This presentation looks at geopolitical events including the business requirement to have risk policies as part mitigating risk factors for their business. The presentation will discuss both risk management as well as risk analytics.
Domestic business refers to commercial transactions that occur within the geographical boundaries of a single country. It benefits from low transaction costs, short production to sale periods, and encouragement of small businesses. International business involves manufacturing and trade across national borders in a global context. It includes cross-border sales, investments, and logistics between two or more countries. Conducting international business presents greater challenges than domestic operations due to differences in customs, cultures, currencies, regulations, and economic environments between nations. Careful planning of business strategies is required to successfully expand operations globally.
This document provides an overview of foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI as when a firm directly invests in facilities in a foreign country to produce or market goods, making the firm multinational. FDI can take the form of building new facilities or acquiring existing companies. The document discusses theories and strategic motivations for FDI, including accessing resources, serving new markets, improving efficiency, and strategic asset seeking. FDI is described as providing benefits like exploiting location and ownership advantages, improving performance through structural differences between countries, and enabling organizational learning.
The document provides an introduction to international marketing, including definitions of key terms, differences between international and domestic marketing, and challenges in international marketing. It discusses the international marketing concept, environmental forces companies must consider, and stages of international marketing involvement ranging from no direct foreign marketing to global marketing. Language barriers, standardization-customization issues, and ethnocentrism are highlighted as major obstacles international marketers face.
The document discusses the history and evolution of international monetary systems. It describes the gold standard system before WWI, the gold exchange standard in the 1920s-1930s, and the Bretton Woods system established in 1944 which pegged currencies to the US dollar backed by gold. The Bretton Woods system collapsed in the early 1970s leading to fluctuating exchange rates. More recently, there has been a movement towards more flexible exchange rate regimes and the establishment of the eurozone in Europe.
This presentation is made by Palm & Latex Technology & Value Addition degree programme students in Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as to fulfill a requirment for their course of Trade & Finance. In this presentation is generally related to Sri Lanka.
This document discusses international strategic management and different types of strategies used. It defines international strategic management as managing international business through strategic planning, decision making, organizing, leading and controlling functions globally. Four main types of strategies are described: international strategy focuses on transferring core competencies to foreign markets; multi-domestic strategy customizes strategies for each local market; global strategy pursues low-cost tactics by concentrating activities in few locations; and trans-national strategy balances cost reductions, skills transfer, and local responsiveness. The document provides details on each strategy's goals, advantages, and disadvantages.
Unit 4 production, marketing, financial and human resource management of glob...Ganesha Pandian
This document provides an overview of unit 4 which covers production, marketing, financial and human resource management for global businesses. It discusses topics such as global production strategies, location decisions, scale of operations, make or buy decisions, quality considerations, global supply chain issues, international marketing strategies, investment decisions, exchange rate risk management, strategic orientation, and selection of expatriate managers. The document contains several sub-sections on each of these topics with definitions, explanations, and factors to consider. It also lists two references used to prepare the material.
The document discusses concepts related to developing export markets and internationalization for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It provides definitions for key terms, barriers and benefits to exporting and internationalization. The document also includes case studies of several SMEs that successfully expanded into international markets and developed export activities. It concludes with recommendations for SMEs to identify business needs, develop export strategies, and conduct market research when internationalizing.
Domestic business refers to commercial transactions that occur within the geographical boundaries of a single country. It benefits from low transaction costs, short production to sale periods, and encouragement of small businesses. International business involves manufacturing and trade across national borders in a global context. It includes cross-border sales, investments, and logistics between two or more countries. Conducting international business presents greater challenges than domestic operations due to differences in customs, cultures, currencies, regulations, and economic environments between nations. Careful planning of business strategies is required to successfully expand operations globally.
This document provides an overview of foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI as when a firm directly invests in facilities in a foreign country to produce or market goods, making the firm multinational. FDI can take the form of building new facilities or acquiring existing companies. The document discusses theories and strategic motivations for FDI, including accessing resources, serving new markets, improving efficiency, and strategic asset seeking. FDI is described as providing benefits like exploiting location and ownership advantages, improving performance through structural differences between countries, and enabling organizational learning.
The document provides an introduction to international marketing, including definitions of key terms, differences between international and domestic marketing, and challenges in international marketing. It discusses the international marketing concept, environmental forces companies must consider, and stages of international marketing involvement ranging from no direct foreign marketing to global marketing. Language barriers, standardization-customization issues, and ethnocentrism are highlighted as major obstacles international marketers face.
The document discusses the history and evolution of international monetary systems. It describes the gold standard system before WWI, the gold exchange standard in the 1920s-1930s, and the Bretton Woods system established in 1944 which pegged currencies to the US dollar backed by gold. The Bretton Woods system collapsed in the early 1970s leading to fluctuating exchange rates. More recently, there has been a movement towards more flexible exchange rate regimes and the establishment of the eurozone in Europe.
This presentation is made by Palm & Latex Technology & Value Addition degree programme students in Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as to fulfill a requirment for their course of Trade & Finance. In this presentation is generally related to Sri Lanka.
This document discusses international strategic management and different types of strategies used. It defines international strategic management as managing international business through strategic planning, decision making, organizing, leading and controlling functions globally. Four main types of strategies are described: international strategy focuses on transferring core competencies to foreign markets; multi-domestic strategy customizes strategies for each local market; global strategy pursues low-cost tactics by concentrating activities in few locations; and trans-national strategy balances cost reductions, skills transfer, and local responsiveness. The document provides details on each strategy's goals, advantages, and disadvantages.
Unit 4 production, marketing, financial and human resource management of glob...Ganesha Pandian
This document provides an overview of unit 4 which covers production, marketing, financial and human resource management for global businesses. It discusses topics such as global production strategies, location decisions, scale of operations, make or buy decisions, quality considerations, global supply chain issues, international marketing strategies, investment decisions, exchange rate risk management, strategic orientation, and selection of expatriate managers. The document contains several sub-sections on each of these topics with definitions, explanations, and factors to consider. It also lists two references used to prepare the material.
