge has led to radical attempts to restructure the administrative state.
Public policy is made through a series of linked decisions. Decisions can be explained in terms of the goal-directed behaviour of rational actors, incremental judgements made in the light of changing circumstances, the bureaucratic or organizational factors that shape the decision-making process, and the beliefs and values held by decision-makers.
Presentation made at the Conference on Monitoring Ukraine’s Security Governance Challenges: Security Sector Governance: The Role of Democratic Institutions &International Best Practices. CONFERENCE II: 16-17 March 2016 in Kyiv
by Karina Priajina Khudaverdyan.
An important feature of the process of structural transformation in developing economies is the formation of states capable of performing key administrative and economic functions. Recently, the belief that the economic performance of developing economies hinges on such capabilities (e.g., to raise revenues), which the literature terms as state capacity, has gained considerable support. For example, there is increasing evidence on the importance of fiscal and legal capacity as a stimulus for growth and poverty reduction (Besley and Persson 2011). While this has been welcomed in academic and policy arenas as an important advance, it is less clear what drives the long-run development of capable states. What are the conditions under which certain states develop higher capacity? Existing theory suggests that there are three broad groups of determinants, related to historical, geographical or political economy explanations. This paper assesses the importance of political economy explanations vis-à-vis geography and history, focusing on the role of political systems that impose constraints of the executive power. It does so by using two new databases that allow “unpacking” the concept of state capacity, by looking at what determines its key aspects of fiscal and expenditure capacity. It finds persuasive evidence that political economy factors trump geography and history in explaining variations in state fiscal capacity across countries.
by Antonio Savoia, Roberto Ricciuti, Kunal Sen
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
Americanpoliticalsystemppt 110919181530-phpapp01Wayne Williams
How Federalism works to solve political problems in America. Public policy, collective dilemmas, types of government institutions, authoritarianism, oligarchies, one party states,
Page 1Question part one OutlineInterest Groups and Public Poli.docxbunyansaturnina
Page 1
Question part one Outline
Interest Groups and Public Policy
1. Definition of an interest group: (a) Collection of people; (b) that share a common interest, cause, agenda or goal; (c) that has organized itself to pursue a public policy objective; (d) in the political arena.
2. Major categories of interest groups: (a) economic – largest, most varied, and most important; (b) single issue – focus on one issue, not economic; (c) ideological – has political agenda; (d) public interest – public concerns; (e) foreign policy – foreign nations and American citizens who identify with a foreign nation; (f) Governmental – employees and institutions; (g) social – groups that have social identity.
3. Americans, a nation of joiners; existence of many citizen interests; freedom to organize and act on behalf of interests basic to a democratic system of government.
4. Interest groups are actively engaged at every level of government: federal, state, local.
5. Unique aspects of the structure of the American political and economic system impact the work and efforts of interest groups: (a)Federalism: creates decentralization of power and encourages interest group formation and activity by providing numerous points of access within national and state government. (b) Separation of powers: with no concentration of government power interest groups can enter the policy making process at different points of access – congressional committees, executive branch agencies, levels of the judiciary. (C) Political andeconomic culture: we encourage individual rights, free speech, freedom to politically organize, respect for private property, capitalism, the free marketplace, the work ethic, etc. All these factors create a culture that promotes the efforts of interest groups to be politically involved and attempt to limit government intervention in the economy. (d) Checks and balances: Gives interests groups multiple opportunities to work within various institutions of the political arena. (e) Media: TV, Radio, Social media, Internet: contributes to promoting interest group activity (membership, information exchange, donations). (f) Diminished role of political parties: Offers interest groups an opportunity to play a greater in the political environment.
6. Factions: Founding fathers feared divisive factions: interest groups and political parties. Founders believed that interest groups and political parties would promote interests “adverse” to the “aggregate” concerns of the general public.
7. Critical view of the role of interest groups: (a) makes it difficult to govern effectively or fairly as they create inequalities and ineffectual governance. (b) Public policy has become a private bargaining relationship between government officials and interest groups. (.
