This document provides a summary of several unethical human and animal experimentation projects throughout history. It describes experiments conducted by the Nazis, Japanese Unit 731, Soviets, Americans and others. Many involved deliberately infecting or injuring prisoners and concentration camp inmates without consent. The goal of many was to study disease progression, test weapons/toxins, or advance racial ideology. Notable projects included Nazi twin and hypothermia experiments, Japanese plague dispersal tests, US syphilis studies and more. Overall, the document outlines some of the worst violations of medical ethics in history.
Nazi human experimentation was a series of controversial medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners by the German Nazi regime in its concentration camps during World War II. Prisoners were coerced into participating: they did not willingly volunteer and there was never informed consent. Typically, the experiments resulted in death, disfigurement or permanent disability
The document provides a history of clinical trials and discusses several important studies that helped establish modern ethics guidelines for human subject research. It describes the unethical medical experiments performed by Nazi doctors on concentration camp prisoners. It then discusses the Nuremberg Code established after World War 2 that set the first comprehensive standards for ethical clinical research. Several controversial US studies from the mid-20th century are also summarized, including the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and experiments that deliberately infected children. This led to increased regulations and standards like the Belmont Report to better protect human research participants.
A standard for the design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analyses, and reporting of clinical trials that provides assurance that the data and reported results are credible and accurate, and that the rights, integrity, and confidentiality of trial subjects are protected.
The Tuskegee syphilis experiment was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African American men who thought they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government
History ethical guide lines to clinical trialAnju Thejkumar
The document summarizes the history of ethical guidelines for clinical trials. It discusses several key documents and events that shaped modern research ethics, including the Nuremberg Code established after World War 2 Nazi experiments, the Declaration of Helsinki, Belmont Report, ICH GCP guidelines, and India's Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research in Human Subjects. Overall it provides an overview of the evolution of clinical trial ethics from the 1940s to 2000 to protect human subjects and ensure scientific integrity.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was a clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to observe the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African American men in Alabama. Over 600 men infected with syphilis were enrolled in the study under the guise of receiving free health care from the U.S. government, but they were never informed they had syphilis and were intentionally denied effective treatment even after penicillin became the standard treatment in 1947. The study was exposed and ended in 1972 due to public outcry over the grossly unethical treatment of human subjects.
This presentation is a brief overview of ICH-GCP guidelines. Although ICH-GCP is a very vast topic, still this presentation will cover almost all the points. The reader will be able to discuss about the roles and responsibilities of various personnel in clinical trials.
The document discusses the principles and issues of ICMR guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. It provides an overview of ICMR's history of developing ethical guidelines since 1980 to protect participants. The document then outlines 12 general ethical principles that research should adhere to, including principles of essentiality, voluntariness, non-exploitation, and minimizing risks and maximizing benefits. It also discusses issues like informed consent processes, assessing risks and benefits, maintaining privacy and confidentiality, and ensuring distributive justice.
Nazi human experimentation was a series of controversial medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners by the German Nazi regime in its concentration camps during World War II. Prisoners were coerced into participating: they did not willingly volunteer and there was never informed consent. Typically, the experiments resulted in death, disfigurement or permanent disability
The document provides a history of clinical trials and discusses several important studies that helped establish modern ethics guidelines for human subject research. It describes the unethical medical experiments performed by Nazi doctors on concentration camp prisoners. It then discusses the Nuremberg Code established after World War 2 that set the first comprehensive standards for ethical clinical research. Several controversial US studies from the mid-20th century are also summarized, including the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and experiments that deliberately infected children. This led to increased regulations and standards like the Belmont Report to better protect human research participants.
A standard for the design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analyses, and reporting of clinical trials that provides assurance that the data and reported results are credible and accurate, and that the rights, integrity, and confidentiality of trial subjects are protected.
The Tuskegee syphilis experiment was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African American men who thought they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government
History ethical guide lines to clinical trialAnju Thejkumar
The document summarizes the history of ethical guidelines for clinical trials. It discusses several key documents and events that shaped modern research ethics, including the Nuremberg Code established after World War 2 Nazi experiments, the Declaration of Helsinki, Belmont Report, ICH GCP guidelines, and India's Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research in Human Subjects. Overall it provides an overview of the evolution of clinical trial ethics from the 1940s to 2000 to protect human subjects and ensure scientific integrity.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was a clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to observe the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African American men in Alabama. Over 600 men infected with syphilis were enrolled in the study under the guise of receiving free health care from the U.S. government, but they were never informed they had syphilis and were intentionally denied effective treatment even after penicillin became the standard treatment in 1947. The study was exposed and ended in 1972 due to public outcry over the grossly unethical treatment of human subjects.
This presentation is a brief overview of ICH-GCP guidelines. Although ICH-GCP is a very vast topic, still this presentation will cover almost all the points. The reader will be able to discuss about the roles and responsibilities of various personnel in clinical trials.
The document discusses the principles and issues of ICMR guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. It provides an overview of ICMR's history of developing ethical guidelines since 1980 to protect participants. The document then outlines 12 general ethical principles that research should adhere to, including principles of essentiality, voluntariness, non-exploitation, and minimizing risks and maximizing benefits. It also discusses issues like informed consent processes, assessing risks and benefits, maintaining privacy and confidentiality, and ensuring distributive justice.