The document discusses concepts related to developing export markets and internationalization for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It provides definitions for key terms, barriers and benefits to exporting and internationalization. The document also includes case studies of several SMEs that successfully expanded into international markets and developed export activities. It concludes with recommendations for SMEs to identify business needs, develop export strategies, and conduct market research when internationalizing.
8 key factors that affect foreign exchange ratesannadesoza123
The exchange rate is defined as "the rate at which one country's currency may be converted into another." It may fluctuate daily with the changing market forces of supply and demand of currencies from one country to another.
International Business Management unit 1 introductionGanesha Pandian
This document provides an overview of international business management. It defines international business as transactions across national borders that satisfy objectives of individuals, companies, and organizations. It then discusses reasons for internationalization like increased opportunities, risks, and profits. Key factors driving globalization include developing markets, low-cost production, trade blocks, and declining barriers. The document also examines country attractiveness analysis, political and legal environments, risks in international business, and classifications of those risks. It provides examples of political systems and outlines strategies for managing political risks.
This document discusses conflict management and ethics in international business. It describes different types of conflicts that can occur at the individual, group, and organizational levels in an international context. These include intra-individual, inter-individual, intra-group, inter-group, intra-organizational, and inter-organizational conflicts. Sources of conflict in international business are also examined, including host country factors, home country factors, and combined factors. The document then outlines strategies for preventing and resolving conflicts, such as participative decision making and collaboration. It also discusses the role of negotiations, international agencies, and ethics in international business management.
INTERNATIONAL ENTRY MODES
Criteria for Country selection :
Choosing Product to trade in International markets
Global Product Strategies
Strategy for new product launch
STANDARDIZATION VS ADAPTATION
FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY MODES
a new multilateral bank, a key milestone of the cooperation among emerging economies and developing countries. that is by five emerging economies(Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), to an alternative to the World Bank and IMF. And their aim is to provide help for sustainable development projects.
Modes of Entry in International BusinessAbhinav Singh
Modes of entry into international business can include exporting/importing, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, turnkey projects, mergers and acquisitions, and management contracts. Exporting involves selling goods and services internationally, while importing involves purchasing foreign goods and services. Foreign direct investment involves investing in foreign businesses. Licensing and franchising allow firms to use intellectual property and brand names owned by other companies. Joint ventures combine resources and share control between two or more firms.
Pre-shipment finance is a corporate banking product that provides funds to exporters to cover costs before goods are shipped overseas. It is issued by financial institutions when sellers want payment for goods before shipment. Pre-shipment finance enables exporters to procure raw materials, carry out manufacturing, provide warehouse storage, process and pack goods, and cover other business costs. There are two main types: packing credit loans for purchasing, processing, manufacturing and packing goods, and advances against pre-payment cheques or drafts received from abroad. The quantum of finance is determined based on factors like the export order, commodity, exporter's contribution, and importer/country profile.
This document discusses internationalization and entry modes for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It covers the business environment factors that influence internationalization, including resources, organization, risk-taking, and flexibility. It also discusses the marketing mix and common entry modes like exporting and using intermediaries. The document then focuses on finding and managing partners, including seeking out the right partners, getting their attention, and defining partnership roles.
Cultural Diversity in an Organization - Managing, Reasons, Role of HR Personn...Varun Suresh
This presentation talks about Cultural Diversity in an Organization, why it should be managed, the various reasons for Managing Cultural Diversity, Role of a HR personnel in Managing Cultural Diversity, Strategies adopted by them, the Process and Pros and Cons
International investment and foreign direct investment play an important role in the global economy. There are different types of foreign investment such as foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment in depository receipts. Foreign direct investment provides benefits like increased investment, technology transfer, and competition but it also faces criticism like undermining economic autonomy. Factors like natural resources, market size, production efficiency, interest rates, and government policies affect international investment flows. India moved from a restrictive policy on foreign investment pre-1991 to a more liberalized policy with automatic approval for foreign investment in many industries.
This document discusses various aspects of international business. It begins by defining business and international business. It then discusses the key drivers of internationalization including profit advantages, competition, and access to resources and technology. The document outlines the stages of internationalization from domestic to multinational to global companies. It also discusses the different orientations companies can take including ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. Finally, it discusses factors that have increased globalization like regional trade agreements, declining trade barriers, and increased foreign direct investment.
This document discusses managing multi-cultural teams and some of the challenges involved. It notes that as managers, we must adapt our styles to different cultural needs and find common ground. Some challenges include cultural differences, lack of communication, and different working styles. The document provides strategies for managing multi-cultural teams such as communicating goals clearly, identifying cultural conflicts, providing cross-culture training, and recognizing progress. While challenges exist, advantages also include bringing diverse ideas and allowing for 24-hour work rotations across locations.
Information technology in international businessDanish Shoukat
The use IT in the field of international business especially in business trade of import and export. It is very valuable for commerce chamber with all the documentation and e clearance of goods
Global business involves cross-border trade and has occurred for millennia, but increased dramatically after the 16th century with the rise of trading companies connecting continents. It continues today to allow for the sharing of resources, ideas, technology, and services between nations. While globalization aims to reduce poverty and promote education, global business faces barriers from negotiating different environments, cultures, ideologies, and governments. Shipping and logistics play a key role by facilitating over 90% of world trade by sea. Successful global business management requires understanding cultural differences between peoples and countries.
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as trade and investment activities conducted across national borders. Firms internationalize through activities like exporting, importing, and foreign direct investment. The document also discusses the key participants in international business, common reasons why firms pursue international expansion, and some of the main risks involved. Studying international business can provide firms with competitive advantages like access to new markets and resources.
