This document provides information about horse terminology, colors, markings, breeds, gaits, health, and care. It defines terms like colt, filly, mare and explains how to identify horses. Color terms like bay, chestnut and grey are defined. Common horse breeds such as Quarter Horse, Arabian and Thoroughbred are listed. Gaits including walk, trot, canter and pace are described. Basic horse health, lameness, and treatment concepts are covered at a high level.

1. Horses
Equine
Mule
- hybrid, cross between horse and
donkey
- Infertile

2. Horse terminology
• Horse- generic term for any equine, intact
male 5 yrs of age or older
• Colt- intact male 4 yrs old or less
• Gelding- castrated male at any age
• Rig/ridgling- male with one or both testicles
absent from scrotum
• Mare- female 5 yrs of age or older
• Filly- female 4 yrs of age or younger

3. • Foal- either sex from birth to weaning ( 4-6
mo)
• Weanling- either sex from weaning to 12
months of age
• Yearling- either sex 12-23 mo
• Maiden- a horse of either sex that has not
won a competition, female that has not had a
foal

4. • Hand- horses height is measured in hands at
the highest fixed point, the withers, one hand
is 4 inches
• Near side- left side of horse
• Far/off side- horses right side
• Cold blooded/hot blooded- refers to
temperament of the horse
• Stallion- intact male

5. Colors of Horses
• Bay
- Brown haircoat
- Black mane and tail
- Black points, muzzle, distal limbs
- +/- dorsal stripe

6. • Chestnut/sorrel
- red, copper colored coat
- Same colored mane, tail or flax colored mane
and tail
• Grey
- dapple, flea bitten
- All grey horses are born dark, black, lighten
with age

7. • Black
- Very rare color, no brown hair on muzzle,
flanks, medial limbs
• Dun, buckskin
- Tan to honey color, black mane and tail
- Black points, dorsal stripe
- +/- horizontal stripes on limbs

8. • Palomino
- Cream to dark honey colored haircoat
- White mane and tail
- No black markings
• Roan
- White hairs interspersed in coat, color does not
change significantly with age
- Red roan- chestnut base coat
- Blue roan- black or grey base coat

9. Head Markings
• Star
• Strip
• Snip
• Blaze
• Bald face

10. Leg markings
• Coronet
• Half pastern
• Pastern
• Sock
• stocking

11. Identification
• Tatoo
• Freeze brand- applied with liquid nitrogen,
hair grows in white
• Heat brand- heated iron, hair does not grow
back
• Microchip- in middle 1/3 of neck in nuchal
ligament
• Foal certificates- detailed physical description

12. Common Breeds
• Quarter horse
• Paint horse
• Arabian
• Thoroughbred
• Appaloosa
• Morgan
• Tennessee walker
• Standardbred
• Draft horse

13. Draft horse breeds
• Clydesdale
- feathers, blaze, mostly bay, Budweiser horses
• Belgian
- Chestnut to palomino, blaze
• Percheron
- black, dappled
Ponies
Shetland, Hackney

14. Psychology of prey animals
• Safety
- If a horse does not feel safe, its handler is not
safe
- Training, interaction with a horse cannot
progress if horse feels unsafe, if frightened
- Physical punishment, installation of fear is not
an appropriate training technique

15. • Food:
- Bribing a horse with food is no more effective
than buying a misbehaving child food to get
him to settle down
- Food may be used as a reward for correct
behavior but care must be taken

16. • Comfort:
- Training zone
- Given a choice, horse will choose comfort
- Horses do not seek approval the way dogs do,
if they do something right its because they see
a benefit for themselves in the behavior

17. • Defenses:
- flight, evasion
- Biting
- Kicking
- striking

18. Physiology of Prey animals
• Gastrointestinal- continuous gastric acid
secretion, permits constant, continuous
ingestion of small amounts of feed, grazing
• Musculoskeletal
- Stay apparatus- permits horse to sleep
standing up, horse appears larger to predators
and its ability to flee is enhanced
- Nuchal ligament- allows horse to hold head up
without muscular effort, energy

19. • Reproductive
- Stage II labor is less than one hour
- Foaling occurs 12-3 am
- Foal is ambulatory, able to keep up with herd
within 6 hours of birth

