1) HIV/AIDS requires protection in the workplace to safeguard both employees and employers from infection. 2) Individuals with HIV/AIDS need a supportive environment and proper facilities at work to boost their confidence and sense of security. 3) Guidelines from the ILO can help manage and protect the workplace for HIV-positive individuals while maintaining harmony and safety.

1. FARAH FADZLIA JAMALUDIN
MATAHATI MAHBOL
UNGKU AMINAH UNGKU ZAKARIA

4. The protection is the major
needed in the workplace for
Statistic
protect employee and employers
from the infection.
HIV/AIDS
Individuals whose inspect with
the HIV/AIDS need the suitable
environment and proper
facilities to build their
confidence and level of secure
towards surroundings.

6. A specific type of white blood cell that plays a large role in helping
your body fight disease.

7. The virus that causes AIDS. the virus is acquired
through sexual activity, sharing of infected needles
and cutting instruments, contaminated blood supplies
and mother-to-fetus/infant transmission. The virus
remains in the body for 5 to 10 years or more AIDS
appear. The virus is detected in the bloodstream
through ELISA test.

8. The late stage of HIV disease. AIDS involves the loss of
function of the human immune system as CD4 cells are
infected and destroyed, allowing the body to succumb to
opportunistic in function that are generally not pathogenic
in people with infact immune system.

10. Sex
Pregnancy
Sharing Blood
Needles Transfusion

11. Infected if you have The virus can entering body
vaginal, anal or oral sex with through mouth sores or small
an infected partner whose tears that sometimes develop
blood, semen or vaginal in the rectum or vagina
secretions enter your body. during sexual activity.

12. Virus can be
transmitted
through blood
transfusions.

13. • HIV can be transmitted through needles and
syringes contaminated with infected blood.
• Sharing intravenous drug paraphernalia puts
individual at high risk of HIV and other
infectious diseases such as hepatitis.

14. If women receive
Infected mothers can
treatment for HIV
infect their babies
infection during
during pregnancy or
pregnancy, the risk
delivery, or through
to their babies is
breast-feeding.
significantly reduced

19. The social and economic impact of the disease is
intensified by the fact that AIDS kills primarily young and
middle-aged adults during their peak productive and
reproductive years.
As concern government, Malaysia has
provided various methods in helping
While assessing the economic impact the HIV/AIDS’s individuals.
of AIDS is very difficult, studies * Provides the program about the
suggest that some of the hardest-hit dangerous of drug.
countries may forfeit 2% or more of
* Gives fully support to non-
GDP growth per year as a result of the
government organization (NGO) for
epidemic.
advocate awareness of drug
* Enforce the law to protect
individuals.

20. A company’s
Helped control the
Companies involvement in
spread of disease
form one part community
has been
of that HIV/AIDS
conspicuous
environment. prevention has
leadership, which
been found to
entails willingness
increase its
by societal leaders
profile and public
to speak out on
respect.
HIV/AIDS
prevention care
and frankly.

21. Workers also Unions and other workers’
have a representatives can assure
central role that HIV/AIDS prevention and
to play in care are part of discussions
community and negotiations with
prevention. companies.
employee needs to gain the knowledge, and also
avoid in nearing the place that brought them to
the drug and HIV infections..

22. Resident have to
Society has
provide many
different
activities that able to
perception when
make people gather
HIV/AIDS issues
and taking care for
are raised up.
each others.
Should avoid “NOT
KNOWING” attitude
but aware and
response towards
their environment.
Society should Play roles to accept
not neglect the and give supportive
right of the morale towards
person had been former drug addicts
infected by to heal from the
HIV/AIDS. drug and feel
accepted within the
society.

24. Universal Declaration of Human Rights in
1948 - The rights to live, to dignity, to
work, to non-discrimination, and to
education, are some of the examples that
could enable a person to make choices that
would – in his or her own wa ymake life
meaningful and
rewarding, physically, mentally, and
emotionally.
UNAIDS, “The risk of HIV infection and its
impact feeds on violations of human
rights, including discrimination against
women and marginalized groups such as sex
workers, people who inject drugs, and men
who have sex with men. HIV also frequently
begets human rights violations such as
further discrimination and violence.”

26. Most countries utilized existing public health laws and
regulations to address HIV/AIDS.
In 2001, the ILO released a Code of
Practice on HIV/AIDS in the workplace
Recommendation CONCE RNING HIV and
AID S and the world of work, 2010 (No.
200), in particular UNAIDS, to tap into
the immense contribution that the world
of work can make to ensuring universal
access to prevention, treatment, care and
support.
In 2001 Ministry of Human Resources
has develop e a Code of Practice on
Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS
at the Workplace to guide employers
and employees on ways to promote a
non-discriminatory work environment
and manage HIV cases in the workplace

28. Careful
Provision of
handling and Ensuring that
Reporting of any post-exposure
disposal of adequate
incidents of prophylactics
sharps such as supplies are
exposure; (PEP packs) for
needles or available; clinical and
other sharp
laboratory staff.
objects;
Ensuring that
Use of protective referral hospitals
barriers such as for blood
Use of single-use Hand washing
gloves, gowns transfusions have
or auto-disable before and after
and masks for processes to
syringes in accidents/proced
direct contact ensure safe
clinics; ures;
with blood or blood
other body fluids; supplies, such as
blood banks; and

31. She brought suit under Title
III of the Americans with
Dr. Bragdon examined her in
Disabilities Act of 1990, This case in which
his dental office, but refused
which prohibits private the Supreme Court of the
Abbott HIV positive when to fill her cavity in his dental
providers of public United States held that
seeking dental treatment office, although he indicated
accommodations (such as a reproduction does qualify as a
from Randon Bragdon (Dentist that he would fill her cavity in
private dentist) from major life activity according to
in Maine.) only a hospital and that she
discriminating against the Americans with
would be required to bear
otherwise qualified Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).
additional hospital expenses.
individuals with disabilities on
the basis of their disabilities.