The exporter books an air freight flight, arranges for the cargo to be delivered to the airport and loaded onto the aircraft. The aircraft then flies to the destination airport where the cargo is unloaded and cleared by customs and transportation agents before being delivered to the importer's warehouse. Proper documentation such as the HAWB, export permits, and import permits are required to facilitate the international air freight of goods.
International business involves transactions between two or more countries and comprises a large portion of global business. It differs from domestic business in several key ways. International business must navigate different legal systems, currencies, resources, distances, languages, and cultures between nations. Specifically, parties must adjust practices to comply with local laws, convert currencies, source resources available in other countries, account for greater transportation distances, and consider language and cultural differences when operating internationally.
This document discusses global product strategies and considerations. It begins by defining what a product is as a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes. It then outlines some key global drivers of product demand and supply, such as higher customer expectations, innovations, and manufacturing rationalization. The document discusses decisions around existing and new global products, and approaches to global product development like standardization and adaptation. It provides frameworks for integrating markets, platforms, and competencies, and discusses issues like customer needs, competition, marketing infrastructure and internal resources at the country, region, and global levels. Finally, it covers topics like brands, brand positioning, brand equity, and strategic alternatives like local vs. global products and brands.
The document discusses the EPRG framework for international marketing orientation. It describes the four orientations as:
1. Ethnocentric - Home country orientation where the domestic market is seen as superior and foreign markets use the same strategy.
2. Polycentric - Host country orientation where each national market is viewed as distinct and requires localized strategies.
3. Regiocentric - A regional orientation where markets are grouped by regions that have similar characteristics and strategies are standardized within regions but adapted between regions.
4. Geocentric - A world orientation where the entire world is viewed as a single market and strategies are standardized globally.
International business involves the trade of goods and services between countries. The main reasons for international business are unequal resource distribution between countries and differences in labor productivity and production costs. There are several modes for entering international business, including exporting/importing, contract manufacturing, licensing/franchising, joint ventures, and wholly owned subsidiaries. India's main exports are refined petroleum, gems, vehicles, and machinery, while its top imports are oil, gems, electronics, and machinery.
This document discusses how geopolitical events can impact business. It defines geopolitics as studying foreign policy through geographical variables like resources and demographics. Geopolitical risks to business include global supply chain integration and exposure to changes in governments, regulations, taxes and infrastructure in different countries. The document highlights the 2017 Gulf crisis between Qatar and neighboring Arab states as a major geopolitical risk and notes that more companies are including risk management in their reporting to mitigate such risks.
Geopolitical events can impact business in several ways. They include changes in government policies, laws and regulations; instability in supply chain networks due to issues like climate change or conflict; and risks from developments on the global stage. In 2017, key geopolitical risks businesses needed to be aware of included the diplomatic crisis between Qatar and other Arab nations as well as escalating tensions with North Korea. As supply chains become more globalized, companies must closely monitor geopolitical events and integrate risk management into their strategic planning and reporting.
8 key factors that affect foreign exchange ratesannadesoza123
The exchange rate is defined as "the rate at which one country's currency may be converted into another." It may fluctuate daily with the changing market forces of supply and demand of currencies from one country to another.
International Business Management unit 1 introductionGanesha Pandian
This document provides an overview of international business management. It defines international business as transactions across national borders that satisfy objectives of individuals, companies, and organizations. It then discusses reasons for internationalization like increased opportunities, risks, and profits. Key factors driving globalization include developing markets, low-cost production, trade blocks, and declining barriers. The document also examines country attractiveness analysis, political and legal environments, risks in international business, and classifications of those risks. It provides examples of political systems and outlines strategies for managing political risks.
This document discusses conflict management and ethics in international business. It describes different types of conflicts that can occur at the individual, group, and organizational levels in an international context. These include intra-individual, inter-individual, intra-group, inter-group, intra-organizational, and inter-organizational conflicts. Sources of conflict in international business are also examined, including host country factors, home country factors, and combined factors. The document then outlines strategies for preventing and resolving conflicts, such as participative decision making and collaboration. It also discusses the role of negotiations, international agencies, and ethics in international business management.
INTERNATIONAL ENTRY MODES
Criteria for Country selection :
Choosing Product to trade in International markets
Global Product Strategies
Strategy for new product launch
STANDARDIZATION VS ADAPTATION
FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY MODES
a new multilateral bank, a key milestone of the cooperation among emerging economies and developing countries. that is by five emerging economies(Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), to an alternative to the World Bank and IMF. And their aim is to provide help for sustainable development projects.
Modes of Entry in International BusinessAbhinav Singh
Modes of entry into international business can include exporting/importing, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, turnkey projects, mergers and acquisitions, and management contracts. Exporting involves selling goods and services internationally, while importing involves purchasing foreign goods and services. Foreign direct investment involves investing in foreign businesses. Licensing and franchising allow firms to use intellectual property and brand names owned by other companies. Joint ventures combine resources and share control between two or more firms.
Pre-shipment finance is a corporate banking product that provides funds to exporters to cover costs before goods are shipped overseas. It is issued by financial institutions when sellers want payment for goods before shipment. Pre-shipment finance enables exporters to procure raw materials, carry out manufacturing, provide warehouse storage, process and pack goods, and cover other business costs. There are two main types: packing credit loans for purchasing, processing, manufacturing and packing goods, and advances against pre-payment cheques or drafts received from abroad. The quantum of finance is determined based on factors like the export order, commodity, exporter's contribution, and importer/country profile.
This document discusses internationalization and entry modes for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It covers the business environment factors that influence internationalization, including resources, organization, risk-taking, and flexibility. It also discusses the marketing mix and common entry modes like exporting and using intermediaries. The document then focuses on finding and managing partners, including seeking out the right partners, getting their attention, and defining partnership roles.
