The HOPE-3 trial evaluated the effects of combination therapy with rosuvastatin, candesartan, and hydrochlorothiazide versus placebo in over 12,000 individuals without cardiovascular disease but at intermediate risk. It found that the combination therapy lowered blood pressure and LDL cholesterol more than placebo and reduced the risk of cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke by 29% over 5.6 years of follow up. However, the combination therapy also increased adverse effects like muscle pain compared to placebo.
Early Diabetes and Dyslipidaemia Treatment Optimisation.
Presentation by Dr Jeremy Chow
Cardiologist, Electrophysiologist
Asian Heart & Vascular Centre
www.ahvc.com.sg
Early Diabetes and Dyslipidaemia Treatment Optimisation.
Presentation by Dr Jeremy Chow
Cardiologist, Electrophysiologist
Asian Heart & Vascular Centre
www.ahvc.com.sg
Management of CAD in Diabetes the cardiovascular equivalent is challenging.The slides take you from the epidemiology,ADD,and CV benefit and how to manage CAD
Prevention of recurrent stroke in atrial fibrillation Jacek StaszewskiJacek Staszewski
Prevention of recurrent stroke in atrial fibrillation. Comaprison of NOAC vs VKA. Riks of hemorrhagic stroke. When anticoagulation should be initiated following acute stroke.
Management of CAD in Diabetes the cardiovascular equivalent is challenging.The slides take you from the epidemiology,ADD,and CV benefit and how to manage CAD
Prevention of recurrent stroke in atrial fibrillation Jacek StaszewskiJacek Staszewski
Prevention of recurrent stroke in atrial fibrillation. Comaprison of NOAC vs VKA. Riks of hemorrhagic stroke. When anticoagulation should be initiated following acute stroke.
In Pakistan, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in adolescents aged 10–18 years is 21.7~25.2%; prevalence is reported to be two times higher (53.1~56.1%) in obese adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between height and blood lipid concentrations in children and adolescents The recent emphasis on treatment of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein, and increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle number) has compelled practitioners to consider lipid-lowering therapy in a greater number of their patients, as one in two individuals over age 50 has the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome typically have normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and current lipid-lowering guidelines may underestimate their cardiovascular risk. Two subgroups of patients with the metabolic syndrome are at particularly high risk for premature CAD. One, individuals with type 2 diabetes, accounts for 20-30% of early cardiovascular disease. The second, familial combined hyperlipidemia, accounts for an additional 10-20% of premature CAD. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is characterized by the metabolic syndrome in addition to a disproportionate elevation of apolipoprotein B levels. The measurement of fasting glucose and apolipoprotein B, in addition to the fasting lipid profile, can help to estimate CAD risk in patients with the metabolic syndrome. In this research we compared allopathic medication and medicinal herb in treating hyperlipidemia.
Association and prevalence of different comorbidities in hypertension and management with focus guidelines with benefits & choice of different antihypertensives in different comorbidities.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
3. Design
Multicenter, double-blind, 2x2 factorial, randomized, placebo-
controlled trial
N=9,297
Ramipril (n=4,645)
Placebo (n=4,652)
Setting: 267 centers in US, Canada, Europe, South America
Enrollment: 1993-1995
Follow-up: Up to 5-years but terminated early in March 1999
Analysis: Intention-to-treat
Primary outcome: Composite of MI, CVA, or CV death
4. Inclusion Criteria
Age ≥55 years at high risk for CV events because of:
History of CAD, CVA, PAD
DM plus one other CV risk factor (HTN, smoking, microalbuminuria)
Exclusion Criteria
Heart failure or LVEF <40%
Already taking ACE inhibitor or vitamin E
Uncontrolled HTN or overt nephropathy
MI or CVA within previous four weeks
5. RESULTS
The HOPE Study showed that ramipril was well tolerated,with the large
majority of patients continuing on the full 10 mg dose.
The primary end point was defined as a combination of cardiovascular
death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke.
The trial was stopped early (after 4.5 years) on the advice of the Data
Monitoring Committee because of the consistent and overwhelming
evidence of benefit in the ramipril allocated group.
This represents a reduction in relative risk of 22% with unusually tight
confidence intervals
6. The individual components of the composite end point were also
reduced highly significantly by 32% for stroke,20% for MI and 26%
for cardiovascular death.
Ramipril also significantly reduced the relative risk of experiencing
several other clinical endpoints including heart failure (by 23%) and
revascularisation procedures(by 15%).
All cause mortality was reduced by 16%.
Non-cardiovascular mortality was reassuringly equal in the ramipril
and placebo groups.
