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Bandwidth aware on demand multipath routing in manetsijwmn
The document proposes a modification to the AOMDV routing protocol to utilize available bandwidth in MANETs. It describes enhancing AOMDV to select multiple paths during route discovery based on available bandwidth, and using periodic detector packets to monitor bandwidth on alternate paths. Simulation results showed this bandwidth-aware multipath approach improves end-to-end throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay compared to the original AOMDV protocol.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF LINK, NODE AND ZONE DISJOINT MULTI-PATH ROUTING STR...ijwmn
The high-level contribution of this paper is a simulation-based analysis to evaluate the tradeoffs between
lifetime and hop count of link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint multi-path routes vis-à-vis singlepath minimum hop routes for mobile ad hoc networks. The link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint
algorithms proposed in this paper can be used to arrive at benchmarks for the time between successive
multi-path route discoveries, the number of disjoint paths per multi-path set and the hop count per multipath set. We assume a multi-path set exists as long as at least one path in the set exists. Simulation results
indicate that the number of zone-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be at most 2, which is far lower
than the number of node and link-disjoint paths available per multi-path set. Also, the time between zonedisjoint multi-path discoveries would be far lower than the time between node and link-disjoint multi-path
route discoveries and can be at most 45% more than the time between single minimum-hop path route
discoveries. However, there is no appreciable difference in the average hop counts per zone-disjoint,
node-disjoint and link-disjoint multi-path sets and it can be only at most 15% more than the average
minimum hop count determined using single-path routing. We also observe that even though the number
of link-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be as large as 35-78% more than the number of node-disjoint
paths per multi-path set, the time between two successive link-disjoint multi-path discoveries can be at
most 15-25% more than the time between two successive node-disjoint multi-path discoveries, without
any significant difference in the hop count per multi-path set.
MDSR to Reduce Link Breakage Routing Overhead in MANET Using PRMIOSR Journals
This document proposes a modification to the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol called Modified DSR (MDSR) to reduce routing overhead caused by frequent link breakages in mobile ad hoc networks. MDSR adds a link breakage prediction algorithm that uses signal strength measurements to predict when a link may break. Intermediate nodes monitor signal strength and warn the source node if a link may soon break. This allows the source to proactively rebuild the route or switch to a backup route to avoid disconnection. Simulation results showed MDSR can reduce the number of dropped packets by at least 25% compared to standard DSR. The document also discusses how DSR works and the proposed proactive route maintenance concept in M
Cost Effective Routing Protocols Based on Two Hop Neighborhood Information (2...Eswar Publications
Ad hoc networks are collections of mobile nodes communicating with each other using wireless media without any fixed infrastructure. During both route discovery and traversal of route-reply packets from destination to source,
broadcast of packets is required which incurs huge message cost. The present article deals with the message cost
reduction during transmission of route-reply from destination to source. Also the redundancy that is visible within the 2-hop neighborhood of a node is minimized during broadcasting of route-reply. This improves the average lifetime of network nodes by decreasing the possibility of network partition. The scheme of 2NI can be used with any reactive routing protocol in MANETs.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Selfish behavior in energy consumption model based Multihop cellu...ijsrd.com
Many nodes would not transmit during data transmission and they are considered to be in cooperative. To make them cooperative a fair charging policy is used by charging the since and destination nodes so that both of them can benefit from the communication and it can secure the payment. Charging since and destination nodes almost computationally free, and significantly reduce the number of generated and submitted checks. In this way, each intermediate node earns some credits and the destination node pays the total packet relaying cost. To implement this charging policy efficiently, hashing operations are used in the ACK packets to reduce the number of public-key-cryptography operations. Moreover, reducing the overhead of the payment checks is essential for the efficient implementation of the incentive mechanism due to the large number of payment transactions
A Load Aware Proposal for Maximum Available Bandwidth Routing in Wireless Mes...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a load aware proposal for maximum available bandwidth routing in wireless mesh networks. It first introduces wireless mesh networks and discusses that seeking maximum available bandwidth paths is a fundamental routing issue. It then analyzes several existing routing techniques that provide bandwidth guarantees, including ETX, AVAIL, EED, and CAB. ETX considers packet loss ratios, AVAIL models 802.11 MAC behavior to predict throughput and delay, EED accounts for queuing delay, and CAB satisfies consistency requirements through hop-by-hop routing. The document identifies problems with these existing methods and proposes a load aware routing protocol to route through maximum available bandwidth paths while satisfying optimality and consistency requirements. It will plot throughput and delay graphs
Bandwidth aware on demand multipath routing in manetsijwmn
The document proposes a modification to the AOMDV routing protocol to utilize available bandwidth in MANETs. It describes enhancing AOMDV to select multiple paths during route discovery based on available bandwidth, and using periodic detector packets to monitor bandwidth on alternate paths. Simulation results showed this bandwidth-aware multipath approach improves end-to-end throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay compared to the original AOMDV protocol.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF LINK, NODE AND ZONE DISJOINT MULTI-PATH ROUTING STR...ijwmn
The high-level contribution of this paper is a simulation-based analysis to evaluate the tradeoffs between
lifetime and hop count of link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint multi-path routes vis-à-vis singlepath minimum hop routes for mobile ad hoc networks. The link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint
algorithms proposed in this paper can be used to arrive at benchmarks for the time between successive
multi-path route discoveries, the number of disjoint paths per multi-path set and the hop count per multipath set. We assume a multi-path set exists as long as at least one path in the set exists. Simulation results
indicate that the number of zone-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be at most 2, which is far lower
than the number of node and link-disjoint paths available per multi-path set. Also, the time between zonedisjoint multi-path discoveries would be far lower than the time between node and link-disjoint multi-path
route discoveries and can be at most 45% more than the time between single minimum-hop path route
discoveries. However, there is no appreciable difference in the average hop counts per zone-disjoint,
node-disjoint and link-disjoint multi-path sets and it can be only at most 15% more than the average
minimum hop count determined using single-path routing. We also observe that even though the number
of link-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be as large as 35-78% more than the number of node-disjoint
paths per multi-path set, the time between two successive link-disjoint multi-path discoveries can be at
most 15-25% more than the time between two successive node-disjoint multi-path discoveries, without
any significant difference in the hop count per multi-path set.