Cultural Diversity in an Organization - Managing, Reasons, Role of HR Personn...Varun Suresh
This presentation talks about Cultural Diversity in an Organization, why it should be managed, the various reasons for Managing Cultural Diversity, Role of a HR personnel in Managing Cultural Diversity, Strategies adopted by them, the Process and Pros and Cons
International investment and foreign direct investment play an important role in the global economy. There are different types of foreign investment such as foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment in depository receipts. Foreign direct investment provides benefits like increased investment, technology transfer, and competition but it also faces criticism like undermining economic autonomy. Factors like natural resources, market size, production efficiency, interest rates, and government policies affect international investment flows. India moved from a restrictive policy on foreign investment pre-1991 to a more liberalized policy with automatic approval for foreign investment in many industries.
This document discusses various aspects of international business. It begins by defining business and international business. It then discusses the key drivers of internationalization including profit advantages, competition, and access to resources and technology. The document outlines the stages of internationalization from domestic to multinational to global companies. It also discusses the different orientations companies can take including ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. Finally, it discusses factors that have increased globalization like regional trade agreements, declining trade barriers, and increased foreign direct investment.
This document discusses managing multi-cultural teams and some of the challenges involved. It notes that as managers, we must adapt our styles to different cultural needs and find common ground. Some challenges include cultural differences, lack of communication, and different working styles. The document provides strategies for managing multi-cultural teams such as communicating goals clearly, identifying cultural conflicts, providing cross-culture training, and recognizing progress. While challenges exist, advantages also include bringing diverse ideas and allowing for 24-hour work rotations across locations.
Information technology in international businessDanish Shoukat
The use IT in the field of international business especially in business trade of import and export. It is very valuable for commerce chamber with all the documentation and e clearance of goods
Global business involves cross-border trade and has occurred for millennia, but increased dramatically after the 16th century with the rise of trading companies connecting continents. It continues today to allow for the sharing of resources, ideas, technology, and services between nations. While globalization aims to reduce poverty and promote education, global business faces barriers from negotiating different environments, cultures, ideologies, and governments. Shipping and logistics play a key role by facilitating over 90% of world trade by sea. Successful global business management requires understanding cultural differences between peoples and countries.
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as trade and investment activities conducted across national borders. Firms internationalize through activities like exporting, importing, and foreign direct investment. The document also discusses the key participants in international business, common reasons why firms pursue international expansion, and some of the main risks involved. Studying international business can provide firms with competitive advantages like access to new markets and resources.
The exporter books an air freight flight, arranges for the cargo to be delivered to the airport and loaded onto the aircraft. The aircraft then flies to the destination airport where the cargo is unloaded and cleared by customs and transportation agents before being delivered to the importer's warehouse. Proper documentation such as the HAWB, export permits, and import permits are required to facilitate the international air freight of goods.
International business involves transactions between two or more countries and comprises a large portion of global business. It differs from domestic business in several key ways. International business must navigate different legal systems, currencies, resources, distances, languages, and cultures between nations. Specifically, parties must adjust practices to comply with local laws, convert currencies, source resources available in other countries, account for greater transportation distances, and consider language and cultural differences when operating internationally.
This document discusses global product strategies and considerations. It begins by defining what a product is as a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes. It then outlines some key global drivers of product demand and supply, such as higher customer expectations, innovations, and manufacturing rationalization. The document discusses decisions around existing and new global products, and approaches to global product development like standardization and adaptation. It provides frameworks for integrating markets, platforms, and competencies, and discusses issues like customer needs, competition, marketing infrastructure and internal resources at the country, region, and global levels. Finally, it covers topics like brands, brand positioning, brand equity, and strategic alternatives like local vs. global products and brands.
The document discusses the EPRG framework for international marketing orientation. It describes the four orientations as:
1. Ethnocentric - Home country orientation where the domestic market is seen as superior and foreign markets use the same strategy.
2. Polycentric - Host country orientation where each national market is viewed as distinct and requires localized strategies.
3. Regiocentric - A regional orientation where markets are grouped by regions that have similar characteristics and strategies are standardized within regions but adapted between regions.
4. Geocentric - A world orientation where the entire world is viewed as a single market and strategies are standardized globally.
International business involves the trade of goods and services between countries. The main reasons for international business are unequal resource distribution between countries and differences in labor productivity and production costs. There are several modes for entering international business, including exporting/importing, contract manufacturing, licensing/franchising, joint ventures, and wholly owned subsidiaries. India's main exports are refined petroleum, gems, vehicles, and machinery, while its top imports are oil, gems, electronics, and machinery.
This document discusses how geopolitical events can impact business. It defines geopolitics as studying foreign policy through geographical variables like resources and demographics. Geopolitical risks to business include global supply chain integration and exposure to changes in governments, regulations, taxes and infrastructure in different countries. The document highlights the 2017 Gulf crisis between Qatar and neighboring Arab states as a major geopolitical risk and notes that more companies are including risk management in their reporting to mitigate such risks.
Geopolitical events can impact business in several ways. They include changes in government policies, laws and regulations; instability in supply chain networks due to issues like climate change or conflict; and risks from developments on the global stage. In 2017, key geopolitical risks businesses needed to be aware of included the diplomatic crisis between Qatar and other Arab nations as well as escalating tensions with North Korea. As supply chains become more globalized, companies must closely monitor geopolitical events and integrate risk management into their strategic planning and reporting.
The document summarizes Canada's employment trends in March 2017 according to various sources. Key points include:
- Construction, information technology, trade, and transportation and warehousing sectors saw employment gains.
- Provincial employment increased in Ontario, Quebec, Alberta and Saskatchewan while declining in Newfoundland and Labrador.
- Locally in Brantford, about 6,300 more people were employed last month than in March 2016, with the majority being full-time permanent positions, indicating a healthy job market.