Clinical trials have a long history dating back thousands of years to ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, and India. In the early centuries AD, Hippocrates established the foundations of modern medicine by emphasizing clinical observation and documentation. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, universities and hospitals advanced medicine. The 17th-18th centuries saw important early clinical trials on treatments for scurvy and the development of vital statistics. The 19th century brought large clinical observations and trials establishing germ theory and anesthesia. Major advances in the 20th century included regulations for ethics and informed consent in response to abuses and the growth of pharmaceutical industry-funded drug trials.
Good Clinical Practice By: Swapnil L. patilSwapnil Patil
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) provides quality standards for clinical research to ensure human subjects are protected and study results are reliable. Key responsibilities include Institutional Review Boards overseeing studies, investigators providing medical care and adhering to protocols, and sponsors manufacturing products and monitoring trials. GCP aims to conduct ethical research through informed consent, qualifications of researchers, and quality management systems.
1. The Nuremberg Code established ethical guidelines for human experimentation after Nazi doctors were tried for war crimes for medical experiments without consent. It included requirements for voluntary and informed consent.
2. The Declaration of Helsinki expanded on informed consent and emphasized that subjects' welfare takes precedence over scientific interests.
3. The Belmont Report summarized ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice in research involving human subjects. It addressed informed consent, risk-benefit assessment, and fair subject selection.
Ethical principles for conducting research with human participantsRaghad Abutair
This document discusses ethical principles for conducting research with human participants. It defines ethics, experiments on humans, and unethical human experimentation. It outlines controls and requirements for research, including obtaining consent from participants and oversight of the research process. Examples are given of some of the worst medical experiments in history, including those conducted by Nazi doctors and Unit 731 in Japan during World War II. The document stresses the importance of considering risks and benefits, protecting human dignity, and having proper scientific justification and oversight for any research with human subjects.
Clinical research involves conducting research studies in human volunteers to answer health questions and find new treatments. It typically involves several phases from preclinical testing in animals to clinical trials in human subjects. India is emerging as a global hub for clinical research due to its large patient pools, low costs, and trained professionals. However, there is a large gap between the growing demand for trained clinical research professionals and current supply. Cliniminds aims to address this need by providing a wide range of clinical research training programs and courses.
This document discusses ethics in medical research. It begins by outlining the lesson objectives which are to explain ethics, describe important historical events related to research ethics, list important guidelines, describe informed consent, and describe the role of institutional ethics committees. It then discusses the definition of ethics, important historical incidents like the Nuremberg trials, Thalidomide tragedy, and Tuskegee syphilis experiment. It also describes key documents that outline research ethics guidelines like the Nuremberg Code, Helsinki Declaration, ICH Guidelines, and ICMR Guidelines. It concludes by explaining informed consent and the responsibilities of institutional ethics committees in research.
Clinical trials are research studies that test new medical treatments and drugs on human volunteers. They are important for discovering new treatments and determining what is safe and effective for human use. There are different types of clinical trials including observational studies that monitor participants' health over time without interventions, and interventional studies that test new drugs, therapies or treatments. Clinical trials go through several phases and are tightly regulated to protect participants and ensure scientific validity.
This document discusses clinical trial monitoring. It defines monitoring as overseeing a clinical trial to ensure it follows the protocol, GCP standards, and regulations. The purpose is to protect subject rights and ensure compliance and data quality. Factors like the protocol complexity, site enrollment rate, and performance determine monitoring frequency. Sites are monitored regularly through visits to ensure proper conduct, documentation, and issue resolution. Monitors are trained and qualified by the sponsor to perform monitoring tasks and activities according to a plan.
History,evaluation,principles and players of bioethics its importance why it is prerequisite to follow ,how to resolve a dilemma which arise during a research and to make considerations in such dilemma
The document provides an overview of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training, including:
1. A refresher on the key events that led to the development of GCP guidelines like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki in response to unethical medical experiments and drug issues.
2. An overview of the regulatory framework for clinical trials in Europe and the UK, including EU directives and UK laws that implement GCP principles.
3. A discussion of what guidelines and regulations are applicable for the conduct of clinical trials today, including ICH E6 and EU Clinical Trials and GCP directives.
This document defines key terms related to clinical research and drug development:
- It describes terms such as investigational product, protocol, informed consent, inclusion/exclusion criteria, adverse events, randomization, blinding, case report forms, data monitoring committees, good clinical practice guidelines, investigators, monitors, and institutional review boards.
- It provides concise definitions of these important concepts to clarify roles and procedures in clinical trials and medical research involving human subjects.
The document summarizes the history and principles of research ethics involving human subjects. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Nuremberg Code in 1947 set the first rules for medical experiments on humans. Over time, various declarations and guidelines were established to protect human rights in research, such as the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964. The document outlines the general statement, review procedures, responsibilities, informed consent process, and protections required when conducting research with special groups like children, pregnant women, or vulnerable populations.