MDSR to Reduce Link Breakage Routing Overhead in MANET Using PRMIOSR Journals
This document proposes a modification to the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol called Modified DSR (MDSR) to reduce routing overhead caused by frequent link breakages in mobile ad hoc networks. MDSR adds a link breakage prediction algorithm that uses signal strength measurements to predict when a link may break. Intermediate nodes monitor signal strength and warn the source node if a link may soon break. This allows the source to proactively rebuild the route or switch to a backup route to avoid disconnection. Simulation results showed MDSR can reduce the number of dropped packets by at least 25% compared to standard DSR. The document also discusses how DSR works and the proposed proactive route maintenance concept in M
Cost Effective Routing Protocols Based on Two Hop Neighborhood Information (2...Eswar Publications
Ad hoc networks are collections of mobile nodes communicating with each other using wireless media without any fixed infrastructure. During both route discovery and traversal of route-reply packets from destination to source,
broadcast of packets is required which incurs huge message cost. The present article deals with the message cost
reduction during transmission of route-reply from destination to source. Also the redundancy that is visible within the 2-hop neighborhood of a node is minimized during broadcasting of route-reply. This improves the average lifetime of network nodes by decreasing the possibility of network partition. The scheme of 2NI can be used with any reactive routing protocol in MANETs.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Selfish behavior in energy consumption model based Multihop cellu...ijsrd.com
Many nodes would not transmit during data transmission and they are considered to be in cooperative. To make them cooperative a fair charging policy is used by charging the since and destination nodes so that both of them can benefit from the communication and it can secure the payment. Charging since and destination nodes almost computationally free, and significantly reduce the number of generated and submitted checks. In this way, each intermediate node earns some credits and the destination node pays the total packet relaying cost. To implement this charging policy efficiently, hashing operations are used in the ACK packets to reduce the number of public-key-cryptography operations. Moreover, reducing the overhead of the payment checks is essential for the efficient implementation of the incentive mechanism due to the large number of payment transactions
A Load Aware Proposal for Maximum Available Bandwidth Routing in Wireless Mes...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a load aware proposal for maximum available bandwidth routing in wireless mesh networks. It first introduces wireless mesh networks and discusses that seeking maximum available bandwidth paths is a fundamental routing issue. It then analyzes several existing routing techniques that provide bandwidth guarantees, including ETX, AVAIL, EED, and CAB. ETX considers packet loss ratios, AVAIL models 802.11 MAC behavior to predict throughput and delay, EED accounts for queuing delay, and CAB satisfies consistency requirements through hop-by-hop routing. The document identifies problems with these existing methods and proposes a load aware routing protocol to route through maximum available bandwidth paths while satisfying optimality and consistency requirements. It will plot throughput and delay graphs
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Link Prediction And Link Establishment Based On Network Nodes Life Time In Mo...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing algorithm called the Link Prediction Routing Algorithm (LPRA) for mobile ad hoc networks. The LPRA aims to establish reliable links and perform persistent data forwarding based on predicting node and link lifetimes. It does so by selecting routes with the longest predicted lifetimes. The algorithm is evaluated through simulation and shown to improve performance metrics like throughput, delivery ratio, and delay compared to existing techniques. It aims to efficiently route data in unstable mobile ad hoc networks where topology frequently changes.
Packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, routing overhead etc are the strict quality of service requirements
for applications in Ad hoc networks. So, the routing protocol not only finds a suitable path but also the path
should satisfy the QoS constraints also. Quality of services (QoS) aware routing is performed on the basis
of resource availability in the network and the flow of QoS requirement. In this paper we developed a
source routing protocol which satisfying the link bandwidth and end –to- end delay factor. Our protocol
will find multiple paths between the source and the destination, out of those one will be selected for data
transfer and others are reserve at the source node those can be used for route maintenance purpose. The
path selection is strictly based on the bandwidth and end-to-end delay in case two or more then two paths
are having the same values for QoS constraints then we will use hop as a parameter for path selection.
Abstract- Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) in routing concerns itself with the ability to route data from source to destination which is the fundamental ability all communication network must have. During the transmission of packets it has the fixed landmark so that only one path can be chosen. It cannot choose the alternative path, that path is considered to be as the best path. To solve this problem, an optimized inter – landmark data routing algorithm, namely DTN – FLOW which chooses the alternative path that is considered to be as the shortest and best path. The DTN – FLOW algorithm not only transmit packet with the use of landmark and inter – landmark. The information message will be performed in all the nodes so the performance of each and every node decreases by means of traffic. In order to increase the high throughput, node to node communication can be done effectively in DTN network.
This document discusses a cooperative transmission protocol for wireless sensor networks. The protocol aims to improve energy efficiency and transmission reliability. It establishes cooperative clusters during data transmission where neighboring nodes help each other. The cluster head recruits nodes to assist in communication. The protocol is analyzed based on factors like capacity, end-to-end robustness to packet loss, and the tradeoff between energy consumption and error rate. Simulation results show the protocol increases transmission reliability and achieves a longer network lifetime compared to non-cooperative schemes.
Load Balancing and Congestion Control in MANETijsrd.com
The document summarizes a proposed load balancing and congestion control algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The algorithm uses a coordinated multi-path routing approach where multiple paths between source and destination nodes are established. When congestion is detected at an intermediate node, a congestion notification message is sent to the source node. The source node then distributes data packets across the multiple paths randomly to balance load and avoid congested areas of the network. The algorithm aims to reduce end-to-end delay, packet loss, and imbalance in energy consumption among nodes through coordinated load balancing across multiple routes. Simulation results show the approach is effective at alleviating network congestion compared to single-path routing.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a dissertation submitted by Rachna to partially fulfill the requirements for a Master of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. The dissertation focuses on improving the route discovery phase in multi-path Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) for mobile ad-hoc networks using a hybrid ant colony optimization approach. Key topics covered in the introductory chapters include an introduction to mobile ad-hoc networks, categories of ad-hoc routing protocols including DSR and AODV, characteristics and design challenges of MANETs, and concepts related to route discovery and maintenance in DSR.
CONGESTION AWARE LINK COST ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Due to the dynamic topology, self-configuration and decentralized nature of Mobile Ad hoc Network
(MANET), it provides many benefits in wireless networks and is easy to deploy. But the transmission of
data over ad hoc networks has elevated many technical issues for successful routing. Congestion is one of
the important issues which cause performance degradation of a network, due to long delay and high packet
loss. This paper proposes a Congestion aware Link Cost Routing for MANET where the protocol finds a
path with optimized linked cost based on SNR, Link delay, and the and remaining battery power. Along
with this optimization, in this protocol, every node finds its congestion status and participates in the route
discovery on the basis of its status. Data forwarding is also done based on the congestion status at the time
of forwarding. The protocol results in better performance in terms of packet delivery fraction, end to end
delay, throughput, and packet drop when compared to existing protocols.
IMPROVED NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of
attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with
packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile
hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and
disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an
alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols
does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The
data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete
data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome
by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a
warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has
been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative
path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.