Arrangements by which politically connected firms receive economic favors are a common feature around the world, but little is known of the form or effects of influence in business-government relationships. We argue that influence not only brings significant privileges for selected firms, but requires firms to relinquish certain control rights in exchange for subsidies and protection. We show that, under these conditions, political influence can actually harm firm performance. Enterprise surveys from approximately 8,000 firms in 40 developing countries indicate that influential firms benefit from lower administrative and regulatory barriers (including bribe taxes), greater pricing power, and easier access to credit. But these firms also provide politically valuable benefits to incumbents through bloated payrolls and greater tax payments. These firms are also less likely to invest and innovate, and suffer from lower productivity than their non-influential counterparts. Our results highlight a potential channel by which cronyism leads to persistent underdevelopment.
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education ApplyingAlleneMcclendon878
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education: Applying
a Multidimensional Framework of Power
Amy Krings , Vincent Fusaro , Kerri Leyda Nicoll, and Na Youn Lee
ABSTRACT
The call to promote social justice sets the social work profession in
a political context. In an effort to enhance social workers’ preparedness to
engage in political advocacy, this article calls on educators to integrate
a broad theoretical understanding of power into social policy curricula. We
suggest the use of a multidimensional conceptualization of power that
emphasizes mechanisms of decision making, agenda control, and attitude
formation. We then apply these mechanisms to demonstrate how two
prominent features of contemporary politics—party polarization and
racially biased attitudes—affect the ability of social workers to influence
policy. Finally, we suggest content that social work educators can integrate
to prepare future social workers to engage in strategic and effective social
justice advocacy.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Accepted: January 2018
As part of their broader mandate, codified in the National Association of Social Workers (2017)
Code of Ethics, social workers are called to advance social and economic justice by participating in
political action with, or on behalf of, disadvantaged groups. The goals of such action are broad
democratic participation, a fair distribution of power and resources, and an equitable distribution of
opportunities (Reisch & Garvin, 2016). To achieve these goals, social workers must go beyond an
analysis of how existing policies reinforce or reduce social problems to recognize and strategically
engage with the power embedded in political processes themselves. This power not only influences
how problems are addressed or ignored but also how they are constructed and understood. Thus, to
be effective practitioners and change agents, it is necessary for social workers to “see power as central
to understanding and addressing social problems and human needs” (Fisher, 1995, p. 196).
At its inception, the social work profession emerged as a leader in shaping policies and programs
that improved the health and well-being of disadvantaged people and families. Social workers played
key roles in policy areas such as aid to families, Social Security, the juvenile court system, minimum
wage, and unemployment insurance (Axinn & Stern, 2012). Over time, external pressures, including
austerity-driven policies that emphasize market-based approaches to social service delivery and the
reduction of the social safety net, have limited the range of microlevel interventions and margin-
alized mezzo- and macrolevel community and policy practice (Abramovitz & Sherraden, 2016;
Reisch, 2000). Consequently, many social work educators have expressed concern that the profession
has become increasingly depoliticized and decontextualized by focusing disproportionately on
individual interventions at the expense of systematic interventions that could help individuals an ...
In a 3 page essay, address the following· Provide a summary of .docxwilcockiris
In a 3 page essay, address the following:
· Provide a summary of the vignette's key points as related to the social movements it represents. Identify and describe the concepts from this module that can be applied to the vignette to describe human behavior (i.e., cultural framing).
· Identify and discuss the effects of the identified social movement on the individual described in the vignette.
· Provide a summary of service methods or options that could be used to support this person. You can use examples you have identified in your own community as well.
Here are some notes down below to help out
Three major perspectives on social movements have emerged out of this lively interest. I refer to these as the political opportunities perspective, the mobilizing structures perspective, and the cultural framing perspective. There is growing agreement among social movement scholars that none of these perspectives taken alone provides adequate tools for understanding social movements (Buechler, 2011; Edwards, 2014). Each perspective adds important dimensions to our understanding, however, and taken together they provide a relatively comprehensive theory of social movements. Social movement scholars recommend research that synthesizes concepts across the three perspectives. The recent social movement literature offers one of the best examples of contemporary attempts to integrate and synthesize multiple theoretical perspectives to give a more complete picture of social phenomena.