Describes in detail definition, purpose, participants and goal of good clinical practices (GCP). Gives history of GCP staring form Nuremberg code in 1948 to implementation of GCP guidance via WHO handbook in 2005. Also describes Nuremberg's code, declaration of Helsinki and Thirteen principles of GCP.
Icmr ethical guidelines for biomedical research on human subjectSuraj Pamadi
This document outlines ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects presented by Suraj P.S. It discusses the ICMR Code established in 1949 and covers several topics including general principles of biomedical research, informed consent, composition and responsibilities of ethics committees, training requirements, and the review process. The key principles are that research must be directed to increasing knowledge, conducted in a way that respects human dignity, and subjected to evaluation at all stages.
Clinical trials have a long history dating back to Avicenna in the 11th century who established principles for testing drug effectiveness. Modern clinical trials involve extensive pre-clinical testing followed by 4 phases of human trials. Phase I trials in healthy volunteers establish safety. Phase II trials in patients provide preliminary efficacy and safety data. Phase III trials involve thousands of patients to confirm efficacy and monitor side effects. Phase IV occurs after approval to further monitor long-term safety. Randomization, blinding, and use of control groups aim to reduce bias in trial design and interpretation of results.
Essential Documents of Clinical Trials_2heba rashed
Essential documents for clinical trials include documents that demonstrate compliance with good clinical practice standards and regulations. These documents are grouped into three sections: before, during, and after the clinical trial. Key documents include the protocol, patient consent forms, safety reports, data records, and archival documents that must be retained for 15 years. Maintaining organized essential document files is important for evaluating trial conduct and data quality.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of ethics committees (ECs) or institutional review boards (IRBs). It states that ECs are independent bodies composed of medical, scientific, and non-scientific members who ensure the protection of human subjects in clinical trials. Their key responsibilities include reviewing and approving study protocols and informed consent documents. The document outlines that ECs should have a diverse membership including specialists in different areas like science, medicine, ethics, law, and lay persons. It explains the perspectives and expertise that different member types, such as basic scientists, legal experts, and social workers, provide to the EC. Finally, it states that the primary purpose of EC/IRB review is to assure the protection of subjects' rights
Classification of anomalies of development of human bodyALAUF JALALUDEEN
This document discusses the classification of anomalies of human development. There are four broad categories: malformations, deformations, disruptions, and dysplasias. Malformations occur during structure formation and may involve absence or alterations of structures. They are caused by chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, or teratogenic exposures during development. Deformations result from mechanical forces that mold tissues over time and often involve the musculoskeletal system. Disruptions alter already formed structures through destructive processes like vascular issues, compression, or tearing. Dysplasias refer to abnormalities in development or growth of epithelial tissues.
differential diagnosis of appendicitis vs haematocolposALAUF JALALUDEEN
1) Acute appendicitis and haematocolpos can have similar symptoms like abdominal pain, but have different causes - appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix while haematocolpos is a congenital condition where the hymen does not allow menstrual blood to exit the vagina.
2) The key differences are that appendicitis usually occurs in children and causes localized pain in the lower right abdomen, while haematocolpos occurs after menarche and causes cyclic abdominal pain.
3) A rectal exam can reveal an imperforate hymen bulging in the abdomen in haematocolpos, while signs of peritonitis are found in appendicitis.
Clinical trials have a long history dating back thousands of years to ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, and India. In the early centuries AD, Hippocrates established the foundations of modern medicine by emphasizing clinical observation and documentation. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, universities and hospitals advanced medicine. The 17th-18th centuries saw important early clinical trials on treatments for scurvy and the development of vital statistics. The 19th century brought large clinical observations and trials establishing germ theory and anesthesia. Major advances in the 20th century included regulations for ethics and informed consent in response to abuses and the growth of pharmaceutical industry-funded drug trials.
Good Clinical Practice By: Swapnil L. patilSwapnil Patil
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) provides quality standards for clinical research to ensure human subjects are protected and study results are reliable. Key responsibilities include Institutional Review Boards overseeing studies, investigators providing medical care and adhering to protocols, and sponsors manufacturing products and monitoring trials. GCP aims to conduct ethical research through informed consent, qualifications of researchers, and quality management systems.
1. The Nuremberg Code established ethical guidelines for human experimentation after Nazi doctors were tried for war crimes for medical experiments without consent. It included requirements for voluntary and informed consent.
2. The Declaration of Helsinki expanded on informed consent and emphasized that subjects' welfare takes precedence over scientific interests.
3. The Belmont Report summarized ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice in research involving human subjects. It addressed informed consent, risk-benefit assessment, and fair subject selection.
Ethical principles for conducting research with human participantsRaghad Abutair
This document discusses ethical principles for conducting research with human participants. It defines ethics, experiments on humans, and unethical human experimentation. It outlines controls and requirements for research, including obtaining consent from participants and oversight of the research process. Examples are given of some of the worst medical experiments in history, including those conducted by Nazi doctors and Unit 731 in Japan during World War II. The document stresses the importance of considering risks and benefits, protecting human dignity, and having proper scientific justification and oversight for any research with human subjects.