20. Sensory Capabilities of the horse
• Vision
1. monocular, single eye field of vision
- Depth perception is based on memory
- Unable to triangulate to identify size or
distance of unfamiliar items
2. binocular, two eye field of vision
- ears, eyes rotate forward
- 65 degrees

21. 3. Color perception
- Dichromatic
- Red, blue and gray
4. Night vision
- Rods predominate in retina
- Acute, better than humans and most
predators night vision

22. 5. Hearing
- Ears swivel independently
- Can precisely locate origin of sound,
triangulation
- Can listen in several directions at once
- Ear position indicates what horse is listening
to

23. 6. Olfactory
- Recognition of other herd members, humans
- Recognition of reproductive status of horses in
the herd
7. Tactile
- Grooming behavior establishes social bonds
and hierarchy within the herd

24. Interaction with the horse
1. Equine body language
a. Warning signals/threatening behavior
- Pinning ears, baring teeth
- Turning hindquarters toward intruder, lifting
hind leg
b. compliant/non threatening behavior
- Ears forward, head in neutral position, chewing

25. • Human body language
- Eye contact with the horse acknowledges horses
presence
- Maintaining eye contact is a sign of dominance,
be careful who you challenge
- Physical approach, approach diagonally, to the
shoulder, least threatening,
- Physical contact, contact trunk before limbs
- Let hand tell horse where you are going
- Push, don’t pull

26. General Terms
• Tack- equipment
• Cinch girth- holds saddle on, some horses able
to puff chest out so girth can get loose
• Bit- part in mouth
• Shod- put shoes on, having shoes on
• Sulky- special racing cart
• Hunter- jumps fences
• Float- filing teeth

27. • Cribbing and windsucking- take top teeth and
put them on a hard surface, uses neck muscles
just right to suck in air.
• Weaving- going back and forth in place
• Furlong- distance measured on a racetrack
• Cover- stallion breeds the mare
• Whirl- cowlick on head

28. Restraint Basics
• Safety- the individual restraining the horse is
responsible for the safety of all persons
present
• Halter- allows you to control the horses head,
if you can control the head, you can control
the horse

29. Lead Shank
• Never tie yourself to a horse
• Never leave a lead shank on the ground
• Applications
a. Chain over nose
b. Chain over gums, not appropriate for leading
a horse

30. Tying
• Always use a quick release knot
• Always tie at or above head level
• Use tie length that will not permit horse to get
a leg over slack and get entangled

31. Twitch
• Induces release of endorphins, duration of effect 15
minutes
• Not appropriate for procedures of longer duration
• Long handled twitch
Skin Twitch
• Grabbing hold of skin over shoulder, diverts horses
attention
• Redirects horses apprehension, anticipation, does not
induce endorphins, just distraction
Ear Hold
• Useful for steadying the head

32. • Center of gravity
- Make it physically difficult for horse to kick, rear
or evade
- In order for a horse to rear, he must shift all his
weight onto his hind legs
- Prevent weight, prevent rearing
- Horse at rest carries 60% of his weight on front
legs, increasing speed increases the %
- To keep him from rearing, keep him moving

33. Stocks
• Most commonly used for reproductive
procedures
• Rectal palpation, ultrasound, AI, embryo
transfer
• Still requires a handle at the head
• Always be aware of your position with respect
to rigid immoveable structures

34. • Breeding hobbles- prevent mare from kicking
stallion during breeding
• Tail tie- useful in anesthetic recovery and
management of neurologic patients
• Sling- useful in neurologic patients, rescue
situations, management of starvation cases
- Introducing horse to sling must be done
carefully as flight response is very strong

35. Equine Dentistry
• Age determination
- Educated guess regarding age of horse
- Wear patterns affected by diet, behavior,
anatomic abnormalities, trauma
- Teeth do not grow, they continually erupt over
horses lifetime
- Healthy horses die of old age because of tooth
loss, inability to access nutrients
- NOTE: upper molars extend into frontal sinus

36. • Deciduous incisors erupt
I1- 6 days
I2- 6 weeks
I3- 6 months
• Adult incisors erupt at, and wear at
- I1- 2 ½ years 3 years
- I2- 3 ½ years 4 years
- I3 – 4 ½ years 5 years

37. Cups Disappear
• Upper I1 6 years
• Upper I2 7 years
• Upper I3 8 years
• Lower I1 9 years
• Lower I2 10 years
• Lower I3 11 years

