Argon (Samantha Holtgrefe)
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Argon is a colorless, odorless noble gas that makes up 0.93% of the Earth's atmosphere. It was discovered in 1894 by Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh, who isolated it by fractional distillation of liquid air. Argon is used in light bulbs, lasers, welding, fire extinguishers, and to preserve museum artifacts due to its chemical inertness.
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Argon
Argon is a colorless, odorless, and non-toxic noble gas that makes up 0.93% of the Earth's atmosphere. It was discovered in 1894 by British scientists William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh. Ramsay obtained pure argon by removing other gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water from air samples. Common uses of argon include filling light bulbs and fluorescent tubes to prevent filaments from burning out, as well as for inert gas shielding during welding and growing crystals in the semiconductor industry. Argon lasers are also used for applications like eye surgery, holography, and semiconductor processing.
atom economy
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Nitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the universe and makes up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It was discovered in 1772 and has an atomic number of 7. Nitrogen's largest use is in ammonia and it does not burn. Some key properties include a melting point of -210 Celsius, boiling point of -195.79 Celsius, and oxidation states of -3 and +5. Important nitrogen compounds include ammonia (NH3) and nitric acid (HNO3). Nitrogen plays a vital role in proteins, fertilizers, explosives, and is essential to plant and human life.
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Argon
Argon is a colorless, odorless, and non-toxic noble gas that makes up 0.93% of the Earth's atmosphere. It was discovered in 1894 by British scientists William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh. Ramsay obtained pure argon by removing other gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water from air samples. Common uses of argon include filling light bulbs and fluorescent tubes to prevent filaments from burning out, as well as for inert gas shielding during welding and growing crystals in the semiconductor industry. Argon lasers are also used for applications like eye surgery, holography, and semiconductor processing.
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2. In this experiment, phenylmagnesium bromide is prepared by reacting bromobenzene with magnesium metal and used to produce triphenylmethanol by reacting with methyl benzoate.
3. The reaction products are purified by acid/base extraction and recrystallization to obtain the pure triphenylmethanol product, which is characterized using TLC, melting point determination, and percent yield calculation.
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1) The document discusses the composition of air and various methods to analyze its components, such as the copper oxide method to verify nitrogen content.
2) It also covers topics like the liquefaction process of air using fractional distillation to separate components by boiling point.
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Grignard reagents are organomagnesium compounds formed by the reaction of an organic halide and magnesium. The reaction proceeds through single electron transfers where radicals are converted to carbanions. Grignard reagents are strong nucleophiles similar to organolithium reagents that can form new carbon-carbon bonds. They were analyzed by decomposing ethylmagnesium iodide with sulfuric acid and directing steam through the apparatus to drive off any ethane, proving it did not appreciably dissolve under experimental conditions.
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1. The document discusses Orgel diagrams and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams, which plot the energy levels of d-orbital configurations against ligand field strength.
2. Orgel diagrams follow spin-allowed transitions and show that dn and dn+5 complexes have the same energy level diagram. They allow one transition for d-terms (Eg to T2g or vice versa) and three transitions for f-terms.
3. Tanabe-Sugano diagrams allow for both high-spin and low-spin complexes as well as spin-forbidden transitions. They take the ground state term as the reference to plot other terms and can be used to predict electronic transitions, analyze UV-visible spectra, and
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- Their main natural sources are volcanic activity and biological activity in oceans.
- Major human-generated sources are the combustion of fossil fuels like coal and oil.
- The main sulfur oxides are sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. SO2 is the primary emission and can be oxidized to SO3.
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Beryllium (Tara Lay)
Beryllium is a lightweight gray metal that occurs naturally as a component of various minerals. It was first discovered in 1798 by a French chemist who found it present in emeralds and beryl. Beryllium has a high melting point and is used in applications requiring rigidity, stiffness, and heat resistance, such as spacecraft, aircraft, and electronics. It is toxic if inhaled and exposure carries health risks like chronic beryllium disease.