Clinical research involves conducting research studies in human volunteers to answer health questions and find new treatments. It typically involves several phases from preclinical testing in animals to clinical trials in human subjects. India is emerging as a global hub for clinical research due to its large patient pools, low costs, and trained professionals. However, there is a large gap between the growing demand for trained clinical research professionals and current supply. Cliniminds aims to address this need by providing a wide range of clinical research training programs and courses.
This document discusses ethics in medical research. It begins by outlining the lesson objectives which are to explain ethics, describe important historical events related to research ethics, list important guidelines, describe informed consent, and describe the role of institutional ethics committees. It then discusses the definition of ethics, important historical incidents like the Nuremberg trials, Thalidomide tragedy, and Tuskegee syphilis experiment. It also describes key documents that outline research ethics guidelines like the Nuremberg Code, Helsinki Declaration, ICH Guidelines, and ICMR Guidelines. It concludes by explaining informed consent and the responsibilities of institutional ethics committees in research.
Clinical trials are research studies that test new medical treatments and drugs on human volunteers. They are important for discovering new treatments and determining what is safe and effective for human use. There are different types of clinical trials including observational studies that monitor participants' health over time without interventions, and interventional studies that test new drugs, therapies or treatments. Clinical trials go through several phases and are tightly regulated to protect participants and ensure scientific validity.
This document discusses clinical trial monitoring. It defines monitoring as overseeing a clinical trial to ensure it follows the protocol, GCP standards, and regulations. The purpose is to protect subject rights and ensure compliance and data quality. Factors like the protocol complexity, site enrollment rate, and performance determine monitoring frequency. Sites are monitored regularly through visits to ensure proper conduct, documentation, and issue resolution. Monitors are trained and qualified by the sponsor to perform monitoring tasks and activities according to a plan.
History,evaluation,principles and players of bioethics its importance why it is prerequisite to follow ,how to resolve a dilemma which arise during a research and to make considerations in such dilemma
The document provides an overview of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training, including:
1. A refresher on the key events that led to the development of GCP guidelines like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki in response to unethical medical experiments and drug issues.
2. An overview of the regulatory framework for clinical trials in Europe and the UK, including EU directives and UK laws that implement GCP principles.
3. A discussion of what guidelines and regulations are applicable for the conduct of clinical trials today, including ICH E6 and EU Clinical Trials and GCP directives.
This document defines key terms related to clinical research and drug development:
- It describes terms such as investigational product, protocol, informed consent, inclusion/exclusion criteria, adverse events, randomization, blinding, case report forms, data monitoring committees, good clinical practice guidelines, investigators, monitors, and institutional review boards.
- It provides concise definitions of these important concepts to clarify roles and procedures in clinical trials and medical research involving human subjects.
The document summarizes the history and principles of research ethics involving human subjects. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Nuremberg Code in 1947 set the first rules for medical experiments on humans. Over time, various declarations and guidelines were established to protect human rights in research, such as the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964. The document outlines the general statement, review procedures, responsibilities, informed consent process, and protections required when conducting research with special groups like children, pregnant women, or vulnerable populations.
Describes in detail definition, purpose, participants and goal of good clinical practices (GCP). Gives history of GCP staring form Nuremberg code in 1948 to implementation of GCP guidance via WHO handbook in 2005. Also describes Nuremberg's code, declaration of Helsinki and Thirteen principles of GCP.
Icmr ethical guidelines for biomedical research on human subjectSuraj Pamadi
This document outlines ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects presented by Suraj P.S. It discusses the ICMR Code established in 1949 and covers several topics including general principles of biomedical research, informed consent, composition and responsibilities of ethics committees, training requirements, and the review process. The key principles are that research must be directed to increasing knowledge, conducted in a way that respects human dignity, and subjected to evaluation at all stages.
Clinical trials have a long history dating back to Avicenna in the 11th century who established principles for testing drug effectiveness. Modern clinical trials involve extensive pre-clinical testing followed by 4 phases of human trials. Phase I trials in healthy volunteers establish safety. Phase II trials in patients provide preliminary efficacy and safety data. Phase III trials involve thousands of patients to confirm efficacy and monitor side effects. Phase IV occurs after approval to further monitor long-term safety. Randomization, blinding, and use of control groups aim to reduce bias in trial design and interpretation of results.
Essential Documents of Clinical Trials_2heba rashed
Essential documents for clinical trials include documents that demonstrate compliance with good clinical practice standards and regulations. These documents are grouped into three sections: before, during, and after the clinical trial. Key documents include the protocol, patient consent forms, safety reports, data records, and archival documents that must be retained for 15 years. Maintaining organized essential document files is important for evaluating trial conduct and data quality.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of ethics committees (ECs) or institutional review boards (IRBs). It states that ECs are independent bodies composed of medical, scientific, and non-scientific members who ensure the protection of human subjects in clinical trials. Their key responsibilities include reviewing and approving study protocols and informed consent documents. The document outlines that ECs should have a diverse membership including specialists in different areas like science, medicine, ethics, law, and lay persons. It explains the perspectives and expertise that different member types, such as basic scientists, legal experts, and social workers, provide to the EC. Finally, it states that the primary purpose of EC/IRB review is to assure the protection of subjects' rights
Classification of anomalies of development of human bodyALAUF JALALUDEEN
This document discusses the classification of anomalies of human development. There are four broad categories: malformations, deformations, disruptions, and dysplasias. Malformations occur during structure formation and may involve absence or alterations of structures. They are caused by chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, or teratogenic exposures during development. Deformations result from mechanical forces that mold tissues over time and often involve the musculoskeletal system. Disruptions alter already formed structures through destructive processes like vascular issues, compression, or tearing. Dysplasias refer to abnormalities in development or growth of epithelial tissues.
differential diagnosis of appendicitis vs haematocolposALAUF JALALUDEEN
1) Acute appendicitis and haematocolpos can have similar symptoms like abdominal pain, but have different causes - appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix while haematocolpos is a congenital condition where the hymen does not allow menstrual blood to exit the vagina.