38. Occlusal surface of incisors changes
from retangular to triangular as horses
age
• Galvaynes groove (I3)
- Appears 10 years
- Extends ½ down tooth 12 ½ years
- Extends entire tooth 15 years
- ½ way gone 17 ½ years
- Gone 20 years

39. Incisor Angle
• Becomes more acute as a horse ages
• Caps- decidous teeth that remain present on
the erupting surface of adult teeth
• Canine teeth- found almost exclusively in
males
• Wolf teeth- first premolars, normally extracted
when a young horse is trained to accept bridle

40. • Bars- toothless region on mandible between
incisors and molars. The bit sits here. Site
where oral meds are given
• Eruption bumps- rounded boney
enlargements palpated on bottom of lower
jaw when adult molars are erupting. Normal
in 2-4 yr olds. Not painful
• Parrot mouth- overbite, impairs horses ability
to tear off grass or bite pieces of hay.

41. Locomotion/lameness
• Locomotion
- bipedal- 2 legged, center of gravity thrown
forward, limb extended to break the fall
- Quadripedal- 4 legged, wheelbarrow effect (
60%, 40% weight distribution)

42. Gaits
• Walk
- 4 beat gait
- No suspension phase
- LH, LF, RH, RF
• Trot/jog
- symmetrical, 2 beat gait
- 2 legs bearing weight at once
- Suspension phase ( all 4 legs off ground)
- LH/RF RH/RF ( legs on one side move in unison)

43. • Pace ( standardbred only)
- LH/LF RH/RF ( legs on same side move in unison)
• Canter/lope
- Asymmetrical 3 beat gait, 1 foot down, 3 feet
follow
- Lead foreleg, single leg loaded with entire body
weight
- When circling, the horse should be on the inside
lead
- LH- RH LF RF

44. • Tennesse Walkers is a manufactured gait

45. Hoof Care
• No foot, no horse
• 90% of lameness is in the foot
• Hoof management
- sanitation, moisture control
- Hygiene: hoof pick, hoof maintenance,
shoeing, trimming interval
- Footing: weight must be born on hoof walls,
not sole, deep sand can bruise foot

46. Horseshoeing
• Protection
• Traction
• Support
• Therapeutic/orthopedic correction
- Angle
- Toe length
- Increased support
- Weight adjustment

47. Lameness evaluation
• Passive evaluation- pointing a limb, reluctance
to move
• Gait analysis- best performed at a trot,
straight line and circling in both directions
- Head nod: horse alters center of gravity to
decrease weight load on painful leg
- Sound of horses hooves striking hard
pavement at trot may indicate uneven weight
load even without head nod

48. • Palpation: cardinal signs of inflammation
- Rubor- redness
- Dolor- pain
- Tumor-swelling
- Calor- heat
• Diagnostic nerve blocks- gait eval after block
• Radiology- bone evaluation

49. • Ultrasonography- soft tissue evaluation
• Nuclear scan- injection of radioactive material
and detection of distribution in tissues
- Note: feces, urine, bedding radioactive for 24
hours, special disposal license
- Hot imaging: radioactive nucleotide
accumulates in areas of bone remodeling
- Cold imaging- absence of radioactive material,
ex cold spot in lung due to abcess

50. Common Lamenesses
• Buck shins- tearing or damage to soft tissue in
front of cannon bone
• Splints- lateral and medial to cannon bone
- Additional bone growth on splint bone and
soft tissue between splint bone and cannon
bone caused by trauma

51. • Suspensory ligament injury
- Supports fetlock, ( ankle)
- Harder to heal
- Rest is key
• Bowed tendons
- Can happen with overexertion
- Similar to sprained wrist in humans
- Ruptured tendon is very bad
- Cold therapy and supportive wraps, blistered,
fired, laser, ultrasound and magnets

52. • Osselets
- Injuries to front of fetlock joint
- Bulging and round
- Excessive trauma and tearing of soft tissue
• Ringbone
- Boney growth in pastern area in the joints
- Foot swollen around coronary band
- Low ringbone is just below fetlock
- High ringbone sometimes resembles splint

53. • Sidebone
- Involves coffin bone
- Calcifies due to traumatic injury
• Grease heel
- Irritation of skin caused by dirt, wet
environment
- Infection of sebaceous gland