Niobium (Don Willmoth)
Niobium is a shiny grey metal that was first discovered in 1801. It was initially confused with tantalum but was proven to be a separate element in 1844. Niobium is mined primarily from the mineral pyrochlore and is used to strengthen steel and superconducting magnets. Its main applications are in jet engines, MRI machines, eyeglasses, and jewelry due to its hypoallergenic properties. Though not a household name, niobium plays an important but often unseen role in industries like aerospace, medical, and science.
Lithium (Michael Krutzkamp)
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest solid element. It was discovered in 1817 by Johan Arfvedson in Sweden and derives its name from the Greek word "lithos" meaning stone. Lithium has various applications including use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, as a mood-stabilizing drug, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors.
Uranium (Zack Bolog)
Uranium is a silvery-gray radioactive metal that was discovered in 1789. It has major isotopes of U-235 and U-238 and is commonly found in deposits in Australia, Kazakhstan, and Canada. Uranium's main uses are as fuel for nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons due to its radioactive properties during fission.
Manganese (Colleen McKiernan)
Manganese is a gray-white metal that occurs naturally as compounds in minerals. It was discovered in 1774 by Johan Gottlieb Gahn when he heated the mineral pyrolusite. Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential in steel production. It is commonly obtained by heating manganese dioxide with carbon or aluminum. Major uses include steel production, glass decolorization, and manganese oxide in batteries and pigments.
Argon (Chelsea Colon)
This document provides information about an invisible, odorless gas that is found in the atmosphere. It was first identified in Scotland by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. It is a noble gas with a boiling point of 87.30K and melting point of 83.80K. Its main uses are in light bulbs and medical lasers. The gas is argon, with the symbol Ar and part of the noble gases in group 18 of the periodic table.
Zirconium (Haley Post)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 within the mineral zircon. It has several stable and one radioactive isotope. While difficult to isolate pure zirconium due to its chemical similarity to hafnium, the Kroll process is commonly used. Zirconium has many applications including use in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to neutron absorption, as an alloy for steel, and in gemstones like cubic zirconia.
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Argon (Samantha Holtgrefe)
- 1. Argon Element Project By: Samantha Holtgrefe
- 2. Properties of Argon Noble Gas ( most Noble Gas on Earth) Element # 18 Melting Point : -189.35 degrees Celsius Boiling Point: -185.85 degrees Celsius Gas at room temperature, colorless Found in small amounts of air, and Earths atmosphere Density: 1.784 g/L Argon costs between $2.80 to $4.80 per liter.
- 3. Uses of Argon • Fills light bulbs to protect the filament • Forms inert atmosphere that is good for many forms of welding • Extinguishes fires without damaging equipment • Used in museums to protect and preserve old documents and materials • Argon lasers are used in surgery to weld arteries, destroy tumors, or correct eye defects. • Used in fluorescent tubes, usually emits a blue light
- 4. Argon was discovered in 1894 by Sir William Ramsay a Scottish chemist (above), and Lord Rayleigh an English chemist. It was the first of the noble gases to be isolated. •Makes up 0.93% of the Earths atmosphere. •Argon is obtained from the air as a byproduct of the production of oxygen and nitrogen.
- 5. • Rayleigh and Ramsay discovered argon by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Fractional distillation is the process of letting liquid air slowly warm up. As the air warms, different elements change from a liquid back to a gas. The portion of air that changes back to a gas at - 185.86oC (-302.55oF ) is argon. • The symbol A was used for argon until the 1950s when chemists agreed to use the two letter symbol Ar for the element. • Argon is derived from the greek word inactive, argos. This is because it undergoes almost no chemical reaction
- 6. • Three isotopes of argon exist naturally. They are argon-36, argon-38, and argon-40 • Six radioactive isotopes of argon are known also.
- 7. Bibliography • http://www.atomic- elements.info/argon_data.html • http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ ele018.html/ • http://www.chemicool.com/element/arg on.html