2) The key differences are that appendicitis usually occurs in children and causes localized pain in the lower right abdomen, while haematocolpos occurs after menarche and causes cyclic abdominal pain.
3) A rectal exam can reveal an imperforate hymen bulging in the abdomen in haematocolpos, while signs of peritonitis are found in appendicitis.
The document discusses various types of anemia classified based on pathophysiology and morphology. It defines anemia and provides the normal hemoglobin levels. It describes deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, folic acid and their effects on red blood cell formation leading to anemia. Pernicious anemia results from lack of intrinsic factor causing impaired vitamin B12 absorption. Aplastic anemia is defined as pancytopenia from bone marrow failure and stem cell deficiency. The causes, clinical features and morphology of different anemias are explained.
This document discusses examinations for endocrine disorders. It describes different types of endocrine disorders based on hormone levels and tests to dynamically suppress or stimulate hormones. Various examination methods are outlined, including laboratory tests to measure hormone levels and functional tests like stimulatory and inhibitory tests. Imaging methods like ultrasonography, CT, MRI, and scintigraphy are described for localizing endocrine tumors or complications. Specific tests are detailed for evaluating pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal function.
Nordic walking is a form of physical activity that involves walking with specially designed poles to actively engage the upper body. It originated in Finland in the 1930s as a way for cross-country skiers to train in the summer. Nordic walking provides a full body workout that improves cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, balance, flexibility, agility, coordination, and prevents injuries. Regular practice of Nordic walking can lead to overall improved physical and mental well-being.
An abdominal CT scan uses x-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the abdomen. During the test, the patient lies still on a table that slides into a scanner, which rotates an x-ray beam around the body. Images are created as "slices" and can be combined to form 3D models. An abdominal CT scan is used to detect various abdominal abnormalities such as masses, tumors, infections, kidney stones, and issues affecting the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas. Abnormal results could indicate cancers, organ problems, appendicitis, aneurysms, or other issues requiring follow-up.
Unethical human experimentation in the United States - WikiNot Relevant
Unethical human experimentation in the United States included deliberately infecting people with diseases, exposing people to biological and chemical weapons, performing surgical experiments without anesthesia, and injecting people with toxic substances. Many of these experiments were performed on children, prisoners, or the mentally ill without their consent. The experiments were often funded by the U.S. government and military and kept secret for many years, leading to public outcry and congressional investigations when revealed.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics. It discusses early expressions like the Hippocratic Oath. Unethical experiments on humans without consent like those by Dr. Neisser and the Little Albert experiment highlighted the need for standards. The atrocious Nazi human experiments led to the Nuremberg Code. The Declaration of Helsinki addressed clinical research. The unethical Tuskegee Syphilis Study resulted in guidelines like the Belmont Report to protect subjects. Over time, various declarations and guidelines like the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights established international standards for ethical research involving human subjects.
This document provides an overview of the history of experiments on animals and humans in medical research. It discusses how various scientists and physicians from ancient times to the present have conducted experiments on living organisms, often causing pain and suffering, to advance human and animal health. Some key figures mentioned include Galen performing vivisections on animals in ancient Rome, Louis Pasteur inducing anthrax in sheep, Ivan Pavlov's experiments conditioning dog responses, and Ambroise Paré conducting early wound treatments on soldiers. The document also outlines ethical guidelines like the Three Rs to minimize animal suffering in modern medical experiments.
Tuskegee Tests
Provides information as to the REASONS why the FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, JUDICIAL COMPLAINTS and CONGRESSIONAL COMPLAINTS Filed by Vogel Denise Newsome are being OBSTRUCTED from being PROSECUTED!
Garretson Resolution Group appears to be FRONTING Firm for United States President Barack Obama and Legal Counsel/Advisor (Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz) which has submitted a SLAPP Complaint to OneWebHosting.com in efforts of PREVENTING the PUBLIC/WORLD from knowing of its and President Barack Obama's ROLE in CONSPIRACIES leveled against Vogel Denise Newsome in EXPOSING the TRUTH behind the 911 DOMESTIC TERRORIST ATTACKS, COLLAPSE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT violations and other crimes of United States Government Officials. Information that United States President Barack Obama, The Garretson Resolution Group, Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz, and United States Congress, etc. do NOT want the PUBLIC/WORLD to see. Information of PUBLIC Interest!