Performance Evalution of MANET Routing Protocols using Reference Point Group ...ijasuc
An ad hoc network is often defined as an “infrastructureless” network, meaning a network without the
usual routing infrastructure like fixed routers and routing backbones. Typically, the ad hoc nodes are
mobile and the underlying communication medium is wireless. Each ad hoc node may be capable of acting
as a router.it’s charactrizied by multihop wireless connection and frequently changing networks.we
compare the performance of on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks are distributed
cache updating for the dynamic source routing protocol(DSR) and ad hoc on-demand distance vector
routing (AODV).the simulation model of the medium access control(MAC) layer is evaluting the
performance of MANET protocols.DSR and AODV protocols share similar behavours.we evalute the
both on demand protocols DSR and AODV based on packet delivery ratio , packet delivery latency,mobility
variation with total number of errors, packet and normalized routing overhead,end-to-end delay by varying
in node density.the performance and characterictics are explained by the graph models.
THE IMPACT OF NODE MISBEHAVIOR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANETIJCNCJournal
This document compares the performance of four routing protocols (AODV, DSR, OLSR, GRP) under the security attack of node misbehavior in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The document presents background information on MANETs and the four routing protocols. It then discusses two types of misbehaving nodes (partially selfish and fully selfish) that are modeled in simulations. The simulations vary the percentage of misbehaving nodes and measure performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, data dropped, and load. The results show that packet delivery ratio decreases and data dropped increases as the percentage of misbehaving nodes increases for all protocols. OLSR generally has the lowest delay while
Caching strategies for on demand routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networkAcel-Omeran
This document analyzes caching strategies for on-demand routing protocols in wireless ad hoc networks. It evaluates different design choices for cache structure, capacity, and timeout using the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol through detailed simulations. The simulations consider 50 different mobility scenarios drawn from 5 mobility models to analyze how caching algorithms are affected by node movement patterns.
Enhanced aodv route discovery and route establishment for qos provision for r...IJCNCJournal
MANET is a temporary connection of mobile nodes via wireless links having no centralized base station.
We developed a protocol with an enhanced route discovery mechanism that avoids the pre-transmission
delay. When a source node wants to communicate with another node, it broadcast RREQ. EAODV give
priority to the source node of real time transmission. When RREQ packet send to neighbor node, for real
time transmission it accept route request on priority basis and the drop ratio of packets decreased, then
throughput increases by receiving more packets at destination and delivery ratio also increased through
these QOS improved.
11.a study of congestion aware adaptive routing protocols in manetAlexander Decker
This document summarizes and compares several congestion-aware routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the Congestion Adaptive Routing Protocol (CRP), which uses bypass routes to avoid congested areas and splits traffic between primary and bypass routes adaptively. It also describes the Efficient Congestion Adaptive Routing Protocol (ECARP), which modifies AODV parameters to improve congestion handling, and the Congestion Aware Routing plus Rate Adaptation (CARA) protocol, which establishes routes around congested areas. Finally, it discusses the Congestion Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile ad hoc networks (CARM), which uses a weighted channel delay metric to measure
This document analyzes the effect of node density on different routing protocols under FTP and HTTP applications. It simulates scenarios with varying node densities (20-130 nodes) using routing protocols AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR. Key quality of service (QoS) metrics - throughput, delay, network load and packet delivery ratio - are evaluated and compared. The results show that OLSR generally performs best in terms of throughput and delay for both FTP and HTTP applications. GRP performs best for network load, while AODV has the highest packet delivery ratio for FTP. In conclusion, OLSR is the best overall routing protocol for supporting FTP and HTTP applications in mobile ad-hoc networks according to
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel, while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured by means of simulation study.
Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols and Cluster Head Selection Te...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a kind of wireless network. It is a backbone of new generation advanced communication technology. MANET is an ideal applicant for rescue and emergency situation due to its independence of connected devices of fixed wires. This paper represents a work on trust based system in MANET cluster that can be used to improve the performance of the network even in the existence of not trusted nodes. In the cluster architecture, cluster head and gateway nodes form a communication for routing among neighbouring clusters. But selection of cluster head is the important problem in dynamic Ad-hoc network because cluster head work as coordinator in clustered architecture. In this work, some values have used correspond to the threshold values of forward packet and dropped packet of each node within the network cluster. These values have been used dynamically updated every time and the node is selected as cluster head. In this technique of selecting the node as cluster head, the node which has maximum trusted value is elected as cluster head and this information is updated in every node’s trusted table. After implementation of our desired work, the proposed Dynamic Trust Evaluation of Cluster Head (DTE-CH) technique is analysed with traditional routing protocols and traditional clustering technique viz. Highest Degree Algorithm. The simulation is done by using network simulator software on the basis of different performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet drop, average end to end delay and remain energy. Simulation result presents that proposed DTE-CH technique improves the performance of network as compare to most suitable existing AODV MANET protocol based technique as well as traditional highest degree clustering technique.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Authentication of Secure Data Transmission In Wireless RoutingIJERA Editor
The major objective of our work is to explore a security enhanced dynamic routing algorithm based on distributed routing information widely supported in existing wired and wireless networks. The message authentication is the main area to be considered in WSN’s. Most of the wireless networks are attacked for detecting the data’s that are transmitted in between the users. We aim at the randomization of delivery paths for data transmission to provide considerably small path similarity (i.e., the number of common links between two delivery paths) of two consecutive transmitted packets. The proposed algorithm should be easy to implement and compatible with popular routing protocols, such as the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for wired networks and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol for wireless networks over existing infrastructures. These protocols shall not increase the number of control messages if the proposed algorithm is adopted. An analytic study will be presented for the proposed routing algorithm, and a series of simulation study will be conducted to verify the analytic results and to show the capability of the proposed algorithm.
Bahg back bone-assisted hop greedy routing for vanet’s city environmentsJPINFOTECH JAYAPRAKASH
The document proposes a Back-Bone-Assisted Hop Greedy (BAHG) routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in city environments. Existing geographic routing protocols for VANETs have issues with frequent disconnections in sparse areas and higher hop counts. BAHG introduces "back-bone nodes" that track node movement and provide connectivity information to efficiently route packets with lower hop counts and delays. It evaluates zones in a city and chooses boundary intersections as back-bone nodes to disseminate requests and replies. Simulation results show benefits in packet delivery and end-to-end delay compared to existing methods.