32. Sidney Abbott, after disclosing on a form that she was
'asymptomatic' HIV positive, was refused service from
her dentist, Randon Bragdon, to fill a cavity.
Abbott argued that HIV created a
Bragdon submitted that he would agree to fill the cavity if he could perform the
“substantial limitation” to life
work in a hospital setting, but that Abbott would have to pay for the expense of
activities, specifically, reproductive
being admitted and using the facility.
ability.
Bragdon, the defendant, retorted that
HIV posed a “direct threat” to his
The case was appealed through the health and safety, but that he was
Abbott sued Bragdon on grounds of
court system and eventually was willing to work on Abbott should he
discrimination, citing the Americans
agreed to be heard by the Supreme be able to take “extra precautions” in
with Disabilities Act of 1990.
Court. a hospital setting. Federal trial
courts, as well as appellate courts
ruled in favor of Abbott.

33. • The major issues that were heard and decided upon by the Supreme Court included:
whether HIV is a disability and reproduction a major life activity under the ADA.
Accordingly, can a physician refuse or alter care of a patient with HIV without violating
Issues portions of the ADA?
• The court ruled that reproduction does qualify as a major life activity under the ADA, and
that even asymptomatic HIV would qualify Abbott to claim protection from the act. The
Court held that the ADA does not force care-givers to treat those who pose a direct
threat and that health care professionals cannot be granted deference to their views when
Decision serving as a defendant in discrimination cases. The decision does not grant blanket
protection under the ADA to all persons with HIV.
• The Court utilized the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which aimed to eliminate
discrimination towards people with disabilities in the workplace, public areas and by
government entities.
• In order to receive protection from the ADA, Abbott was required to show that she had an
Reason impairment, and that it substantially limited a major life activity, on which the Court sided
with her claim.

35. Flowers worked primarily as a medical assistant for Dr. James Osterberger
Flowers was employed by Defendant-Appellant Southern Regional Physician Services, Inc. (“Southern Regional”)
from September 1, 1993 to November 13, 1995.
Flowers was terminated from Southern Regional in November 1995.
In early March 1995, Margaret Hallmark, Flowers's immediate supervisor, discovered that Flowers was infected
with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (“HIV”).
Flowers claimed both that she was terminated because of her disability and also that she was subjected to
“harassing conduct” designed to “force [her] from her position or cast her in a false 12101-12213 (1995).
After receiving the requisite Right to Sue Letter from the EEOC, Flowers filed suit in federal court asserting a
violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ On October 6, 1996, Flowers filed a charge
of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), alleging that Southern Regional
had engaged in unlawful discrimination because of Flowers's status as a disabled person.

36. The plaintiff's employers
became cold and distant
toward the plaintiff;
Flowers was subjected to
The plaintiff was required
disability-based
to take an unprecedented
harassment that created a
number of drug test
hostile work environment.
The plaintiff was written
Flowers's disability was up and disciplined an
ISSUES
not a motivating factor in unprecedented number of
southern regional's times and brought into
decision to terminate her meetings under false
employment, pretenses, in which she
was verbally abused

37. Decision
The court held that there was no evidence of injury such that the
plaintiff could recover more than nominal damages. However, the
court stated that its holding was specific to the plaintiff’s inability
to demonstrate that she had suffered any injury. In doing so, it
maintained that damages could be appropriate in a similar
case, stating “daily harassment towards an HIV-positive individual
such as [the plaintiff] may not only affect that individual
emotionally, but may also cause a decline in the health of that
individual, resulting in particularized physical consequence.”

39. Bashah binti mustaffa
Teacher of the quran
Found infected with HIV due to undergo a blood transfusion from hospital jitra.
Lose income.
Claimed damages amounting to RM3.25 million
The court ordered the jitra hospital pay damages of RM450,000.00 to her.
Granted general damages , (costs, benefits and pain, trauma and suffering to borne
bashah)

41. The lack of dissemination of information
Precautions
Research to reduce stigma and discrimination
against HIV patients.
The “prostar” which aims to increase knowledge of
young people about hiv.
Action
Established reproductive health
Special program for young
services and youth-friendly
school leavers and young
sexual based on confidentiality
workers and peer education and trust

43. HIV/AIDS is the one of the major
disease that need the protection and Statistic was shown that male
secure environment for the getting the higher percentage death
employee and employers at the cause of the HIV/AIDS.
workplace.
Individuals who
have HIV/AIDS and working as. All parties involved should
Employee in any cooperate with one another to
organization MUST know the enable individuals who
rights that can protect have HIV good daily life and protect
itself during operation of the themselves from the disease.
service.
Guidance from the international
Labour Organization (ILO) regarding
managing and protecting the
workplace could be under
consideration to maintain
harmonize and safety while doing
the jobs.