History of Pharmacology (Renaissance to Early Modern Medicine)Yjnuuuhhh
The Renaissance to Early Modern Medicine document discusses developments in medicine between the 14th-17th centuries. Key developments included increased anatomical knowledge through dissection [1], ineffective treatment of diseases like plague and syphilis with magic and desperate attempts [2], and use of herbal remedies and substances like quinine, laudanum, tobacco, and mercury [3]. It also discusses establishment of hospitals for the wealthy and improved surgery survival [3]. Prominent figures from this period discussed include Paracelsus who diagnosed based on nature and used herbal remedies including mercury for syphilis [4], Humphry Davy who discovered chlorine and explored electricity's medical implications [5], William Morton who pioneered surgical
The document summarizes the historical evolution of clinical trial guidelines from ancient times to the present. Some key events include the first recorded clinical trial by King Nebuchadnezzar in 562 BC, James Lind's 1757 controlled trial of treatments for scurvy, the introduction of the placebo concept in the 1800s, the first double-blind randomized controlled trial in 1943 investigating treatment for the common cold, and major milestones in the development of ethical guidelines and regulations for clinical trials over the 20th century including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and establishment of regulatory bodies like the ICMR in India.
This document provides a history of discoveries related to DNA from 1859 to 1950. Some of the key events and discoveries discussed include:
- In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, introducing the theory of evolution by natural selection.
- In 1866, Gregor Mendel discovered the basic principles of genetics by studying inherited traits in pea plants and coined the terms "dominant" and "recessive".
- In 1869, Friedrich Miescher isolated a substance he called "nuclein" from white blood cells, which we now know as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
- In 1900, Mendel's work was rediscovered and his theories gained acceptance, laying the
The Pros And Cons Of Human ExperimentationAmanda Burkett
The document discusses the ethics of human experimentation and provides examples of unethical human experiments from history. It argues that while some knowledge has been gained from human experimentation, much of the data is not ethical to use because it was obtained through cruel experimentation that caused immense suffering, such as the Nazi experiments on concentration camp prisoners and the Tuskegee syphilis study where patients were deliberately not treated. The document concludes that while medical advancements have been made, many human subjects were treated inhumanely and that the suffering of victims should not be ignored.
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, involves using non-human animals for experiments. It is estimated that 50-100 million vertebrate animals are used annually worldwide for research and testing. Animals are used in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, and other facilities for various types of research including basic science, biomedical research, drug testing, toxicology tests, and education. Supporters argue that animal research has contributed to many medical advances, while critics question its ethics and scientific validity. Regulations aim to balance the research needs with ensuring humane treatment of laboratory animals.
Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician who studied people to develop medical ideas and believed illness was caused by imbalances in the body's four humours rather than gods. Galen built on Hippocrates' theories and wrote extensively, though his ideas were disproven over 1000 years later. Vesalius used dissection to prove many of Galen's anatomical theories wrong. Harvey discovered the circulation of blood. Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine. Simpson introduced ether and chloroform for surgery. Pasteur and Koch established germ theory and developed vaccines.
Clinical microbiology and molecular techniquesIndhra Yogaesh
Molecular biology is the science of biomolecules. Even though the term “biomolecules” includes all molecules such as proteins, fatty acids etc, it is refers to nucleic acid these days.
The application of molecular technology in medicine is almost endless, some of the applications of molecular methods are:
1. Classification of organism based on genetic relatedness (genotyping)
2. Identification and confirmation of isolate obtained from culture
3. Early detection of pathogens in clinical specimen
4. Rapid detection of antibiotic resistance
5. Detection of mutations
6. Differentiation of toxigenic from non-toxigenic strains
7. Detection of microorganisms that lose viability during transport, impossible, dangerous and costly
to culture, grow slowly or present in extremely small numbers in clinical specimen
8. Apart from their role in microbiology, these techniques can also be used in identifying
abnormalities in human and forensic medicine.
Human experimentation has a long history dating back to ancient times. Notable events include the unethical human experiments conducted by Nazi Germany during World War II which led to the development of the Nuremberg Code in 1946. The code established standards for human experimentation including requiring voluntary consent. There are ongoing debates around the ethics of experimentation and whether the potential benefits to society through medical advances justify exposing human subjects to risks. Different types of experiments, such as those involving placebos, fetuses, children, prisoners and blind/double-blind designs, each raise additional complex issues around informed consent and protecting vulnerable populations.
1) In 1946-1948, Dr. John C. Cutler conducted a syphilis experiment in Guatemala sponsored by several US and Guatemalan organizations, including the PHS. Over 600 men in prisons and mental hospitals were deliberately infected with syphilis through prostitutes, inoculation, or spinal taps in order to study the disease and effects of penicillin.
2) Unlike the Tuskegee study where men were not treated, in Guatemala subjects were given penicillin after becoming infected, though it is unclear if all received adequate treatment.
3) The study demonstrated connections between research in developing countries and the US, and helped disprove myths that men in Tuskegee were deliberately infected
Black Neon Green Neon Pink Trendy Illustrative Creative Presentation.pdfssuser9c6ef9
Sleep is an important aspect of maintaining the body’s circadian rhythm. Inadequate sleep contributes to heart disease, diabetes,
depression, falls, accidents, impaired cognition, and a poor quality of life. While normal aging changes interfere with the quality of sleep,
other disease conditions and medications used by older adults compromise sleep patterns. A nursing assessment of sleep begins with a
comprehensive assessment of sleep quality and sleep patterns. The nurse may be able to improve the sleep problem immediately with
interventions or work with the health care team to assess the sleep issue in greater depth.