Political Opportunities Perspective
Many advocates have been concerned about the deteriorating economic situation of low-wage workers in the United States for some time. After Republicans regained control of Congress in 1994, advocates saw little hope for major increases in the federal minimum wage. The federal minimum wage was increased slightly, from $4.25 an hour to $5.15 an hour in 1996, with a Democratic president and a Republican Congress. However, under the circumstances, advocates of a living wage decided it was more feasible to engage in campaigns at the local rather than federal level to ensure a living wage for all workers. A shift occurred at the federal level when the Democrats regained control of Congress in November 2006. After being stalled at $5.15 for 10 years, the minimum wage received a three-step increase from Congress in May 2007, and Republican president George W. Bush signed the new wage bill into law. The law called for an increase of the federal minimum wage to $5.85 in the summer of 2007, to $6.55 in the summer of 2008, and to $7.25 in the summer of 2009 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2014). In early 2014, Democratic president Barack Obama recommended an increase in the federal minimum wage to $10.10, but this proposal was given little chance in a highly polarized Congress. In the meantime, state and local governments continue to consider the issue of fair wages. These observations are in line with the political opportunities (PO) perspective, whose main.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
How Does Politics Shape Development? The Role of Incentives, Ideas and Coalitions
1. How does politics shape development?
The role of incentives, ideas and coalitions
PSA Annual Conference, 10 April 2017, Glasgow
Sam Hickey
Research Director,
Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre
Global Development Institute, University of Manchester
www.effective-states.org
2. How does politics shape developmental forms
of state capacity and elite commitment?
Consensus that capacity and commitment matter,
and that they are largely shaped by politics
But which forms of politics and how?
Large variations between and within countries
Problems with existing explanations
Changes in development progress in relatively short time
frames across countries with similar initial conditions or
long run determinants of state capacity (geography, wars,
ethnic diversity, etc.).
4. Three Core Variables
1. The Political Settlement
– “…the balance or distribution of power between
contending social groups and social classes, on which any
state is based.” (di John & Putzel)
2. Ideas/Beliefs: from paradigms to policy solutions
3. The Policy Domain
5. The Political Settlement
Elite bargaining: central to political settlements
– Elites agree to centralise violence
– Establish institutions that align the distribution of
benefits with the underlying distribution of power
(Khan 2010)
Elite bargains: personalised deals not impersonal
rules/organisations (North, Wallis, Weingast 2009)
Shapes the capacity of the state to act; establishes
incentives for elites behaviour
6. Two Types of Political Settlements
1) Dominant: Concentration of power in one dominant
political group of elites; strong (Ethiopia, Rwanda) versus
weak (Uganda)
2) Competitive: Power is dispersed across several political
elites jockeying for political control (Bangladesh, Ghana)
• In Dominant Settlements, elites can develop long time
horizons and capabilities to enforce institutions.
• In Competitive Settlements; elites tend to have short
time horizons and have to resort to clientelist
distribution of resources to buy political support.
7. INSTITUTIONS
POWER
Personalized bargain Impersonal rules
Dominant party/leader
settlements
RWANDA
ETHIOPIA
UGANDA
Competitive settlements
BANGLADESH
KENYA
ZAMBIA
8. Ideas matter
Three main types of ideas:
i) policy ideas: provide potential solutions to pre-defined
social problems;
ii) problem definitions provide ways of framing particular
social issues; favours certain types of policy solution and
forecloses others
iii) overarching paradigms that serve as road maps, providing
‘a relatively coherent set of assumptions about the
functioning of economic, social and political institutions’
(Béland 2005: 8, Schmidt 2008).
9. The politics of policy domains
• Policy domain: a meso-level social field where actors
advance (competing) agendas
Domain features:
1. Political capture/autonomy from ruling coalition
• Does the domain offer rents and/or legitimacy?