54. • Gravel hoof
- Irritation to sole of hoof on white line
- Irritation or separation causes infection which
comes out at coronary band
• Sole abcess
- Trauma to sole and infection
• Thrush
-bacteria that live in horses hoof, similar to foot rot
- Chlorox and water to clean feet and stalls

55. • White line disease
- Bacteria in white line of horses hoof
- Sloughs hoof wall and shoe
• Navicular disease
- Navicular bone behind coffin in hoof
- Horse acts like he is walking on glass
- Correct diet, correct shoeing

56. • Laminitis
- Founder
- Inflammation of sensitive lamellae of hoof
- Coffin bone rotates downwards
- Mild to extensive
- Shoeing to help correct

57. Treatment terms
• Freeze- liquid nitrogen
• Fire- electrical iron, pin fire to cause irritation
and healing
• Neurectomy- denerving foot to make horse
“sound”, very dangerous
• Corrective shoeing- changing angles of feet
and legs

58. Treatments
• Adequan
- Inhibit lysosomal enzymes
- Reduce synthesis of prostaglandins
- Stimulate production of hyaluronic acid
- Create chondroprotection

59. • Legent ( sodium hyaluronate)
- Increases lubrication
- Decreases prostaglandins
- Stimulates production of hyaluronic acid
- Systemic or in joint

60. • Corticosteroids
- Relief from pain and inflammation
- Stabilizes lysosome membrane
- Decreases vasodilation to decrease edema
and fibrin deposition
- Decreases neutrophils
- Decrease prostaglandins

61. Equine Colic
• A symptom, not a diagnosis
• Abdominal pain
• Causes
- Gastrointestinal
- Uterine contractions, abortion, foaling, uterine
involution post foaling
- Urethral, cystic calculi, peritonitis
- Administration of PGF2alpha
- Referred thoracic pain, myocardial infarction, pleuritis
- Testicular torsion

62. • Clinical signs
- sweating, pawing
- Looking at flanks
- Frequent lying down then getting back up,
sometimes violently
- Rolling, stretching out as if to urinate
- Straining to urinate or defecate

63. GI tract of horse
• Protection
- Physical barrier to keep outside in and inside
out, immune function
• Elimination
- waste, non-digestible materials, bile, bacteria,
parasites, water
• Absorption of nutrients, water
• Secretion of digestive enzymes, water

64. 24 hours maintenance intake
• Horse consumes2-3% of body weight in
roughage ( 20-30 lb/1000lb bw)
• Horse consumes 10-15 gallons of water a day

65. GI diseases that can result in colic
• Inflammation
- Gastric ulceration
a. foals- secondary to stress, concurrent disease
b. Adults- management related
- enteritis: viral
- Potomac horse fever- bacterial
- Typhlitis, inflammation of cecum, parasitic
(tapeworms)

66. • Displacement without displacement ( gas
colic)
- Often weather related
- Decreased barometric pressure> increased gas
volume ( boyle’s law)

67. • Obstruction
- ingesta-impaction-associated with decreased
water intake
- Parasites, ascarids
- Meconium- foals swallow amniotic fluid with
meconium
- Enteroliths in older horses, often form around
a foreign body

68. • Displacement without strangulation
- Pelvic flexure displacement
- Right dorsal displacement
- Left dorsal displacement

69. • Displacement with strangulation
- hernia: umbilical, inguinal, scrotal
- Epiploic foramen entrapment, mesenteric tear
- Strangulation lipomas
- Intussesception- altered segmental peristalsis
often secondary to diarrhea or parasitism
- Volvulus, torsion

70. • Ishemia/ischemic necrosis ( without
displacement) thromboembolic colic
• Rupture
- Gastric perforation due to ulceration or bots
- Intestinal colonic rupture secondary to
ischemia

71. Diagnosis of colic
• Diet
- type, amount, quality of feed, frequency of
feeding
- Change in diet????
• Exercise
- Type
- Frequency, intensity, pattern of exercise
- Changes in exercise

72. • Deworming
- frequency, product used
- Reliability of administration
- Fecal exams to detect small resistant
strongyles

73. • Management
- Housing in groups or individually, competition
for feed can lead to bolting food
- Pasture vs stall
- Sand lot
- Water supply, quality

74. • Reproductive status
• History of previous colic episodes
• Behavioral abnormalities such as cribbing,
eating habits
• Level of management, monitoring