MDSR to Reduce Link Breakage Routing Overhead in MANET Using PRMIOSR Journals
This document proposes a modification to the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol called Modified DSR (MDSR) to reduce routing overhead caused by frequent link breakages in mobile ad hoc networks. MDSR adds a link breakage prediction algorithm that uses signal strength measurements to predict when a link may break. Intermediate nodes monitor signal strength and warn the source node if a link may soon break. This allows the source to proactively rebuild the route or switch to a backup route to avoid disconnection. Simulation results showed MDSR can reduce the number of dropped packets by at least 25% compared to standard DSR. The document also discusses how DSR works and the proposed proactive route maintenance concept in M
Performance Comparison of Link, Node and Zone Disjoint Multi-Path Routing Str...ijwmn
The high-level contribution of this paper is a simulation-based analysis to evaluate the tradeoffs between lifetime and hop count of link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint multi-path routes vis-à-vis singlepath minimum hop routes for mobile ad hoc networks. The link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint algorithms proposed in this paper can be used to arrive at benchmarks for the time between successive multi-path route discoveries, the number of disjoint paths per multi-path set and the hop count per multipath set. We assume a multi-path set exists as long as at least one path in the set exists. Simulation results indicate that the number of zone-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be at most 2, which is far lower than the number of node and link-disjoint paths available per multi-path set. Also, the time between zonedisjoint multi-path discoveries would be far lower than the time between node and link-disjoint multi-path route discoveries and can be at most 45% more than the time between single minimum-hop path route discoveries. However, there is no appreciable difference in the average hop counts per zone-disjoint, node-disjoint and link-disjoint multi-path sets and it can be only at most 15% more than the average minimum hop count determined using single-path routing. We also observe that even though the number of link-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be as large as 35-78% more than the number of node-disjoint paths per multi-path set, the time between two successive link-disjoint multi-path discoveries can be at most 15-25% more than the time between two successive node-disjoint multi-path discoveries, without any significant difference in the hop count per multi-path set.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Link Prediction And Link Establishment Based On Network Nodes Life Time In Mo...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing algorithm called the Link Prediction Routing Algorithm (LPRA) for mobile ad hoc networks. The LPRA aims to establish reliable links and perform persistent data forwarding based on predicting node and link lifetimes. It does so by selecting routes with the longest predicted lifetimes. The algorithm is evaluated through simulation and shown to improve performance metrics like throughput, delivery ratio, and delay compared to existing techniques. It aims to efficiently route data in unstable mobile ad hoc networks where topology frequently changes.
Packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, routing overhead etc are the strict quality of service requirements
for applications in Ad hoc networks. So, the routing protocol not only finds a suitable path but also the path
should satisfy the QoS constraints also. Quality of services (QoS) aware routing is performed on the basis
of resource availability in the network and the flow of QoS requirement. In this paper we developed a
source routing protocol which satisfying the link bandwidth and end –to- end delay factor. Our protocol
will find multiple paths between the source and the destination, out of those one will be selected for data
transfer and others are reserve at the source node those can be used for route maintenance purpose. The
path selection is strictly based on the bandwidth and end-to-end delay in case two or more then two paths
are having the same values for QoS constraints then we will use hop as a parameter for path selection.
Abstract- Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) in routing concerns itself with the ability to route data from source to destination which is the fundamental ability all communication network must have. During the transmission of packets it has the fixed landmark so that only one path can be chosen. It cannot choose the alternative path, that path is considered to be as the best path. To solve this problem, an optimized inter – landmark data routing algorithm, namely DTN – FLOW which chooses the alternative path that is considered to be as the shortest and best path. The DTN – FLOW algorithm not only transmit packet with the use of landmark and inter – landmark. The information message will be performed in all the nodes so the performance of each and every node decreases by means of traffic. In order to increase the high throughput, node to node communication can be done effectively in DTN network.
This document discusses a cooperative transmission protocol for wireless sensor networks. The protocol aims to improve energy efficiency and transmission reliability. It establishes cooperative clusters during data transmission where neighboring nodes help each other. The cluster head recruits nodes to assist in communication. The protocol is analyzed based on factors like capacity, end-to-end robustness to packet loss, and the tradeoff between energy consumption and error rate. Simulation results show the protocol increases transmission reliability and achieves a longer network lifetime compared to non-cooperative schemes.
Load Balancing and Congestion Control in MANETijsrd.com
The document summarizes a proposed load balancing and congestion control algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The algorithm uses a coordinated multi-path routing approach where multiple paths between source and destination nodes are established. When congestion is detected at an intermediate node, a congestion notification message is sent to the source node. The source node then distributes data packets across the multiple paths randomly to balance load and avoid congested areas of the network. The algorithm aims to reduce end-to-end delay, packet loss, and imbalance in energy consumption among nodes through coordinated load balancing across multiple routes. Simulation results show the approach is effective at alleviating network congestion compared to single-path routing.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a dissertation submitted by Rachna to partially fulfill the requirements for a Master of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. The dissertation focuses on improving the route discovery phase in multi-path Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) for mobile ad-hoc networks using a hybrid ant colony optimization approach. Key topics covered in the introductory chapters include an introduction to mobile ad-hoc networks, categories of ad-hoc routing protocols including DSR and AODV, characteristics and design challenges of MANETs, and concepts related to route discovery and maintenance in DSR.
CONGESTION AWARE LINK COST ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Due to the dynamic topology, self-configuration and decentralized nature of Mobile Ad hoc Network
(MANET), it provides many benefits in wireless networks and is easy to deploy. But the transmission of
data over ad hoc networks has elevated many technical issues for successful routing. Congestion is one of
the important issues which cause performance degradation of a network, due to long delay and high packet
loss. This paper proposes a Congestion aware Link Cost Routing for MANET where the protocol finds a
path with optimized linked cost based on SNR, Link delay, and the and remaining battery power. Along
with this optimization, in this protocol, every node finds its congestion status and participates in the route
discovery on the basis of its status. Data forwarding is also done based on the congestion status at the time
of forwarding. The protocol results in better performance in terms of packet delivery fraction, end to end
delay, throughput, and packet drop when compared to existing protocols.
IMPROVED NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of
attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with
packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile
hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and
disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an
alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols
does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The
data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete
data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome
by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a
warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has
been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative
path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.
Performance Evalution of MANET Routing Protocols using Reference Point Group ...ijasuc
An ad hoc network is often defined as an “infrastructureless” network, meaning a network without the
usual routing infrastructure like fixed routers and routing backbones. Typically, the ad hoc nodes are
mobile and the underlying communication medium is wireless. Each ad hoc node may be capable of acting
as a router.it’s charactrizied by multihop wireless connection and frequently changing networks.we
compare the performance of on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks are distributed
cache updating for the dynamic source routing protocol(DSR) and ad hoc on-demand distance vector
routing (AODV).the simulation model of the medium access control(MAC) layer is evaluting the
performance of MANET protocols.DSR and AODV protocols share similar behavours.we evalute the
both on demand protocols DSR and AODV based on packet delivery ratio , packet delivery latency,mobility
variation with total number of errors, packet and normalized routing overhead,end-to-end delay by varying
in node density.the performance and characterictics are explained by the graph models.