Challenges facing Supply Chain Management for Business - March 2017 Analysis ...paul young cpa, cga
This presentation looks at supply chain management including the pressures facing business as well as need to look at better ways to adopt technology as part of managing their business cycle.
Profitability and Costing Solutions - Office of Finance and CFOpaul young cpa, cga
This presentation looks at issues facing business like productivity, costing and margin management. The presentation provides an option to building out costing model like ABC (Activity-based costing) using IBM TM1
Artificial Intelligence role as part of automating reporting for Accounting a...paul young cpa, cga
This document discusses how artificial intelligence (AI) can benefit accounting and finance departments. It describes AI as computer systems that work and react like humans through activities like speech recognition, learning, planning, and problem solving. The document outlines three ways accounting can benefit from AI: investing in predictable analytics, exploring tools for faster responses, and using behavioral analytics for cross-servicing. It also lists some key accounting requirements that AI can support, such as time-series data analysis, risk assessment, and regulatory compliance. Finally, the document promotes IBM solutions for close, consolidation and reporting tasks that can help automate processes and reduce cycle times.
There is big push by both government regulations as well as accounting bodies to include integrated reporting as part of regulatory filings. Currently there are over 1,500 companies reporting using integrated reporting framework. Majority of those companies are in Japan and South Africa.
The United States is currently looking at integrated reporting framework through a discussion paper by FASB. There are many many United States companies that have embraced integrated reporting framework.
3.30 4.15pm Managing For Results In Pfm (Jean Baptiste Sawadogo)icgfmconference
The document discusses managing for results (MfR) in public financial management (PFM). It provides an overview of MfR, how it has been applied in developing and developed countries, and key challenges in implementing MfR in PFM. The document argues that while MfR is increasingly important, public sectors must overcome expenditure mentalities and implement MfR in a long-term, comprehensive manner to truly deliver results and value to citizens.
How to improve the Governance Model for the Public Sector - United States - S...paul young cpa, cga
This document provides a summary of strategies to improve governance in government. It discusses factors that impact governance like transparency and accountability. It recommends using performance audits to assess key performance indicators and ensure recommendations are implemented. Other strategies include improving data ethics and literacy, mitigating geopolitical risks, adopting ESG reporting, and using technology like audit analytics and AI to enhance governance. The overall goal is for government to deliver programs and tax policies with value for money and transparency.
Artificial intelligence (ai) with Value for Money Auditingpaul young cpa, cga
There is allot upside to selling AI solutions to various levels of government. More and more governments are considering value for money. The problem is that government has to watch their costs as such it may not feasible to hiring full-time auditors.
More and more companies are embracing technological solutions as part of streaming their reporting and forecasting cycles.
This presentation discusses the role AI will continue to play in reshaping the work done by accounting, tax and FP&A departments.
Public sector risk management faces particular challenges due to increased complexity, partnerships, and public involvement in strategic decision making. A successful enterprise risk management program would involve identifying risks through qualitative and quantitative assessment, monitoring risks, and considering actions like terminating, tolerating, treating, or transferring risks. Senior management buy-in is crucial for an effective risk management program.
How do you get maximum value from government taxation (Value for Money)paul young cpa, cga
This presentation looks at value for money including explanation as well as the importance of performing operational reviews of both the private sector and business.
The ability to control cost is coming very important not just with business, but government. Value for money is one of those areas that can have greater benefit to both government and business.
This document outlines Ujjivan Small Finance Bank's approach to strengthening environmental, social and governance (ESG) integration. It details the key activities the bank has undertaken, including a materiality assessment, benchmarking against peers, and assessments against the Dow Jones Sustainability Index and EY's Sustainable by Design framework. It establishes six pillars for the bank's ESG framework: sustainable operations, empowering communities, responsible finance, customer centricity, human capital, and effective governance. Under each pillar, focus areas and goals are defined for the short, medium and long term to guide the bank's sustainability strategy and reporting.
This document discusses why businesses should undertake gap analysis. Gap analysis involves analyzing how actual performance compares to the original budget and identifying actions to address differences. The author recommends moving beyond Excel for gap analysis to use tools that provide more predictive analytics and real-time reporting. Scenario planning should also be part of the process to account for changing market conditions. Industries trends, economic indicators, and third party analyses can be incorporated into gap analysis to improve its effectiveness.
Managerial economics for mm ims semester 1Ankur Rai
This document provides an overview of managerial economics and its key concepts. It begins with definitions of managerial economics as the application of economic theory and tools of analysis to help organizations achieve objectives efficiently. It describes the nature, scope, characteristics, and significance of managerial economics, as well as its relationship to other fields like economics, operations research, and statistics. The document then covers fundamental concepts in managerial economics including incremental reasoning, marginal analysis, consumer behavior theory, and theories of the firm. It emphasizes that managerial economics uses economic analysis to help managers make optimal decisions.
Rethinking regional development policy-makingOECD CFE
This presentation was presented at the launch of the OECD report “Rethinking Regional Development Policy-making” on 19 March 2018 in Brussels.
http://www.oecd.org/governance/rethinking-regional-development-policy-making-9789264293014-en.htm
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Retail Sales and Consumer Spending Analysis and Commentary - July 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
Canadian retail sales dropped 0.3% in August, the first decline since March, as higher interest rates start to impact household budgets. Seven of the nine retail subsectors saw sales increases in July, led by food and beverage retailers, while motor vehicle and parts dealers saw the largest decrease. Excluding autos, retail sales in July rose 1%, double expectations. The report suggests Canadians are tightening spending as more face higher mortgage payments and gas prices due to Bank of Canada rate hikes aimed at slowing inflation.