75. Physical exam for colic
• Temperature
- >105 inflammatory disease ex. Enteritis
- 99-100.8 normal, does not rule out serious
disease
- <99 hypovolemic shock, devitalized tissue

76. • Pulse
- <44 normal does not rule out serious disease
- 48-66 pain, +/- cardiovascular compromise
- >60 severe pain, shock, circulatory collapse
• Respiration
- 12-16 normal, does not rule out disease
- >24 pain, increase due to visceral distension with
gas or fluid
- Acid base imbalance due to electrolyte loss
- Hypoxia due to cardiovascular collapse

77. • Mucus membranes
- Color
- Hydration, moist vs tacky
- Capillary refill time
a. <2 sec normal
b. >2 sec, delayed, >4 severe cardiovascular
collapse

78. • Abdominal auscultation- presence or absence
of gut sounds
• Pain assessment/characterization
- Intermittent vs constant
- Severity
- Response to analgesics

79. • Rectal exam by vet
• Nasogastric reflux- quantity, color/odor, ph
• Abdominocentesis- belly tap
- Total protein
- Cellularity
- Bacteria
• PCV or hemocrit

80. Treatment for colic
• Surgical treatment of a medical case is highly
counterproductive
• Medical treatment of a surgical case of colic is
fatal

81. Medical treatment
• Fluid management- gallons IV, fluid of body
trapped in intestines due to no reabsorption,
monitor PCV for overhydration
• Pain management
a. Banamine
- NSAID
- Potent analgesic, can mask surgical colic,
- Binds endotoxins,
- PO, IV, IM

82. b. Phenylbutazone
- NSAID
- Contraindicated in GI disorders
- Associated with ulceration of GI tract
- PO, IV, never IM or SQ

83. c. Xylazine ( rompun)
- Potent sedative and analgesic
- IV or IM
d. Butorphanol ( torbugesic)
- Potent analgesic, some degree of sedation
- IV
- Controlled substance

84. e. Detomidine ( dormesedan)
- Potent sedative and analgesic
- IV

85. Return of GI function
• Lubricants, surfactants, cathartics
- Mineral oil, lubricants
- DSS dioctyl sodium succinate, surfactant
- Magnesium sulfate ( epsom salt) cathartic
• Intestinal protectants
- Kaolin pectin
- Pepto bismol useful in diarrhea, 1ml/lb every
4-6 hours

86. • Antibiotics?
- Judicious selection due to gut permeability
and altered flora
- Don’t use oral with compromised gut function

87. Surgical correction
• Correct displacement
• Decompression
• Enterotomy
• Resection and anastomosis
Post surgical complications
- Abdominal wall herniation
- Peritonitis
- Adhesions, stenosis
- Chronic malabsorptive disorder
- Chronic diarrhea, soft feces
- Founder ,laminitis
- Chronic recurrent colic

88. Equine Diseases
• Rabies
- virus, infects CNS
- Transmitted when bitten by infected animal
- Signs: inability to swallow, colic, abnormal
behavior, “just not right”
- Prev: vaccination
- TX: none
NOTE: assume rabies first

89. • Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
- Signs- may abort, mild upper respiratory
disease, watery discharge
- prev: vaccination, must be repeated because
the vaccine has a short duration, during
pregnancy vaccinate at 5, 7, 9 month
- TX: supportive

90. • Equine influenza
- Viral disease
- Trans: inhale infective material in droplets
- Signs: sudden fever, weak, cough with watery
discharge from nose

91. • Tetanus
- Cl. Tetani invades an open wound
- Signs: muscle spasms, sawhorse, 3rd eyelid
protrudes, nervous
- Tx: none
- Prev: vaccination

92. • Lyme disease
- Borrelia burgodorferi
- Signs: fever, lameness, swollen joints,
- Dx: signs, blood tests, history of ticks
- Tx: antibiotics and antiinflammatory
- Prev: tick control

93. • Equine Infectious anemia ( swamp fever)
- Viral disease of horses
- Signs: anemia, fever, weakness, eventual
weight loss, legs swell, lower abdomen swell
- DX: Coggins test ( necessary for sale,
movement of horses) REPORTABLE
- Trans: horse flies, mosquitos, lice
- TX: none, euth, isolation