7. Criticisms
Patients with reduced LVEF were not entirely
excluded.
Many patients were not receiving Oral Medical
Treatment for comorbidities, such as CAD
8. CONCLUSION
HOPE trial found that a 10 mg dose of ramipril in comparison
with placebo significantly reduced by 22 % the incidence of
death, myocardial infarction, stroke and death from
cardiovascular causes.
9.
10. BACKGROUND
In observational studies, lower homocysteine levels are associated
with lower rates of coronary heart disease and stroke.
Folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 lower homocysteine levels.
Assessing whether supplementation reduced the risk of major
cardiovascular events in patients with vascular disease.
11. METHOD
Randomly assigned 5522 patients 55 years of age or
older who had vascular disease or diabetes to
daily treatment either with the combination of 2.5
mg of folic acid, 50 mg of vitamin B6, and 1 mg of
vitamin B12 or with placebo for an average of five
years.
The primary outcome was a composite of death from
cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, and
stroke.
12. Study Design
HOPE-2 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial
evaluating whether therapy with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins
reduces the risk of major vascular events in a high-risk population.
The study was coordinated by the Population Health Research
Institute at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, and sponsored
by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
An independent data and safety monitoring board monitored the safety
of the participants and the overall quality and scientific integrity of the
study.
13. Study Population
Men and women 55 years of age or older who had a history of
vascular disease (coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular)
or diabetes and additional risk factors for atherosclerosis were
enrolled, irrespective of their homocysteine levels, from countries
with mandatory folate fortification of food (Canada and the United
States) and countries without mandatory folate fortification (Brazil,
western Europe, and Slovakia).
Patients who were taking vitamin supplements containing more
than 0.2 mg of folic acid per day were excluded.
14. Study Intervention
Patients were randomly assigned to receive a combined pill
containing 2.5 mg of folic acid, 50 mg of vitamin B6, and 1 mg of
vitamin B12 (active treatment) or matching placebo daily.
All study investigators, personnel, and participants were unaware of
the randomization procedure and the treatment assignments.
15. Follow-up and Laboratory Evaluation
After randomization, patients were evaluated every six months
Blood samples were collected at randomization, at two years, and at
the end of the study in a randomly selected subgroup of patients after
an overnight fast, with proportional representation from countries with
folate fortification of food and countries without folate fortification and
with expected significant differences in dietary habits.
16. RESULTS
Mean plasma homocysteine levels decreased by 2.4 μmol per liter
(0.3 mg per liter) in the active-treatment group and increased by
0.8 μmol per liter (0.1 mg per liter) in the placebo group.
As compared with placebo, active treatment did not significantly
decrease the risk of death from cardiovascular causes myocardial
infarction or any of the secondary outcomes.
Fewer patients assigned to active treatment than to placebo had a
stroke.
17. HOPE 2 TRIAL 2006
It showed that combined daily administration of 2.5 mg of
folic acid,50 mg of vitamin B6 and 1mg of vitamin B12 for 5
years had NO beneficial effects on major vascular events in a
high risk vascular population.
18. CONCLUSIONS
Supplements combining folic acid and vitamins B6 and
B12 did not reduce the risk of major cardiovascular
events in patients with vascular disease.
19.
20. POINTS OF DISCUSSION
Introduction
Background
Objectives
Study Design
Outcome
Inclusion and Exclusion criteria
Participants
Trial Procedures
Results
Drawbacks and Limitations
21. INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular diseases causes 18 million deaths
globally per year and similar number of nonfatal
cardiovascular events.
Elevated LDL accounts for approx. half of the
population attributable risk of myocardial infarction and
approx. one quarter risk of ischemic stroke
22. BACKGROUND
The role of lowering LDL cholesterol levels with statins in the
primary prevention of cardiovascular events among persons without
cardiovascular disease, regardless of lipid levels, inflammatory
markers, hypertension status, or diabetes status, has not been
established.
23. OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the long-term effects of rosuvastatin at a dose
of 10 mg per day (without dose adjustment or lipid targets)
among persons of various ethnic backgrounds on six
continents who did not have cardiovascular disease and
were at intermediate risk(defined as annual risk of major
cardiovascular event approx. 1% (based on INTERHEART
risk score of 10-15)).
To evaluate blood pressure lowering with candesartan 16mg
plus hydrochlorthiazide 12.5mg in prevention of
cardiovascular events among the same group of people.
Combination of both the interventions and its role.
24. STUDY DESIGN
2X2 Factorial trial
N= 12,705 participants
Participants from 21 countries and 228 centres who did not have
cardiovascular disease and were at intermediate risk
Treatment: Rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg per day or placebo.