Introduction of Microbiology by Dr. Shujaat Ali (1).pptxhdjjd1
The document provides a history of microbiology, beginning with the discovery of microorganisms in the 1670s using Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's microscope. It discusses early debates around spontaneous generation and the experiments of Francesco Redi, Louis Pasteur, and others proving the theory of biogenesis. Major developments included Robert Koch's postulates identifying specific pathogens, Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease, and Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine. The molecular age saw uses of microbes to study genetics and cellular structure, while Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin launched modern antimicrobials. Current challenges include antibiotic resistance and emerging infectious diseases.
This document discusses the evolution of ethics in research from ancient times to modern day. It covers several important historical cases that shaped research ethics, including the Nazi medical experiments, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, and the Willowbrook Hepatitis studies. It also outlines some key ethical guidelines and codes developed over time, such as the Nuremberg Code, the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Belmont Report. Overall, the document examines how medical ethics and standards for ethical research involving human subjects have developed in response to scandals and abuses.
Many important drugs were discovered by accident through serendipity. AZT, the first drug approved to treat HIV/AIDS, was originally developed in the 1960s as a cancer drug and abandoned until it was found to be effective against HIV in the 1980s. Warfarin was discovered when scientists investigated the unexplained bleeding in cattle grazing on moldy sweet clover hay. Lithium, now used to treat bipolar disorder, was first used in the 19th century for gout but its psychiatric benefits were rediscovered in the 1940s. Cortisone was identified while researchers searched for treatments for Addison's disease and its anti-inflammatory properties helped discover its effectiveness for rheumatoid arthritis. Over 24% of
The Evolution of the Clinical Trials Process – A Brief History LessonPradeep H
The clinical trials process has evolved over centuries as researchers have sought to more rigorously test medical interventions. Some key events include:
1) Early examples from the Bible and 10th century physician Ibn Sina established basic principles like testing on animals first, but trials lacked control groups.
2) In the 18th century, James Lind introduced the use of control groups by comparing scurvy treatments.
3) Randomization was gradually introduced starting in the early 20th century to reduce bias.
4) Post-WWII atrocities led to regulations like the Nuremberg Code to protect human subjects.
5) Government agencies like the FDA were formed to oversee drug development and approval
Animal models are important tools in toxicological and biomedical research. Regulations aim to ensure animal welfare while enabling scientific progress. Key points of regulations include:
- Licensing of research facilities and oversight by ethics committees.
- Focus on replacing, reducing and refining animal use (3Rs principle).
- Standards for humane care and treatment of research animals.
- Requirements vary by country but most have adopted versions of the 3Rs and facility licensing with inspections. Self-regulation is common but some places have more direct legal oversight.
Similar to History of experiments in humans and animals (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
History of experiments in humans and animals
1. HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTS IN
HUMANS AND ANIMALS
Department of bioethics
By,
Al auf Jalaludeen
CRIMEAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER V.I. VERNADSKY
2. HISTORY OF ANIMAL TESTING
• The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of
the Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–
322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) among the first to
perform experiments on living animals. Galen, a physician in 2nd-
century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the
"father of vivisection. Avenzoar, an Arabic physician in 12th-
century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced
animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical
procedures before applying them to human patients.
3.
4. BASIC SCIENCE ADVANCES
• In the 1660s, the physicist Robert Boyle conducted many experiments
with a pump to investigate the effects of rarified air. He listed two
experiments on living animals: "Experiment 40," which tested the ability
of insects to fly under reduced air pressure, and the dramatic
"Experiment 41," which demonstrated the reliance of living creatures on
air for their survival. Boyle conducted numerous trials during which he
placed a large variety of different animals, including birds, mice, eels,
snails and flies, in the vessel of the pump and studied their reactions as
the air was removed.
5. • In the 18th century, Antoine Lavoisier, used a guinea pig in a calorimeter to prove
that respiration was a form of combustion, and Stephen Hales measured blood pressure in
thehorse.
• In the 1780s, Luigi Galvani demonstrated that electricity applied to a dead, dissected, frog's leg
muscle caused it to twitch, which led to an appreciation for the relationship between electricity
and animation.
• In the 1880s, Louis Pasteur convincingly demonstrated the germ theory of medicine by
giving anthrax to sheep. In the 1890s, Ivan Pavlovfamously used dogs to describe classical
conditioning.
• In 1921 Otto Loewi provided the first strong evidence that neuronal communication with target
cells occurred via chemical synapses. He extracted two hearts from frogs and left them beating
in an ionic bath. He stimulated the attached Vagus nerve of the first heart, and observed its
beating slowed. When the second heart was placed in the ionic bath of the first, it also slowed
6. MEDICAL ADVANCES
• In the 1880s and 1890s, Emil von Behring isolated the diphtheria toxin and
demonstrated its effects in guinea pigs. He went on to demonstrate immunity
against diphtheria in animals in 1898 by injecting a mix of toxin and antitoxin.