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The key challenges facing Australian business leaders in 2023 include:
1. Talent acquisition, retention and training staff for digital transformation.
2. Implementing successful digital transformation while managing cyber risks.
3. Adapting to changing regulations and reporting requirements.
Health risks from COVID-19, social reputation concerns, and disruptive emerging technologies are also significant social challenges impacting Australian businesses. Over the next 3-5 years, talent management for digitization, cybersecurity, digital transformation, regulatory changes, and identifying new growth opportunities will be the top challenges according to business leaders.
Global Housing Market Analysis and Commentary- September 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
Summary:
Homebuilders are walking a fine line when it comes to new projects as high mortgage rates curb demand.
New residential construction, including single-family homes and multifamily, dropped 11.3% month over month in August to 1.283 million units on a seasonally adjusted basis, according to Census Bureau data released Tuesday. That's down 14.8% compared with a year ago and well below the 1.44 million units economists surveyed by Bloomberg projected.
But authorized residential permits — an indicator of potential future activity — rose 6.9% to 1.543 million permits in August from July. That was still down 2.7% from last August. Single-family permits, though, were up 2% from July to 949,000. Multifamily permits came in at 535,000.
The data reflects two opposing forces builders are trying to balance: the ongoing need for new construction to fill in limited inventory and elevated mortgage rates that are hurting their biggest customer right now, the first-time homebuyer.
"High mortgage rates are clearly taking a toll on builder confidence and consumer demand, as a growing number of buyers are electing to defer a home purchase until long-term rates move lower," Robert Dietz, chief economist of the National Association of Home Builders, said Monday in a press release after builder confidence dropped for the second straight month.
Source: https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/homebuilders-face-a-tough-balancing-act-on-new-construction-amid-high-mortgage-rates-130744368.html
Blog – What is next for the Mining Sector – September 2023
The mining sector provides critical material that support solar, wind, and lithium-ion batteries as part of the green transition. https://www.iea.org/news/critical-minerals-market-sees-unprecedented-growth-as-clean-energy-demand-drives-strong-increase-in-investment
The mining sector products play a key role with the global GDP - https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/global-mining-industry-value-was-69-of-world-gdp-last-year-china-says
Mining practices need to be sustainable including following all ESG policies - https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-can-you-monitor-sustainable-mining-practices
Other links and sources –
Lithium Supply and Price - https://zbr.com.mx/en/sin-categoria-es/lithium-prices-fall-44-in-china-due-to-lack-of-demand/138168/
Cobalt - https://www.linkedin.com/posts/mahmut-karada%C5%9F-a2b7a5151_china-exportrestrictions-gallium-activity-7082603182589157376-Zrty/?trk=public_profile_like_view
Nickel https://www.eureporter.co/business/2023/09/15/stanislav-kondrashov-from-telf-ag-nickel-prices-outlook-remains-positive/
Iron-ore - https://www.brecorder.com/news/40263584/sgx-iron-ore-set-for-best-week-in-3-months
TD Bank / Metals - https://www.tdsecurities.com/ca/en/setting-the-stage-for-gold-outlook
Biodiversity / Mining - https://worldcrunch.com/green/lithium-green-energy-argentina-indigenous
ESG - https://iriscarbon.com/the-added-value-of-integrated-esg-reporting-a-threefold-framework/
Blog – Manufacturing Shipments and Orders – The United States – August 2023
Summary:
New orders for manufacturing technology in the United States totaled $353.9 million in July 2023, as per the latest report by AMT – The Association For Manufacturing Technology. This figure marked a 12.4% decline from June 2023 but remained only 10.5% lower than July 2022. Year-to-date orders amounted to $2.83 billion, reflecting a 12.7% decrease compared to the same period the previous year.
Douglas K. Woods, President of AMT, noted that July is typically a slower month for manufacturing technology orders, so a slight drop was expected. However, he pointed out a notable trend: over the last two months, the year-to-date order gap has narrowed during historically slow periods. While job shops have seen decreased orders, other industries that benefited from reshoring or government investments have helped fill the gap.
Among specific sectors, job shops, the largest customer segment, placed their lowest total monthly orders since August 2020. In contrast, metal valve manufacturers recorded their third-highest monthly order value on record, last seen in September 2018, making up nearly 5% of the total manufacturing technology order value for July 2023. Manufacturers of motor vehicle transmissions continued to order machinery at an elevated pace. However, the aerospace industry continued to order below its early 2022 peaks, with hopes that recent projects like the federal government's $1.5 billion investment in communications satellites might reverse this trend.
Source: https://www.sme.org/technologies/articles/2023/september/u.s.-manufacturing-technology-orders-dip-in-july-but-show-resilience-amid-economic-uncertainty
Stock Market Analysis and Commentary for WE September 15 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
Blog – Analysis and Commentary – Stock Market – WE September 15 2023
Summary:
Stocks fell Friday as investors wrap up a volatile week ahead of the Federal Reserve's policy meeting.
The Dow Jones Industrials tumbled 288.87 points to close out Friday and the week at 34,618.24. At its lows, it completely wiped out Thursday's 332-point rally.
The S&P 500 index sank 54.78 points, or 1.2%, to 4,450.32.
The NASDAQ index plunged 217.72 points, or 1.6%, to 13,708.33.
The Dow held onto a winning week. The S&P 500 and NASDAQ both closed out the week with losses.
Information technology was the worst-performing sector in the S&P 500, down nearly 2%. Adobe shares fell more than 4% even after the software firm posted better-than-expected quarterly results. Shares of Arm Holdings were lower one day after its successful public debut.
Auto stocks General Motors and Stellantis N.V. were higher Friday, while Ford Motor was about flat. Thousands of members of the United Auto Workers went on strike after failing to reach a deal with the automakers Thursday night.
Elsewhere, Lennar shares slid 3%. The home construction firm posted third-quarter results that beat on the top and bottom lines.