2. Availability of shared frames (policy problems &
solutions)
3. Policy entrepreneurship/agency (range of actors)
4. Policy legacies
5. Governance arrangements
10. ESID framework: ‘domains of power’
POLITICAL
SETTLEMENT
Power relations and
modes of power; ruling
coalition; shaped by
material incentives and
paradigmatic ideas;
dynamic
POLICY
DOMAIN
Political role; ideas and
actors; policy legacies;
governance
arrangements
ELITE COMMITMENT
STATE CAPACITY
ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, HISTORY, NORMS
POLICIES AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES
11. Please add text here
Please add text here
Please add text here
Please add text here
Please add text here
Political
settlement
Competitive clientelist Dominant coalition
Country Ghana Bangladesh Rwanda Uganda
Accumulat-
ion
Growth & state-
business
relations
Growth/
SBRs
Growth/SBRs Growth/SBRs
” Oil governance Oil governance
Redistribut-
ion
Education
Health
Education
Health
Education
Health
Social protection
Education
Health
Social protection
Recognition Gender equity Gender
equity
Gender equity Gender equity
Global Public sector
reform
Public sector
reform
Public sector reform
12. Pockets of bureaucratic effectiveness:
from ‘what works’ to the politics of order,
state-building and democracy
14. Ghana Uganda
Development $1,570 GDP per capita $500 GDP per capita
Democracy
(Polity IV, ‘06)
Democratic: 8 Polity IV Semi-authoritarian:-1 Polity IV
Governance
indicators
(WGI, 2006)
Voice & Acctbty: 0.37
Govt effectiveness: 0.11
Rule of Law: 0.00
Control of Corruption:0.02
Voice & Acctbty: -0.42
Govt effectiveness: -0.48
Rule of Law: -0.34
Control of Corruption: -0.75
Historical
institutionalis
m
British colonialism; indirect rule
Partly centralized:
(0.65 - Gennaioli and Rainer 2007)
British colonialism; indirect rule
Partly centralized:
(0.63 - Gennaioli and Rainer 2007)
Geography &
Demography
Tropical climate; access to coast
Ethnically diverse:
(0.85 - Fearon 2003)
Tropical climate; landlocked
Ethnically diverse:
(0.93 - Fearon 2003)
15. Comparative findings
Ghana (competitive) Uganda (weak dominant)
Ruling coalition Short-term horizons (rush to first
oil)
Longer-term vision
Political
institutions
Early deals before legislation;
legal provisions on borrowing
overturned
Legislation before main deals
State capacity Deals: average
Oil technocracy: capacity
undermined by party politicking,
limited autonomy
Deals: strong
Oil technocracy: high capacity,
embedded autonomy (PoE),
strong support from ‘patriotic’
President
16. ‘that level of spending (for the 2011 elections) was
catastrophic to the economy and it will not happen this
time’ (Governor BoU, November 2014)
17. PoEs and the art of PS maintenance
• 2011: the bought elections
– Loss of central bank autonomy threatens the
political settlement (protests, politico-techno deal,
transnational legitimacy)
• 2016:
– BoU fights rearguard action, regains autonomy
– Fiscal indiscipline; other PoEs undermined to
ensure electoral victory
• PoEs at the intersection of state-building,
political survival & democracy (more to come)
18. Theoretical implications
• From ‘inclusive institutions’ (Acemoglu and Robinson
2012) to the interplay of political order, democratic
accountability and bureaucratic capacity over time
(Fukuyama 2016)?
• PSPD/’domains of power’
– A mid-range theory for explaining capacity and
commitment within proximate timeframes
– Complements/nuances theories of long-run development
• From politics to power
19. Strategic implications
• Two main development trajectories
– Dominant: elite cohesion & vision, enforcement
– Competitive: multi-stakeholder coalitions
overcome dysfunctional tendencies created by a
fragmented elite/politicised bureaucracy
– Offer different entry points and require different
strategies of engagement
• From ‘good’ to ‘good enough governance’
– State capacity as critical, including through PoEs
– Coalitions for change
– Institutionalise political economy analysis
20. Can donors do development differently?
• Brokers, arms-length, problem-solving, risk-taking…
• …but are donors fit for purpose?
• Competing pressures
– Domestic pressures vs. GWTG, long-timeframes
– Pressure to disburse vs. PEA
– VFM/RBM vs. risk-taking
– Posting cycles and accountability reporting vs.
Deep contextual knowledge
– Challenges from beyond aid (security, trade, tax…)