THE IMPACT OF NODE MISBEHAVIOR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANETIJCNCJournal
This document compares the performance of four routing protocols (AODV, DSR, OLSR, GRP) under the security attack of node misbehavior in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The document presents background information on MANETs and the four routing protocols. It then discusses two types of misbehaving nodes (partially selfish and fully selfish) that are modeled in simulations. The simulations vary the percentage of misbehaving nodes and measure performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, data dropped, and load. The results show that packet delivery ratio decreases and data dropped increases as the percentage of misbehaving nodes increases for all protocols. OLSR generally has the lowest delay while
Caching strategies for on demand routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networkAcel-Omeran
This document analyzes caching strategies for on-demand routing protocols in wireless ad hoc networks. It evaluates different design choices for cache structure, capacity, and timeout using the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol through detailed simulations. The simulations consider 50 different mobility scenarios drawn from 5 mobility models to analyze how caching algorithms are affected by node movement patterns.
Enhanced aodv route discovery and route establishment for qos provision for r...IJCNCJournal
MANET is a temporary connection of mobile nodes via wireless links having no centralized base station.
We developed a protocol with an enhanced route discovery mechanism that avoids the pre-transmission
delay. When a source node wants to communicate with another node, it broadcast RREQ. EAODV give
priority to the source node of real time transmission. When RREQ packet send to neighbor node, for real
time transmission it accept route request on priority basis and the drop ratio of packets decreased, then
throughput increases by receiving more packets at destination and delivery ratio also increased through
these QOS improved.
11.a study of congestion aware adaptive routing protocols in manetAlexander Decker
This document summarizes and compares several congestion-aware routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the Congestion Adaptive Routing Protocol (CRP), which uses bypass routes to avoid congested areas and splits traffic between primary and bypass routes adaptively. It also describes the Efficient Congestion Adaptive Routing Protocol (ECARP), which modifies AODV parameters to improve congestion handling, and the Congestion Aware Routing plus Rate Adaptation (CARA) protocol, which establishes routes around congested areas. Finally, it discusses the Congestion Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile ad hoc networks (CARM), which uses a weighted channel delay metric to measure
This document analyzes the effect of node density on different routing protocols under FTP and HTTP applications. It simulates scenarios with varying node densities (20-130 nodes) using routing protocols AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR. Key quality of service (QoS) metrics - throughput, delay, network load and packet delivery ratio - are evaluated and compared. The results show that OLSR generally performs best in terms of throughput and delay for both FTP and HTTP applications. GRP performs best for network load, while AODV has the highest packet delivery ratio for FTP. In conclusion, OLSR is the best overall routing protocol for supporting FTP and HTTP applications in mobile ad-hoc networks according to
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel, while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured by means of simulation study.
Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols and Cluster Head Selection Te...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a kind of wireless network. It is a backbone of new generation advanced communication technology. MANET is an ideal applicant for rescue and emergency situation due to its independence of connected devices of fixed wires. This paper represents a work on trust based system in MANET cluster that can be used to improve the performance of the network even in the existence of not trusted nodes. In the cluster architecture, cluster head and gateway nodes form a communication for routing among neighbouring clusters. But selection of cluster head is the important problem in dynamic Ad-hoc network because cluster head work as coordinator in clustered architecture. In this work, some values have used correspond to the threshold values of forward packet and dropped packet of each node within the network cluster. These values have been used dynamically updated every time and the node is selected as cluster head. In this technique of selecting the node as cluster head, the node which has maximum trusted value is elected as cluster head and this information is updated in every node’s trusted table. After implementation of our desired work, the proposed Dynamic Trust Evaluation of Cluster Head (DTE-CH) technique is analysed with traditional routing protocols and traditional clustering technique viz. Highest Degree Algorithm. The simulation is done by using network simulator software on the basis of different performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet drop, average end to end delay and remain energy. Simulation result presents that proposed DTE-CH technique improves the performance of network as compare to most suitable existing AODV MANET protocol based technique as well as traditional highest degree clustering technique.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Authentication of Secure Data Transmission In Wireless RoutingIJERA Editor
The major objective of our work is to explore a security enhanced dynamic routing algorithm based on distributed routing information widely supported in existing wired and wireless networks. The message authentication is the main area to be considered in WSN’s. Most of the wireless networks are attacked for detecting the data’s that are transmitted in between the users. We aim at the randomization of delivery paths for data transmission to provide considerably small path similarity (i.e., the number of common links between two delivery paths) of two consecutive transmitted packets. The proposed algorithm should be easy to implement and compatible with popular routing protocols, such as the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for wired networks and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol for wireless networks over existing infrastructures. These protocols shall not increase the number of control messages if the proposed algorithm is adopted. An analytic study will be presented for the proposed routing algorithm, and a series of simulation study will be conducted to verify the analytic results and to show the capability of the proposed algorithm.
Bahg back bone-assisted hop greedy routing for vanet’s city environmentsJPINFOTECH JAYAPRAKASH
The document proposes a Back-Bone-Assisted Hop Greedy (BAHG) routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in city environments. Existing geographic routing protocols for VANETs have issues with frequent disconnections in sparse areas and higher hop counts. BAHG introduces "back-bone nodes" that track node movement and provide connectivity information to efficiently route packets with lower hop counts and delays. It evaluates zones in a city and chooses boundary intersections as back-bone nodes to disseminate requests and replies. Simulation results show benefits in packet delivery and end-to-end delay compared to existing methods.
