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Hospital Services & Management
The document outlines the structure and operations of hospitals within the healthcare system, highlighting the differences between inpatient, outpatient, and emergency care settings. It discusses the roles of various stakeholders, the importance of health IT in supporting hospital services, and the unique needs of each hospital type in Thailand. The content is derived from educational materials developed for health informatics training, emphasizing the critical function of hospitals in delivering quality patient care.
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Hospital Services & Management
- 1. Hospital Services andManagement Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt, MD, PhD Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand Modified from slides of Assoc.Prof. Artit Ungkanont Parts of this material were based on materials developed by Johns Hopkins University, funded by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under Award Number IU24OC000013 (Health IT Workforce Curriculum v.2.0, Component 7/Units 2-3).
- 2. A Bit AboutMyself 2003 M.D. (Ramathibodi) 2009 M.S. in Health Informatics (U of MN) 2011 Ph.D. in Health Informatics (U of MN) Medical Systems Analyst Health Informatics Division Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University ranta@mahidol.ac.th www.SlideShare.net/Nawanan Research interests: • Health IT applications in clinical settings (including EHRs) • Health IT “adoption” • Health informatics education
- 3. Outline • Overview of the healthcare system • Hospitals as a key component • Nature of hospital services • Contrast with ambulatory & emergency settings • Management of hospital operations • Needs for health IT in hospitals • Conclusion
- 4. The Healthcare System Government Hospital A Hospital B Clinic C Lab Patient at Home
- 5. Stakeholders in HealthCare • Want to deliver the best • Want a high-quality care and outcomes to patients with limited satisfactory service resources experience for an acceptable Providers • Needs to satisfy many “bosses” cost • Want data for • High bargaining policy-making and power Policy- management • Want to pay less Payers Patients Makers • Limited budget money for more • Often face quality bureaucracies • Highly political Public • Concerns about resource allocation & community’s well-being, but not necessarily individual patients
- 6. Providers • Provide healthcare services to patients • Hire or employ health care professionals, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, etc. • Receive payment from patients or third-party payers – National Health Security Office – Social Security Office – Comptroller-General Department – Private insurance companies
- 7. Providers in Thailand’sVarious Settings • Ambulatory Setting – Private clinics (sometimes called physician’s offices) – Outpatient departments of hospitals – Private pharmacies – Dental clinics – MOPH’s community health centers • Currently called “health promotion hospitals” • They are not really hospitals!! Just a political marketing tool!
- 8. Providers in Thailand’sVarious Settings • Emergency Setting – Emergency rooms of hospitals – Ambulances and pre-hospital care – Incident management and command
- 9. Providers in Thailand’sVarious Settings • Inpatient Setting – Inpatient wards for • Acute care hospitals • Nursing homes (for the elderly and chronic patients) • Hospice (for the terminally ills) – Special cases • Delivery room • Patients being observed in emergency rooms • Short stay services
- 10. Transitions Between Settings Healthy Ambulatory (Outpatient) Emergency Care Care Hospital Inpatient Care
- 11. Hospital Services inThailand Inpatient Care Ambulatory Emergency (Outpatient) Care Care Surgery (Operating Rooms)
- 12. Why We NeedTo Hospitalize (Admit) Patients • Serious illness or injury • Need to monitor patient status closely • Need to observe progression of illness • Need to administer intravenous drugs or fluids • Need extensive/ongoing investigations • Need to observe response to treatment and adjust plans, or because of potential treatment side effects • Before and after major surgery or procedures • Etc.
- 13. Importance of HospitalServices • Sophisticated capabilities & technologies – Labs – X-rays – Surgeries – Other treatments and technologies • Integrated services by multiple specialties • Ability to provide level of care needed by each patient – General wards for different specialties (medicine, surgery, OB-GYN, pediatrics, orthopedics, eye, ENT, etc.) – Intensive Care Units (ICUs), Cardiac Care Units (CCU) – Public (shared) wards vs. private rooms • Referral systems of increasing capabilities
- 14. Class Discussion #1 •What are some different types of hospitals you can think of? • What characteristics do you think make these hospitals different?