Follow-up was 5.6 years
25. ENDPOINT
PRIMARY OUTCOME
The first outcome was the composite of death from
cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial
infarction, or nonfatal stroke.
The second outcome additionally included
revascularization, heart failure, and resuscitated
cardiac arrest.
26. SECONDARY OUTCOME
The secondary outcome was second coprimary outcome with
angina with evidence of ischemia.
27. INCLUSION CRITERIA
Women ≥65 years and men ≥55 years
1 or more CV risk factors
Waist/hip ratio ≥0.85 (women) or ≥0.90 (men)
Smoker or recent ex-smoker (last 5 years)
HDL < 1.3mmol/L (women) or < 1.0mmol/L (men)
Dysglycemia
Early renal dysfunction (eGFR<60, Cr>1.4mg/dL, microalbuminuria)
excluded if hypertensive (BP > 130/80) or proteinuria present
Family history of early CHD (M<55y, F<65y)
28. EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Documented, clinically manifest atherothrombotic CVD
Any statin, ARB, ACE inhibitor, or thiazide indication
Statin, ARB, or thiazide contraindication
Chronic liver disease or high LFTs (3x ULN)
Inflammatory muscle disease or high CK (3x ULN)
Moderate renal dysfunction (eGFR<45 or Cr>2mg/dL)
Fibrate or cyclosporine treatment
Symptomatic hypotension
Serious condition interfering with trial completion or participation
Use of experimental pharmacological agent
29. PARTICIPIANTS
The mean age of participants was 65.7 years.
Mean body mass index was 27.1 kg/m2
Mean systolic blood pressure was 138.1 mm Hg
Mean LDL cholesterol levels were 127.8 mg/dl
Median fasting plasma glucose was 95.4 g/dl
46.2% of the participants were women
5.8% had diabetes and of them 44% were on medications.
Median trial period was 5.6 years.
30. TRIAL PROCEDURES
Eligible patients underwent a single-blind run-in phase
receiving both cholesterol & BP-lowering agents for 4
weeks, and were excluded for poor adherence or
unacceptable adverse events
Randomization in 2 by 2 factorial design:
Randomization A: Lipid-lowering Arm vs. Placebo
Randomization B: BP-Lowering Arm vs. Placebo
Arm-Specific Interventions
Lipid-lowering Arm: rosuvastatin 10mg daily
BP-lowering arm: candesartan 16mg daily and
hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg daily
31. General Interventions
Individualized structured lifestyle advice
Follow-up
Visits at 6 weeks, 6 months, then every 6 months thereafter
Blood pressure measured at every visit in the first year, then
annually
Lipid levels at 1 year, 3 years and end of trial in an ethnically
representative subsample of 10-20% of participants
33. ADHERENCE TO
TREATMENT
In the Rosuvastatin group, 88.0% were taking the
assigned regimen at 1 year, 83.5% at 3 years, and
75.5% at 5 years;
The corresponding rates in the placebo group were
87.8%, 83.0%, and 73.2%.
43. DRAWBACKS AND
LIMITATIONS
Higher rate of muscle weakness or pain in statin group of pts.(but
this was reversible completely with temporary
discontinuation)(367 versus 294)
Only one case of rhabdomyolysis was reported in rosuvastatin
group.
More cases of cataract surgery in rosuvastatin group(seen in
observational studies).(241 versus 194)
Though there is substantial decrease in risk of ischemic
stroke,there is Increase in risk of hemorrhagic stroke(11 vs 8) in
rosuvastatin group of patients.
Funding was being contributed by company Crestor(which single
handedly manufactures rosuvastatin)
Doubts on long term use in underpriviledged countries.
There are no clear cut indication as to when to start the treatment.
44. CONCLUSION
HOPE -3 is a trial of a fixed dose of rosuvastatin indicating
that a simple approach to treatment, without routine blood
tests to initiate or monitor statin therapy, is effective.
This approach avoids the costs of frequent clinic visits,
thereby facilitating the use of rosuvastatin in primary care.
It may have the potential to substantially reduce the rates of
premature cardiovascular events globally
46. BACKGROUND
Combined lowering of LDL cholesterol and blood
pressure can potentially have a bigger effect in
reducing cardiovascular events than either
intervention alone.
The majority of cardiovascular events occur in
persons at average risk with no previous
cardiovascular disease, a strategy of broad
population-based treatment of LDL cholesterol and
blood pressure could be more effective than targeting
only high-risk persons
47. STUDY DESIGN
TREATMENT: Rosuvastatin (10 mg per day) or
placebo and candesartan (16 mg per day) plus
hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg per day) or placebo.
