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History of Human Computer Interaction
This document provides a brief history of human-computer interaction (HCI) from the 1940s to present day. It describes early computers like ENIAC that were programmed with switches and performed batch processing. The development of programming languages, command line interfaces, and the graphical user interface (GUI) increased usability. Pioneers like Ivan Sutherland, Douglas Engelbart, and PARC researchers developed foundational concepts like windows, the mouse, and hypertext. The commercial success of the Apple II and VisiCalc spreadsheet demonstrated the potential of personal computing. Modern interfaces in products from Microsoft and advances in augmented and virtual reality show the ongoing evolution of HCI.
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History of Human Computer Interaction
- 1. History of CHI Leuven,11 March 2013 Erik Duval http://erikduval.wordpress.com @ErikDuval 1
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- 4. interaction design history in ateeny little nutshell version 1.5 marc rettig marcrettig.com presented at carnegie mellon university 2 april 2004 mrettig@well.com HUGEthanks to... http://www.slideshare.net/mrettig/interaction-design-history
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- 6. wiring the ENIACwith a new program ENIAC 1946 Mauchly and Eckert stats: 3,000 cubic feet 30 tons 18,000 vacuum tubes 70,000 resistors 170 kilowatt power req. ~1 kilobit memory approximate processing power of today’s singing birthday card but not a stored-program device Great description here: www.computinghistorymuseum.org/teaching/lectures/pptlectures/7b-eniac.ppt
- 7. front panel switches DECPDP-8 TI 980 1960’s The internal architecture of the machine is exposed in the controls. You can see that the PDP-8 is an octal computer, with its switches in three-bit configurations (it takes three bits to count from 0 to 7, for a total of 8 numbers. Base 8. Octal. Get it?). The TI 980 is a hexadecimal machine, with switches in groups of four. Using the switches, you program the machine one word at a time (a word being, say, two hexadecimal bytes for the TI).
- 8. configure switches, runbatch, output to tape
- 9. batch processing: feedit cards, wait while it runs What you used to do punch a deck of cards; take the cards to a little window, hand them to the operator; she puts them in line with everyone else’s jobs; when it’s your turn she puts your cards in the hopper and pushes “RUN”; your program works or it doesn’t; an hour or twelve later, you pick up your cards and (hopefully) printout at the same little window. What you do now double-click an icon, see what happens immediately.
- 10. preparing punch cards Animportant by-product: confetti. All the chaff from all those cards was just great to throw around the dorm.
- 11. preparing punch cards Eachkey press punches holes, so there’s no “erase.” Fixing a mistake almost always required ejecting the card and starting it over. In a pinch – say you really needed to fix a card and the punch was down – a clever operator might know enough about the card encoding to close some holes with tape and open others with a knife. So on the one hand, we were adapting to the machines. On the other hand, the workings of the machines were exposed, right out where we could get to them.
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- 14. operator console IBM System360 1960’s
- 15. at home, it’sstill the switches – but what to do with it? MITS Altair 8800 1975 One of the first commercially available home computers. You ordered it. You built it. You operated it through front panel switches.
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- 21. WIMP • Windows Icons Menus, and Pointingdevices • Characteristics • intuitive • consistent • forgiving • protective • But not necessarily best for expert! 21
- 22. Ivan Sutherland: Sketchpad(1962)TuringAward1988 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USyoT_Ha_bA22
- 23. D. Engelbart,Augment •Stanford ResearchInstitute •invented interactive computing (mouse, windows, groupware, ...) •team went to Xerox PARC •http://dougengelbart.org/ 23
- 24. D. Engelbart,Augment • demoat 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference • video, microwave transmission, ... • http:// www.dougengelbart.or g/firsts/dougs-1968- demo.html 24
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- 26. “if, in youroffice, you, as an intellectual worker were supplied with a computer display backed up by a computer that was alive for you all day and was instantly responsive to any action you had. How much value could you derive from that?” 26
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- 32. a tool forhome and small business calculations visicalc Dan Bricklin 1979 Finally people had a reason to buy a home computer (specifically, an Apple II): so they could use VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet. THE place to learn about Visicalc: www.bricklin.com/visicalc.htm Download a working version!
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- 34. All 39 pagesof advertising that Apple bought in a 1984 issue of newsweek are available here: http://www.aci.com.pl/mwichary/ computerhistory/ads/macnewsweek
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- 46. 46 The future hasalready arrived. It's just not evenly distributed yet.
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