- 15. Types of Hospitalsin Thailand Hospital Category Number of Percentage of All Hospitals Hospitals District hospitals (MOPH) 737 56.4% General hospitals (MOPH) 68 5.2% Regional hospitals (MOPH) 26 2.0% Other hospitals under MOPH* 50 3.8% Other public hospitals 111 8.5% outside MOPH† Private hospitals 315 24.1% Total 1307 100.0% *Including general and specialty hospitals under other departments within the Ministry of Public Health. †Including university hospitals, military hospitals, autonomous public hospitals, prison hospitals, hospitals of state enterprises, and public hospitals under local governments. MOPH = Ministry of Public Health Source: Bureau of Policy and Strategy, Ministry of Public Health (November 2010).
- 16. Hospital Characteristics • Geographiclocation – Province – Urban/rural • Size – Bed size – Number of employees – Patient volume
- 17. Hospital Characteristics • Levelof services – Primary care – Secondary care – Tertiary care – Supertertiary care • Ownership – Public/private status – Parent organization – Being in a multi-hospital system
- 18. Hospital Characteristics • Teachingstatus – Non-teaching hospitals – Teaching hospitals • Budget • Service capabilities – Medical technologies available – Medical specialties available • etc.
- 19. Class Discussion #2 •How many of you have had an experience being admitted to a hospital or had a relative who was admitted? • Can you share some non-confidential parts of the story? – Describe what happened. – What did the providers do to you/your relative in the hospital? – How was the experience (your feeling of the experience)?
- 20. An Overview ofHospital Services Information Services From Dr. Artit Ungkanont’s slide
- 21. Nature of EmergencyCare Source: nj.com
- 22.
- 23. Ambulatory Processes • Check-in – Verify Appointment; Update Info; Pull Medical Record • Move to exam room – Vital Signs; Review Reason for Visit; Document – Examination; Discussion of Findings; Plan; Order; Documents • Check-out – Schedule appointment – Payment • After the fact – Complete Documentation/Dictate – Code Visit & File Insurance Claim Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture a
- 24. A Typical Processfor Outpatient Care OPD nurse performs Verify appointment, Registration (New brief history taking, OPD Check-in insurance eligibility, patients only) vital signs pull medical records measurement Doctor orders Doctor takes history Doctor writes Doctor reviews results investigations (lab, x- and physical documentation rays, etc.) examination OPD Check-out OPD nurse reviews Patient receives Doctor writes Patient makes order, educates medications and go prescription payment patient, makes home appointment (if any)
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- 27. A Typical Processfor Inpatient Care Admission processing (verify admission Entry Point Patient registration Patient stays in a ward paperwork, insurance eligibility) Doctor writes order for Doctor takes history & Doctor reviews Nurse reviews and investigations (lab, x- physical examination investigation results processes orders rays, etc.) and in an admission note treatment Nurse measures vital Patient makes Hospital makes claims signs every 6 hours or payment, receives Discharge planning and receives as ordered, writes home medications & reimbursements nurse’s notes education, discharged
- 28. Inpatient Processes 1. Register 2. Review Patient Info 3. Talk, Observe, Examine 4. Document *H&P, PMH, Signs/Symptoms, etc. 5. Take Actions “Orders” *Meds, Labs, Procedures, Consults, Admit, Next Appt. 6. Discharge 7. Patient Education (could occur anywhere in the process) 8. Health Data Reporting 9. Link to Reimbursement Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture a
- 29. Entry Point forInpatient Admissions • From outpatient visits • From emergency room • Referred from another facility • Scheduled inpatient appointment – Pre-operative (before surgery) admissions – Chemotherapy – Other procedures that require hospitalization • Operating room – Post-operative (after surgery) care – One-day surgery with unexpected complications requiring admission
- 30. Routine Ward Workfor Physicians • Morning Ward Rounds – Check patient’s illness progression, changes from previous rounds, lab/x-ray results, response to treatment – Plan next steps • Ordering investigations and treatments – Lab tests – X-rays – Medications and IV fluids – Surgeries & bed-side procedures – Nursing procedures – Diet – Patient activity • (Optional) Afternoon Ward Rounds • Progress notes & other documentation • Providing treatments during the day as necessary (e.g. CPR)
- 31. Routine Ward Workfor Nurses • Typically an 8-hour shift • Observe and document patient status, illness progression, and changes • Measure routine vital signs and intake/output • Review and process doctor’s orders • If patient condition is serious or urgent, inform physicians • Perform nursing interventions as ordered • Coordinate with other departments and staff • Assist physicians in bed-side procedures • Documentation – Nurse’s notes – Medication administration records (MARs) – Vital sign – Kardex (for within-shift communications and between-shift hand-over) – Other administrative documents