MDSR to Reduce Link Breakage Routing Overhead in MANET Using PRMIOSR Journals
This document proposes a modification to the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol called Modified DSR (MDSR) to reduce routing overhead caused by frequent link breakages in mobile ad hoc networks. MDSR adds a link breakage prediction algorithm that uses signal strength measurements to predict when a link may break. Intermediate nodes monitor signal strength and warn the source node if a link may soon break. This allows the source to proactively rebuild the route or switch to a backup route to avoid disconnection. Simulation results showed MDSR can reduce the number of dropped packets by at least 25% compared to standard DSR. The document also discusses how DSR works and the proposed proactive route maintenance concept in M
Performance Comparison of Link, Node and Zone Disjoint Multi-Path Routing Str...ijwmn
The high-level contribution of this paper is a simulation-based analysis to evaluate the tradeoffs between lifetime and hop count of link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint multi-path routes vis-à-vis singlepath minimum hop routes for mobile ad hoc networks. The link-disjoint, node-disjoint and zone-disjoint algorithms proposed in this paper can be used to arrive at benchmarks for the time between successive multi-path route discoveries, the number of disjoint paths per multi-path set and the hop count per multipath set. We assume a multi-path set exists as long as at least one path in the set exists. Simulation results indicate that the number of zone-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be at most 2, which is far lower than the number of node and link-disjoint paths available per multi-path set. Also, the time between zonedisjoint multi-path discoveries would be far lower than the time between node and link-disjoint multi-path route discoveries and can be at most 45% more than the time between single minimum-hop path route discoveries. However, there is no appreciable difference in the average hop counts per zone-disjoint, node-disjoint and link-disjoint multi-path sets and it can be only at most 15% more than the average minimum hop count determined using single-path routing. We also observe that even though the number of link-disjoint paths per multi-path set can be as large as 35-78% more than the number of node-disjoint paths per multi-path set, the time between two successive link-disjoint multi-path discoveries can be at most 15-25% more than the time between two successive node-disjoint multi-path discoveries, without any significant difference in the hop count per multi-path set.
The document presents an optimized fuzzy routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The goal is to propose a fuzzy routing approach that considers bandwidth, packet success rate, and energy to make routing decisions. All possible source-destination paths are obtained using a disjoint multipath approach and stored in the source node's cache. Route request (RREQ) messages are modified to include bandwidth, packet success rate, and energy values from traversed nodes. The source node then defuzzifies these values and selects the best path. Simulation results show the proposed fuzzy technique achieves better packet delivery ratio and throughput than conventional ad hoc routing like AODV, especially under high load.
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This document summarizes research on load balancing techniques for congestion control in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It first provides background on MANETs and issues like limited bandwidth. It then reviews literature on multipath routing and load balancing, categorizing approaches based on metrics like available bandwidth. The document proposes using acknowledgement times to estimate available bandwidth and distribute traffic to avoid congestion across multiple paths. By adapting sending rates based on estimated available bandwidth, this could minimize congestion in the network.
Efficient Utilization of Bandwidth in Location Aided RoutingIOSR Journals
Abstract : Earlier work on routing MANETs developed several routing protocols, which finds available route from source to destination without taking into the consideration of Band width availability for data transfer, and they frequently fails to discover stable routes between source and destination. As a result of that there is a large numbers of discarding of data packets as well as overloading of packets as the consequences of that large wastage of band width. EUBLAR (Efficient Utilization of band width in Location Aided Routing) protocol is introduced in this proposed work, which is capable of calculating the available band width of all the intermediate nodes between source and destination. In this proposed protocol find the minimum available band width of all the intermediate nodes between source and destination and then according to that band width sends the data packets over that path. The EUBLAR can effectively utilized the wastage of band width and every single band width can be used for data transfer can be used over entirely configured network. In this way we can increase the quality of service of the Ad- hoc network in terms of bandwidth. Keywords: Ad Hoc Networks, Global Positioning System, Maximum & Minimum slopes, Minimum available Bandwidth, Time to Live
Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivityiosrjce
This paper is examining the VANET techniques by understanding the various papers published by the
authors in IEEE transactions. In this paper the new technique is explored where no of the routing method is
applied for connecting the nodes. But using the other information such as speed ,density,time,range and
calculating the time required by the vehicle on the road of interests we can link them full time period of their
run. We can use the standard frequency bands widths allocated by the Governments
This document summarizes research on routing techniques for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses some of the key issues in VANET routing including medium access, mobility, bandwidth constraints, and the need for stable and continuous links. It then reviews several existing routing protocols for MANETs that have been applied to VANETs, such as MACAW, DSR, DSDV, AODV, and SSBARP which uses signal stability to find stable routes. The document provides an overview of these protocols and their approaches to neighbor discovery, topology maintenance, and route discovery in VANET environments.
Improving Capacity and Load Distribution of a Node Using Circular Sailing Rou...ijafrc
Routing in wireless networks has been heavily studied in the last decade. In mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) can route travelled by a packet from the source to the destination usually consists of multiple hops where intermediate nodes act as relays. The packets usually follow the shortest path between source and destination in routing protocols to achieve smallest travelled distance. However, this leads to the uneven distribution of traffic load in a network. The wireless nodes in the center of the network will have heavier traffic. Since most of the shortest routes go through them. There are many algorithms available in the load balancing and improving capacity technique. In this paper, describe a novel routing algorithm called Circular Sailing Routing (CSR), which we can distribute the traffic more evenly in the network. Based on our study, found to reduced traffic distribution and capacity of a node in the wireless network compared to any other algorithm. This is because they proposed maps in the network onto a sphere via a simple stereographic projection and then the route decision is made by the distance on the sphere instead of Euclidean distance in the plane.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
Survey: Multipath routing for Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJMTER
Reliability is playing very vital role in some application of Wireless Sensor Networks
and multipath routing is one of the ways to increase the probability of reliability. More over energy
consumption is constraint. In this paper, we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art of proposed
multipath routing algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. We study the design, analyze the tradeoff
of each design, and overview several presenting algorithms.
SURVEY AND TAXONOMY OF UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSgraphhoc
The purpose of this paper is to survey the unicast routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs) and study their primary route selection principle. In this context, we did an exhaustive survey
of unicast MANET routing protocols proposed in the literature. Qualitatively, based on their primary
route selection principle, we show that all these protocols could be placed under one of two broad route
selection categories: routing based on minimum-weight path and routing based on stability. In addition
to the primary route selection principle, we also identify the underlying routing metric and the routing
philosophy (proactive, reactive, flat, hierarchical, location-awareness, power-sensitiveness and multipath
capability) adopted by the different routing protocols. We believe the survey can be a great source of
information for researchers in ad hoc networks.
E-Lins Technology provides an insight on routing. E-Lins Technology are the manufacturers and providers of the one of the best 3G/4G routers across the globe.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing ProtocolIOSR Journals
As the network size increases the probability of congestion occurrence at nodes increases. This is
because of the event driven nature of ad hoc networks that leads to unpredictable network load. As a result
congestion may occur at the nodes which receive more data than that can be forwarded and cause packet losses.
In this paper we propose a hybrid scheme that attempts to avoid packet loss due to congestion as well as reduce
end to end delay in delivering data packets by combining two protocols- Destination sequenced distance vector
routing (DSDV), which is a table driven or proactive protocol and Improved Ad-hoc on demand vector routing
(IAODV) which is an on-demand or reactive protocol that reduces packet loss due to congestion. The strategy
adopted is use DSDV for path selection and if congestion occurs than switch over to IAODV. The routing
performance of this model is then compared with IAODV and DSDV in terms of end to end delay, throughput
and packet delivery fraction
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing ProtocolIOSR Journals
1. The document proposes a hybrid routing protocol that combines DSDV and IAODV to reduce packet loss due to congestion in MANETs.