N= 3180 participants; combined therapy (with
rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents)
N= 3168 participants; dual placebo.
49. OUTCOMES
Mean systolic blood pressure was 6.2 mm Hg lower in
combination group than in dual placebo.
Mean diastolic blood pressure was 3.2 mm Hg lower in
combination group than in dual placebo.
Mean LDL cholesterol was lower by 33.7 mg/dl in combination
group.
56. DRAWBACKS AND
PITHOLES
Increased incidence of muscle pain and weakness which was same
in rosuvastatin group as in combination therapy group.
Increased incidence of dizziness,light headedness and hypotension
which was same in dual antihypertensive therapy as in combination
therapy group
There were no significant differences between the combined-therapy
group and the dual placebo group in the rate of new-onset diabetes,
renal dysfunction, syncope, liver-function abnormalities, eye
problems, or cancers.
Results were more complicated and no significant difference in
clinical outcome but there was significant differences based on
prespecified subgroups of blood pressure at baseline(>143.5mm
Hg-benefit, patients with lower third subgroup had harmful
effect(<=131.5 mm Hg))
57.
58. CONCLUSION
The combination of rosuvastatin (10 mg per day),
candesartan (16 mg per day), and
hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg per day) was
associated with a significantly lower rate of
cardiovascular events than dual placebo among
persons at intermediate risk who did not have
cardiovascular disease.
(29% lower relative risk and 1.4 percentage point lower
absolute risk of the first primary outcome)
59. SUMMERY HOPE 3
Statins have a proven role in decreasing cardiovascular
mortality in high risk and intermediate risk patients.
Lifestyle modifications should always be encouraged and
should be considered before starting any pharmacologic
therapy.
Associated with minimal side effects and hence can be safely
given lifelong
Dual antihypertensive therapy has role only in those
subgroup of patients with blood pressure on the higher side.
Regardless of lipid targets and any goals, statin can be
safely given and is thus cost effective avoiding
unnecessary lab tests in follow ups.
However the therapy should always be individualised as per
the patient’s profile.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67. CONCLUSION
A healthcare strategy guided by healthcare workers with
tablet algorithms, which involves primary care and the
family environment, in addition to providing free
antihypertensive medication and statins, substantially
improved CV risk and blood pressure control
68.
69. References
The HOPE Study (Heart Outcomes Prevention
Evaluation) Peter Sleight (HOPE 1)
Homocysteine Lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins
in Vascular Disease (The Heart Outcomes Prevention
Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators*)
Blood-Pressure and Cholesterol Lowering in Persons
without Cardiovascular Disease(HOPE 3)
A community-based comprehensive intervention to
reduce cardiovascular risk in hypertension (HOPE 4):
a cluster-randomised controlled trial
There was only a 5% excess drop out (because of cough) in the ramipril group.
The Kaplan-Meier event curves diverged by one year and continued diverging until the trial end.
During the study period,17.8% of subjects in the placebo group reached the primary combined endpoint, compared with 14% in the ramipril-treated group.
An unexpected finding in HOPE was that ramipril-allocated patients experienced a 33% reduction in the onset of new diabetes during the 4.5 years of the trial, supporting the similar, though less pronounced, reduction in new diabetes reported in the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPP) study.
Since this was not a pre-specified end point this finding should therefore be regarded as a pointer for further research,and requires confirmation in other studies.
A remarkable feature of the results was their consistency over a wide range of pre-specified sub-group analyses e.g.those with or without:diabetes,history of hypertension,prior overt vascular disease, those above or below 65 years, male or female.
The results were similar irrespective of concomitant baseline hypotensive agents, and whether or not they were taking either beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers or diuretics,or lipid lowering agents.
Study drug and matching placebo were provided by Jamieson Laboratories, Canada.
The study sponsors were not involved in the design, execution, analysis, or reporting of the trial results.
The study used central telephone randomization. The randomization code was generated with the use of a fixed block size of four, stratified according to center.
Plasma levels of folate (Roche chemiluminescence method, Roche Diagnostics), vitamin B6 (Chromsystems kit, Instruments and Chemicals), and vitamin B12 (Immulite 2000 Analyzer, Diagnostic Products) were measured at randomization and at two years.
Total plasma homocysteine levels were measured (Abbott IMX immunofluorescence method, Abbott) at randomization, at two years, and at the end of the study (average, five years).
Primary outcome events occurred in 519 patients (18.8 percent) assigned to active therapy and 547 (19.8 percent) assigned to placebo.
More patients in the active-treatment group were hospitalized for unstable angina.
However the rates of serious adverse events and permanent discontinuation didn’t differ significantly among any of the groups as compared to placebo group