- 32. Discharge Status • Discharged home with approval • Left against medical advice • Escape • Referred to another facility • Expired (Dead)
- 33. What Is Different? • Access to systems & data • Challenges of geography • Patient Load • Episode of Care • Facilities and technologies available • Level of monitoring and control of environment • Coordination, Communication, Consultation Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Modified from “Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture a”
- 34. Inpatient vs. AmbulatoryProcesses: Comparing and Contrasting How do they differ? – Inpatient 4 phases • Initial evaluation • Ongoing Management • Pre-discharge • Discharge – Ambulatory • Episodic • Coordination across providers and locations • Monitoring/treatment chronic & acute Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture a
- 35. Managing Hospital Operations •Typical Organizational Structure – Hospital Director as top executive – Various clinical departments depending on medical specialties and services available – Nursing Department • Important Administrative Departments – Director’s Office – Quality improvement, Risk management – IT – Finance, Human Resource (HR), Procurement – Academic/Education/Research
- 36. Supporting Care Processeswith HIT • Facilitate filtering, organizing, & access • Thoroughness and currency imperative • Reviewing & Documenting • Planning • “Doing” – ordering • Educating Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture a
- 37. Supporting Care Processeswith HIT • Communicating – High risk, high stress – Teams – working independently but with constant information exchange – Moving patients, moving providers, rapidly changing situations Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture a
- 38. IT Management inHospitals • Front Office – Hospital Information Systems (or Clinical Information Systems) • Back Office – Management Information Systems – Including Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems – Research and Education – Office Automation Tools • Data Warehouse, Data Analysis & Reporting • IT Infrastructure – Systems & Network Administration, including Security – Web Sites
- 39. Hospital Information System Clinical Medical ADT Notes Records Workflow Pharmacy IS Operation Master Patient LIS Theatre Index (MPI) Order CCIS RIS Scheduling Portals Billing PACS Modified from Dr. Artit Ungkanont’s slide
- 40. Clinical Decision Support: “Any system designed to HIT Systems (Inpatient) improve clinical decision making related to diagnostic or therapeutic processes of care.” From Dr. Artit Ungkanont’s slide
- 41. Care Processes: HITSupport • Registration – Admission, Discharge Transfer Systems (ADT) – Bed Management Systems (BMS) – Unique Identifier – i.e. Hospital Number (HN), sometimes called Medical Record Number (MRN) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture b
- 42. Care Processes: HITSupport • Reviewing Patient Information – Retrieve patient record • Verifying demographics, etc. • Past medical history, etc. • Talking, Observing, Examining Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture b
- 43. Care Processes: HITSupport Documentation – Copious • Pick lists, Voice Recognition, Structured Notes, Integrated Records, Patient-Centered, Kiosks, PHRs … – Knowledge Resources & Decision Support Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture b
- 44. Care Processes: HITSupport Taking Action Performing/Ordering/Reviewing – CPOE – Computerized Prescriber Order Entry • E-prescribing, Consults, Treatments, Diets, Labs, Tests… – Guideline-based Care http://www.guideline.gov/ Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Modified from Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture b
- 45. Computerized Physician OrderEntry (CPOE)
- 46. Care Processes: HITSupport • Pre-Discharge/Discharge – Ties into ADT, bed management, discharge planning … • Education Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture b
- 47. Care Processes: HITSupport • Reporting & Reimbursement – External (Disease Control & Prevention, Immunization Registries, Payers for reimbursement, etc.) & Internal (Practice Improvement, Trending, etc.) – $$$ Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Working with Health IT Systems, Under the Hood, Lecture b
- 48. Summary • Hospitals arean important setting in health care • Nature and work processes in the inpatient, outpatient, and emergency settings are quite different • These settings have some common needs for health IT, but each also has unique needs • Hospitals are just one part of the whole healthcare system Health IT Workforce Curriculum Working with Health IT Systems Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Under the Hood Lecture b
- 49. Healthcare System: TheBig Picture Government Hospital A Hospital B Clinic C Lab Patient at Home
- 50.