2. Under the proposed scheme, DSDV is used initially for path selection. If congestion occurs, nodes switch to using IAODV to find an alternate path to avoid congested areas.
3. Simulation results show that the hybrid protocol improves end-to-end delay, packet delivery fraction, and throughput compared to using only DSDV or IAODV. The hybrid approach balances the advantages of proactive and reactive routing to better handle congestion in mobile ad hoc networks.
Issues in designing a routing and Transport Layer protocol for Ad hoc networks- proactive
routing, reactive routing (on-demand), hybrid routing- Classification of Transport Layer
solutions-TCP over Ad hoc wireless Networks
Similar to 2014 IEEE JAVA NETWORKING PROJECT Hop by-hop routing in wireless mesh networks with bandwidth guarantees (20)
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This document describes a proposed network intrusion detection system using attack behavior classification. The system aims to maximize recognition of network attacks by embedding their temporal behavior patterns into a neural network structure. It captures packets in real time using an engine that preprocesses data and sends it to modules for pattern recognition, classification, and generating alerts. The system was tested in a real environment and showed ability to detect attacks. It aims to address limitations of existing systems like constant monitoring overhead and inability to distinguish threats from normal traffic.
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
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This document discusses optimal multicast capacity and delay tradeoffs in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It considers four node mobility models and two mobility timescales: fast and slow. It characterizes the optimal multicast capacity for each model given a delay constraint and develops a scheme that achieves a capacity-delay tradeoff close to the upper bound up to a logarithmic factor. It also studies heterogeneous networks with infrastructure support.
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Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
2014 IEEE JAVA NETWORKING PROJECT Hop by-hop routing in wireless mesh networks with bandwidth guarantees
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Hop-by-Hop Routing in Wireless Mesh
Networks with Bandwidth Guarantees
Abstract
Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has become an important edge network to provide Internet
access to remote areas and wireless connections in a metropolitan scale. In this paper, we study
the problem of identifying the maximum available bandwidth path, a fundamental issue in
supporting quality-of-service in WMNs. Due to interference among links, bandwidth, a well-known
bottleneck metric in wired networks, is neither concave nor additive in wireless networks.
We propose a new path weight which captures the available path bandwidth information. We
formally prove that our hop-by-hop routing protocol based on the new path weight satisfies the
consistency and loop-freeness requirements. The consistency property guarantees that each node
makes a proper packet forwarding decision, so that a data packet does traverse over the intended
path. Our extensive simulation experiments also show that our proposed path weight outperforms
existing path metrics in identifying high-throughput paths.
Existing System:
Wireless Mesh Network has become an important edge network to provide Internet access to
remote areas and wireless connections in a metropolitan scale. We study the problem of
identifying the maximum available bandwidth path, a fundamental issue in supporting quality-of-service
in WMNs. Due to interference among links, bandwidth, a well-known bottleneck metric
in wired networks, is neither concave nor additive in wireless networks.
Seeking the path with the maximum available bandwidth is one of the fundamental issues for
supporting QoS in the wireless mesh networks. The available path bandwidth is defined as the
maximum additional rate a flow can push before saturating its path.
Disadvantages:
2. Identifying the maximum available bandwidth path from a source to destination.
Proposed System:
We propose a new path weight that captures the concept of available bandwidth. We give
the mechanism to compare two paths based on the new path weight. We formally prove
that the proposed path weight is left-isotonic.
We describe how to construct the routing table and distance table, and we develop a hop-by-
hop packet forwarding scheme. We formally prove that our routing protocol satisfies
the optimality and consistency requirements.
Finally, we implement our routing protocol based on the DSDV protocol in the NS2
simulator. The extensive simulation experiments demonstrate that our routing protocol
outperforms the existing routing protocols for finding the maximum available bandwidth
paths.
Advantages:
Our routing protocol satisfies the optimality and consistency requirements.
Finds the maximum available bandwidth paths.
INTRODUCTION
Awireless mesh network (WMN) consists of a large number of wireless nodes. The nodes form a
wireless overlay to cover the service area while a few nodes are wired to the Internet. As part of
the Internet, WMN has to support diversified multimedia applications for its users. It is essential
to provide efficient Quality-of-Service (QoS) support in this kind of networks. Seeking the path
with the maximum available bandwidth is one of the fundamental issues for supporting QoS in
the wireless mesh networks. The available path bandwidth is defined as the maximum additional
rate a flow can push before saturating its path. Therefore, if the traffic rate of a new flow on a
path is no greater than the available bandwidth of this path, accepting the new traffic will not
violate the bandwidth guaranteed of the existing flows. This paper focuses on the problem of
identifying the maximum available bandwidth path from a source to a destination, which is also
called the Maximum Bandwidth Problem (MBP). MBP is a subproblem of the Bandwidth-
Constrained Routing Problem (BCRP), the problem of identifying a path with at least a given
amount of available bandwidth. In the literatures, maximum available bandwidth path is also
called widest path.
3. Finding the widest path between the source and the destination in wireless networks is very
challenging due to the wireless transmission interference. Generally speaking, there are two
types of interference: interflow interference and intraflow interference. Interflow interference
refers to the situation that the resource available for a flow is affected by the presence of other
flows. In other words, the interflow interference affects the amount of residual channel resources
on each link that can be allocated for a new flow. The work gives how to estimate the available
bandwidth (residual channel resources) of each link. It means that if the link has to carry another
1-hop flow without violating the bandwidth guarantees of existing flows, the rate of this flow can
be at most the available bandwidth of the link. On the other hand, intraflow interference refers to
the scenario where when a data packet is being transmitted on a link along a path, some link
along the path has to remain idle to avoid conflict. Intraflow interference complicates the process
of developing hop-by-hop routing protocol for finding widest paths. Considering intraflow
interference, the works present a formula to compute the available bandwidth of a path with the
knowledge of the available bandwidth on individual links of the path. Unfortunately, finding
widest path in a hop-by-hop manner is still not solved.
The unique structure of the path bandwidth computation formula introduces two challenges
described below:
1. Some nodes may not find the widest path if only the available bandwidth is used as the routing
metric.
2. Even though a source identifies a widest path to a destination, intermediate nodes on the
widest path may not make a consistent packet forwarding decisions by using the traditional
destination-based hop-by-hop packet forwarding mechanism.
Modules:
Path Selection
We would like to develop a distance-vector based mechanism. In the traditional distance-vector
mechanism, a node only has to advertise the information of its own best path to its neighbors.