94. • Strangles
- Streptococcus equi
- Signs: throat swelling, infection, fever, abscess
in mandibular lymph nodes
- Trans: secretions from abscess
- Tx: penicillin until abscesses dry up

95. • Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
- Sarcocystis neurona
- Signs: ataxia
- Trans: ingest parasite in feed
- Tx: NSAIDS, DMSO
- DX: western blot test

96. • Eastern Equine Encephalitis
- Viral
- Trans: mosquitoes
- Signs: behavior change, unsteady, seizures and
death
- Tx: none
- Venezuelan and Western EE as well

97. • Vesicular Stomatitis
- viral, resembles foot and mouth
- Trans: ?
- Signs: ulcers, blisters in mouth
- TX: supportive
- DX: isolate virus from lesion
- REPORTABLE

98. • Navicular disease
- Ulcer on navicular bone in foot,
- Caused by surface, shoeing problems,
heritable
- Signs: won’t put weight on heel, toe walker
- Tx: shoes and soft ground

99. • Potomac horse fever
- Bacterial Ehrlichia risticii
- Trans: arthropods
- Signs: slight fever, anorexia progresses to high
fever, projectile watery diarrhea for 10 days
- DX: antibody test
- Prev: vaccination

100. • Equine viral arteritis
- Viral
- Signs: swelling of lower legs, abdomen,
sheath, mm of eyes, nasal discharge, fever
- Prev: vaccination

101. • West Nile Virus
- Viral
- Signs: ataxia of rear legs and eventually go
down
- Trans: mosquitoes
- Prev: vaccination

102. • Chronic obstructive Pulmonary disease COPD
- Reaction to fungal spores on hay or straw
- Signs: roaring, heave line
- TX: steroids, inhalants, injectables

103. • Neurologic Equine Herpes Virus
- Equine herpes virus
- Signs: respiratory illness, fever, nasal
discharge, cough
- 80% of horses over 2 are carriers
- Shed when stresses

104. • Neurologic syndrome of EHV
- weakness, ataxia, hind end paralysis
- Mutation led to neurologic form
- Restrictions placed on horse travel
- 30-50% euthanized
- Shed virus in nasal secretions
- Quarantined farms

105. • EHV vaccination
- Killed vaccine does not prevent neurologic
form
- Modified live vaccine, Rhinoimmune, may
protect from neurologic form
- Rhinoimmune recommended for exposed and
stressed horses, every 90 days with events or
3, 5,7 , 9 mo. of pregnancy

106. • Founder/laminitis
- causes: toxemia, carbohydrates, trauma,
- Signs: lameness
- DX: stance, pulses, hoof testers at toe, rads
- Tx: address cause, shoeing, NSAIDS

107. • Wobbler Syndrome
- Cervical vertebral instability
- Young 4-24 months, rapidly growing
- DX: history, neuro exam, rads, myelography
- TX: stabilize vertebra, euth

108. • Tying up, Rhabdomyolsis, Monday morning
disease
- Cause: high grain diet, over exercise, no cool
down
- Signs: stiff, sore gait, sweating
- Dx: serum CPK, myoglobinuria
- Tx: NSAIDS, rest,

109. • Idiopathic Laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring)
- Paralysis of left side of larynx
- Signs: exercise intolerance, inspiratory noise
- Dx: history, signs, atrophy of laryngeal muscle
- TX: depends on use, surgery

110. • Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
- Rupture of blood vessels in lungs
- Throroughbreds, standardbreds
- cause: trauma, exercise
- Dx: epistasis post exertion
- TX: furosemide, blood pressure meds

111. • Sarcoid
- Neoplasia or viral
- Signs: ulcerated nodular mass on trunk/neck
- Tx: immunotherapy, surgical debridement

112. • Melanoma
- Neoplasia of gray horses
- On perineum, penis, muzzle, periocular
- Dx: presentation
- TX: cryosurgery, cimetidine

113. • Proud Flesh
- Granulation tissue out of control, usually on
lower limbs
- Tx: topical digestive enzymes, trypsin, surgical
excision and skin grafts

114. • Recurrent uveitis, moon blindness, periodic
opthalmia
- Cause unknown or leptospirosis
- Signs: red, painful eye, conjunctivitys, tearing,
blepharospasm, anterior chamber cloudy, +/-
cataract, - corneal stain
- Tx: topical corticosteroids