On the economic front, the University of Michigan's consumer sentiment survey showed one-year inflation expectations dropped to 3.1% in
September, tied for the lowest since January 2021. Also, the five-year outlook fell to 2.7%, matching its lowest since December 2020.
- Canadian manufacturing sales increased 1.6% in July, led by higher sales in food products, petroleum and coal products, and transportation equipment. Paper and plastics sales decreased the most.
- Inventory levels increased slightly while unfilled orders decreased, pointing to a potential slowdown.
- The manufacturing sector in Canada will continue to face challenges such as global economic uncertainty, rising costs, supply chain issues, climate change risks, and skills shortages.
Electricity Analysis - Canada and the OECD - June 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
Summary:
Over three-quarters of the world’s total coal-generated electricity is consumed in just three countries. China is the top user of coal, making up 53.3% of global coal demand, followed by India at 13.6%, and the U.S. at 8.9%.
Burning coal—for electricity, as well as metallurgy and cement production—is the world’s single largest source of CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, its use in electricity generation has actually grown 91.2% since 1997, the year when the first global climate agreement was signed in Kyoto, Japan.
However, even as non-renewables enjoy their time in the sun, their days could be numbered.
In 2022, renewables, such as wind, solar, and geothermal, represented 14.4% of total electricity generation with an extraordinary annual growth rate of 14.7%, driven by big gains in solar and wind. Non-renewables, by contrast, only managed an anemic 0.4%.
The authors of the Statistical Review do not include hydroelectric in their renewable calculations, even though many others, including the International Energy Agency, consider it a “well-established renewable power technology.”
With hydroelectric moved into the renewable column, together they accounted for over 29.3% of all electricity generated in 2022, with an annual growth rate of 7.4%.
Source - https://energynow.ca/2023/09/infographic-what-electricity-sources-power-the-world-see-them-here-visual-capitalist/
Logistics Warehousing Transportation and Distrbution Analysis and Commentary ...paul young cpa, cga
The document provides an overview of key metrics and trends in the logistics, warehousing, distribution, and transportation sector. It includes data on consumer price index, diesel fuel costs, freight indexes, e-commerce sales, retail sales, class 8 truck sales, EPA emissions standards, trailer sales, and tonnage. It also discusses supply chain management solutions like planning analytics, blockchain, and AI assistants. Finally, it touches on topics like infrastructure spending, automation, and ESG reporting.
Retail Sales and Consumer Spending Analysis and Commentary - United States - ...paul young cpa, cga
United States retail sales rose 0.6% in August despite flat sales at internet retailers after Amazon Prime Day. Most of the increase was due to higher gasoline prices. While consumer spending has been strong, higher interest rates and a slowdown in hiring are expected to restrain purchases in the coming months. Forecasters predict the 2023 holiday shopping season could be the weakest in five years due to economic challenges facing consumers. The retail sector continues facing inventory management challenges and social governance issues.
This document provides an analysis of the agriculture output and equipment sector for August 2023. It includes discussions of commodity prices, crop estimates, energy prices, food prices, farming incomes, top farming states, food processors, and the role of technology and government in farming. Key points covered include rising input costs challenging farmers, preliminary crop estimates for Canada, volatility in oil and diesel prices impacting farm expenses, and opportunities for data and automation to help address issues in the agriculture industry.
Biotech Pharmaceutical Medical Equipment and Supplies - Analysis - September ...paul young cpa, cga
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on the biotech, pharmaceutical, and healthcare sector. It includes:
- An introduction and biography of presenter Paul Young CPA CGA
- An agenda covering topics like vaccine production, drug discovery, innovation in areas like storage and AI, and the life sciences strategy
- Links and summaries of information on these topics, including the top vaccine manufacturers, regulations in Canada, and growth in the pharmaceutical market
The presentation aims to discuss key areas of the biotech/pharmaceutical sector including vaccine development and production, drug discovery, innovation, and strategies for the life sciences industry. Links and outside sources are provided to support the topics in the agenda.
Better Public Safety Management using Analytics - September 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
This document discusses using analytics to improve public safety management. It outlines rising public safety costs for governments and key issues facing policing like complex crimes and accountability. The document presents crime rate data for Canada and discusses building machine learning models in SPSS and dashboards in Cognos Analytics to analyze police data and forecast expenses. Finally, it lists potential next steps for crime in Canada like bail and corrections reforms, gun control, and increased police oversight.
Stock Market Analysis and Commentary for WE September 9 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
What did the markets tell us this week?
1. Housing supply and costs continue to plague countries around the world.
2. Gasoline prices are on the rise that puts pressure on central banks ability to hit their core inflation targets.
3. ESG adoption by both the private and public sector is leading to both funding concerns and the overall cost of implementing ESG policies.
4. Adopting technology as part of increasing food production is facing both capital and operational funding concerns.
5. Strike at LNG facility in Australia is leading to concerns around a supply chain disruption of natural gas for EMEA and Asia.
6. The threat of China dumping batteries into markets - https://www.ft.com/content/b6038e51-7b5b-4f97-a5da-9202e71562fc
7. Adoption of generative AI has been facing many challenges related to security, privacy, and ethical issues.
8. Lack of biodiversity planning as part of the overall climate mitigation including sustainable mining, forestry, oil, gas, agriculture, and housing
9. Geopolitical issues continue to impact supply chain.
10. The concerns of recession continue to plague both the private and public sector.
11. Productivity issues continue to plague governments around the world.
Workforce Planning and Employment Analysis - August 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
The document discusses workforce planning and employment analysis. It provides an overview of employment statistics in the United States, Canada, and Australia. It then discusses Sysco's workforce planning model and the role of the CFO in workforce planning. Finally, it defines autonomous finance as the automation of financial operations through software and algorithms, and provides some key statistics on its adoption.