Each neighbor can then identify its own best path. If a node only advertises the widest path from
its own perspective, its neighbors may not be able to find the widest path. In order to assure that
the widest path from each node to a destination can be identified, a trivial way is to advertise all
the possible paths to a destination. This is definitely too expensive. On the other hand, as long as
we advertise every path which is a subpath of a widest path (e.g., <v; a; b; c; d> is a subpath of
4. the widest path of <s; v; a; b; c; d>), we allow every node to identify its own widest path. Thus,
to reduce the overhead, we should not advertise those paths that would not be a subpath of any
widest path.
Isotonic Path Weight
We introduce our new isotonic path weight, while the next section describes how we use the path
weight to construct routing tables. The isotonicity property of a path weight is the necessary and
sufficient condition for developing a routing protocol satisfying the optimality and consistency
requirements. Given two paths p1 and p2 from a node s to d, assume that p1 is better than p2 by
comparing their weights. If the path weight used is left-isotonic, given any path p0 from a node v
to s, p0 p1 must be better than p0 p2. Available bandwidth of a path alone is not leftisotonic.
Table Construction and Optimality
The isotonicity property of the proposed path weight allows us to develop a routing protocol that
can identify the maximum bandwidth path from each node to each destination. In particular, it
tells us whether a path is worthwhile to be advertised, meaning whether a path is a potential
subpath of a widest path. In our routing protocol, if a node finds a new nondominated path, it
will advertise this path information to its neighbors. We call the packet carrying the path
information the route packet. Based on the information contained in a route packet, each node
knows the information about the first four hops of a path identified.
Each node keeps two tables: distance table and routing table. Node s puts all the nondominated
paths advertised by its neighbors in its distance table. It keeps all the nondominated paths found
by s itself in its routing table.
Packet Forwarding and Consistency
In a traditional hop-by-hop routing protocol, a packet carries the destination of the packet, and
when a node receives a packet, it looks up the next hop by the destination only. In our
mechanism, apart from the destination, a packet also carries a Routing Field which specifies the
next four hops the packet should traverse. When a node receives this packet, it identifies the path
based on the information in the Routing Field. It updates the Routing Field and sends it to the
next hop. In our packet forwarding mechanism, each intermediate node determines the fourth
next hop but not the next hop as in the traditional mechanism. Our packet forwarding mechanism
still requires each intermediate node to make route decision based on its routing table. Besides,
only the information of the first few hops of a path is kept in the routing table in each node and
5. the routing field in a packet. Therefore, our mechanism possesses the same characteristics of a
hop-by-hop packet routing mechanism, and is a distributed packet forwarding scheme.
Route Update
After the network accepts a new flow or releases an existing connection, the local available
bandwidth of each node will change, and thus the widest path from a source to a destination may
be different. When the change of the local available bandwidth of a node is larger than a
threshold (say 10 percent), the node will advertise the new information to its neighbors. After
receiving the new bandwidth information, the available bandwidth of a path to a destination may
be changed. Although the node is static, the network state information changes very often.
Therefore, our routing protocol applies the route update mechanism in DSDV . Based on DSDV,
each routing entry is tagged with a sequence number which is originated by the destination, so
that nodes can quickly distinguish stale routes from the new ones. Each node periodically
transmits updates and transmits updates immediately when significant new route information is
available. Given two route entries from a source to a destination, the source always selects the
one the larger sequence number, which is newer, to be kept in the routing table. Only if two
entries have the same sequence number, our path comparison is used to determine which path
should be kept. Due to the delay of the route update propagation, it is possible that route
information kept in some nodes is inconsistent. For instance, the widest path kept in the routing
table may not be the widest anymore. Routing loops may occur as well. The situations are
referred as inconsistency due to transient route updates, which is different from the definition
used in. In and this paper, we consider whether packets can be routed on the computed widest
path when the routing tables are stable. How to avoid loops when routing tables change is an
important but difficult problem, and is outside the scope of this paper. We refer readers to [29]
for the techniques to reduce route update inconsistencies in the distance-vector protocol which
can be applied in our mechanism as well.
System Requirements:
SOFTWARE Requirements
6. PLATFORM : JDK 1.5
TOOL : Java Swing
DATABASES : SQL Server
HARDARE Requirements
PROCESSOR : PENTIUM IV 2.6 GHz
RAM : 512 MB DD RAM
MONITOR : 15” COLOR
HARD DISK : 40 GB
KEYBOARD : STANDARD 102 KEYS
MOUSE : 3 BUTTON
REFERENCES
[1] Q. Zhang and Y.-Q. Zhang, “Cross-Layer Design for QoS Support in Multihop Wireless
Networks,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 234-244, Jan. 2008.
[2] T. Salonidis, M. Garetto, A. Saha, and E. Knightly, “Identifying High Throughput Paths in
802.11 Mesh Networks: A Model-Based Approach,” Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. Network Protocols
(ICNP ’07), pp. 21-30, Oct. 2007.
[3] C.-Y. Chiu, Y.-L. Kuo, E. Wu, and G.-H. Chen, “Bandwidth- Constrained Routing Problem
in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,” IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 19, no. 1, pp.
4-14, Jan. 2008.
[4] J. Tang, G. Xue, and W. Zhang, “Interference-Aware Topology Control and QoS Routing in
Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Networks,” Proc. ACM MobiHoc, pp. 68-77, May 2005.
[5] Y. Yang and R. Kravets, “Contention-Aware Admission Control for Ad Hoc Networks,”
IEEE Trans. Mobile Computing, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 363-377, Apr. 2009.
[6] H. Li, Y. Cheng, C. Zhou, and W. Zhuang, “Minimizing End-to- End Delay: A Novel
Routing Metric for Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Networks,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, pp. 46-53,
Apr. 2009.
7. [7] Y. Yang and J. Wang, “Design Guidelines for Routing Metrics in Multihop Wireless
Networks,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, pp. 2288- 2296, Apr. 2008.
[29] C.E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, “Highly Dynamic Destination- Sequenced Distance-Vector
Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers,” Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, pp. 234-244, Aug. 1994.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, we studied the maximum available bandwidth path problem, which is a
fundamental issue to support quality-of-service in wireless mesh networks. The main
contribution of our work is a new left-isotonic path weight which captures the available path
bandwidth information. The left-isotonicity property of our proposed path weight facilitates us to
develop a proactive hop-by-hop routing protocol, and we formally proved that our protocol
satisfies the optimality and consistency requirements. Based on the available path bandwidth
information, a source can immediately determine some infeasible connection requests with the
high bandwidth requirement. We tested the performance of our protocol under different
scenarios.