Global Automotive - Analysis and Commentary - August 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
This presentation provides an overview of key trends in the global automotive sector in August 2023. It discusses 1) sales trends in Canada, the US and globally, 2) the growth of electric vehicles and focus on reducing emissions, and 3) ongoing transformation in the industry through automation, connectivity and new technologies. Sources included discuss topics like electric vehicle production and adoption, public safety issues regarding EV fires, gasoline and car prices, supply chain challenges, and green transitions in transportation.
Global (Mining Oil and Gas Forestry and Agriculture) Analysis and Commentary ...paul young cpa, cga
The mining, oil, gas, agriculture, forestry, and mining continue to face environmental, social, and governance policy review including reporting of key metrics as part of ESG reporting cycle.
There is more focus on profitability and investment returns as part of the integrated planning and reporting cycle.
Summary:
The global economy faces what at least one forecaster is calling a mild trade recession as shipments from China slump and German factories downshift.
China’s export declines extended into August, though there were signs that the worst of a world trade slowdown may be over for the leading exporter.
Overseas shipments from China fell 8.8% in dollar terms from a year earlier while imports contracted 7.3%, both better than economists’ estimates and significantly less severe than July’s downturn.
Other data have suggested trade may be stabilizing after weakening for most of this year. Exports from South Korea also declined at a more moderate pace in August than the previous month.
Source: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2023-09-07/supply-chain-latest-world-trade-faces-a-shallow-recession?srnd=economics-v2
Additional sources and links:
Lithium - https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/falling-lithium-prices-challenge-potential-cost-advantages-of-sodium-batteries
Oil Production - https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/06/business/oil-price-goldman-sachs/index.html
Natural gas - https://www.fxstreet.com/news/natural-gas-holds-up-as-markets-in-limbo-over-strikes-202309070956
Lumber - https://www.fastmarkets.com/insights/sawmill-capacity-closures-reshape-us-lumber-supply
Critical metals - https://www.wasterecyclingmag.ca/feature/how-recycling-could-solve-the-shortage-of-minerals-essential-to-clean-energy/
Agriculture - https://www.morningagclips.com/economists-forecast-positive-end-of-year-crop-outlook-despite-warmer-midwestern-climate/
ESG - https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2023/09/the-informed-board/the-eus-new-esg-disclosure-rules
Ports - https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/HAPAG-LLOYD-AG-24857717/news/Hapag-Lloyd-chief-warns-of-rougher-seas-ahead-for-container-shipping-44789017/
Top destination for reshoring - https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/2023/08/29/uae-in-top-10-most-powerful-passports-for-investment-opportunity/
Global Trade - https://phys.org/news/2023-09-opinion-broke-global-climate-finish.html
What is next for the Forestry Sector and Lumber Production - September 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
Lumber production in Canada continues to face many hurdles
Canada forest management practices are some of the bests in the world
Canada planted over 440M in seedlings back in 2018. It is now 2022 which means close 2M seedlings have been planted.
All levels need to put more focus on urban and rural planning solutions
More work including spending on wildfire and forest fire mitigation
Canada and USA need to find a path forward to resolve the softwood lumber dispute
There needs to a better balanced between climate change policies and growing the economy in a sustainable way
3D printing for housing needs to become mainstream
More protection needs to happen with key ecosystems like wetlands, forest, and peatlands.
There is a risk of debt default if interest rates are hike over the next few months
This document discusses several topics related to education funding and policy in Ontario, Canada. It includes links to articles about the skills gap in trades, teacher salaries, school board budgets, and the Drummond Report which reviewed education spending. The document questions whether the reader looks at school board budgets and supports bringing back ARC analysis of low-enrollment schools. It also debates the impacts of rising construction costs and the carbon tax on education funding.
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
"Financial Odyssey: Navigating Past Performance Through Diverse Analytical Lens"sameer shah
Embark on a captivating financial journey with 'Financial Odyssey,' our hackathon project. Delve deep into the past performance of two companies as we employ an array of financial statement analysis techniques. From ratio analysis to trend analysis, uncover insights crucial for informed decision-making in the dynamic world of finance."
2. AUTHOR / BIO
Septe
mber
9,
2014
• Paul Young, CPA, CGA
•SME – Financial Performance Management (TM1, Cognos Controller and
Cognos Disclosure Management, OpenPages, Algorithmics, Cognos Integrated
Server, Cognos Command Center and Datawatch)
•Industry Experience
•15+ years in Corporate Reporting, Budget & Forecasting, Costing,
Business Process Management, Internal Audit and Controls, Risk
Management, Financial Analysis, Costing
•11+ years in financial solutions (FOPM, FPM, Risk, Office of the Finance,
Risk Management)
•8+ years teaching Advance Finance, Advance Accounting, Public Finance
and Advance Management Information Systems
•Blogger in areas like Finance Analysis, Government policies, market
segment
3. AGENDA
• What are Geopolitical events?
• Supply Chain Management Integrated
• Government Role
• Business Role
• 2017 Key Risk Areas - Geopolitical
4. WHAT ARE GEOPOLITICAL EVENTS?
Geopolitics is a method of studying foreign policy to understand,
explain and predict international political behavior through
geographical variables. These include area studies, climate,
topography, demography, natural resources, and applied science of the
region being evaluated
Source - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics
5. SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRATION
• Globalization of Supply Chain
• Business exposure to areas
like climate change or
Governmental changes or
infrastructure or labor rates or
shipping rates or investment
rules or taxation or
environment regulations
6. GOVERNMENTAL ROLE
• Governmental Structure
• Democracy
• Kingdom
• Socialism
• Government sets policies
• Taxation
• Regulations
• Investment in infrastructure
• Labor and Environmental Laws
• FIPA and Trade Agreements
7. BUSINESS ROLE
• Business needs to expand to new market
• Business needs to follow laws and regulation in the countries they do business