• In 1921, Frederick Banting tied up the pancreatic ducts of dogs, and discovered
that the isolates of pancreatic secretion could be used to keep dogs with diabetes
alive. He followed up these experiments with chemical isolation of insulin in 1922
with John Macleod
• In the 1940s, Jonas Salk used Rhesus monkey cross-contamination studies to
isolate the three forms of the polio virus that affected hundreds of thousands
yearly.
7. • The non-human primate models of AIDS, using HIV-2, SHIV, and SIV in
macaques, have been used as a complement to ongoing research efforts against
the virus.
• Throughout the 20th century, research that used live animals has led to many
other medical advances and treatments for human diseases, such as: organ
transplant techniques and anti-transplant rejection medications, the heart-lung
machine, antibiotics like penicillin, and whooping cough vaccine.
• Presently, animal experimentation continues to be used in research that aims to
solve medical problems from Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord
injury, and many more conditions in which there is no useful in vitro model
system available.
8. HISTORY OF HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION
• From surgeries without anesthesia to clinical trials performed overseas, the
history of human experimentation is riddled with stomach-turning moments.
• The path to the modern understanding of medicine was paved with the
misfortune of many people subjected to medical testing without their consent.
• Prisoners, soldiers, the poor, and the mentally ill have historically born the
brunt of misguided medical testing. (Among the worst was live dissection
without anesthesia.)
• While these atrocities did not go unpunished, some led to medical discoveries
that saved thousands of lives.
9.
10. STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT
• The Stanford prison experiment was a psychological study of human
responses to captivity and its behavioral effects on both authorities and
inmates in prison. The experiment was conducted in 1971 by a team of
researchers led by psychologist Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University.
Undergraduate volunteers played the roles of both guards and prisoners
living in a mock prison in the basement of the Stanford psychology
building.
11. THE MONSTER STUDY
• The Monster Study was a stuttering experiment on 22 orphan children in Davenport,
Iowa, in 1939 conducted by Wendell Johnson at the University of Iowa. Johnson chose
one of his graduate students, Mary Tudor, to conduct the experiment and he
supervised her research. After placing the children in control and experimental groups,
Tudor gave positive speech therapy to half of the children, praising the fluency of
their speech, and negative speech therapy to the other half, belittling the children for
every speech imperfection and telling them they were stutterers. Many of the normal
speaking orphan children who received negative therapy in the experiment suffered
negative psychological effects and some retained speech problems during the course of
their life.
12. PROJECT 4.1
• Project 4.1 was the designation for a medical study conducted by the United States of
those residents of the Marshall Islands exposed to radioactive fallout from the March
1, 1954 Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, which had an unexpectedly large yield.
For the first decade after the test, the effects were ambiguous and statistically
difficult to correlate to radiation exposure: miscarriages and stillbirths among exposed
Rongelap women doubled in the first five years after the accident, but then returned
to normal; some developmental difficulties and impaired growth appeared in children,
but in no clear-cut pattern. In the decades that followed, though, the effects were
undeniable. Children began to suffer disproportionately from thyroid cancer (due to
exposure to radioiodines), and almost a third of those exposed developed neoplasms by
1974.
13. PROJECT MKULTRA
• Project MKULTRA, or MK-ULTRA, was the code name for a CIA mind-control research
program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence, that began in the early 1950s
and continued at least through the late 1960s. There is much published evidence that
the project involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as well as other
methodologies, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function.
• Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors,
other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general
public in order to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were usually administered
without the subject’s knowledge and informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg
Code that the U.S. agreed to follow after WWII.
14. THE AVERSION PROJECT
• South Africa’s apartheid army forced white lesbian and gay soldiers to undergo ‘sex-
change’ operations in the 1970′s and the 1980′s, and submitted many to chemical
castration, electric shock, and other unethical medical experiments. Although the
exact number is not known, former apartheid army surgeons estimate that as many as
900 forced ‘sexual reassignment’ operations may have been performed between 1971
and 1989 at military hospitals, as part of a top-secret program to root out
homosexuality from the service.
• Army psychiatrists aided by chaplains aggressively ferreted out suspected
homosexuals from the armed forces, sending them discretely to military psychiatric
units, chiefly ward 22 of 1 Military Hospital at Voortrekkerhoogte, near Pretoria.
Those who could not be ‘cured’ with drugs, aversion shock therapy, hormone treatment,
and other radical ‘psychiatric’ means were chemically castrated or given sex-change
operations.
15. NORTH KOREAN EXPERIMENTATION
• There have been many reports of North Korean human experimentation. These
reports show human rights abuses similar to those of Nazi and Japanese human
experimentation in World War II. These allegations of human rights abuses are
denied by the North Korean government, who claim that all prisoners in North
Korea are humanely treated.
• One former North Korean woman prisoner tells how 50 healthy women prisoners
were selected and given poisoned cabbage leaves, which all the women had to eat
despite cries of distress from those who had already eaten. All 50 were dead after
20 minutes of vomiting blood and anal bleeding. Refusing to eat would have meant
reprisals against them and their families.
16. • Kwon Hyok, a former prison Head of Security at Camp 22, described
laboratories equipped respectively for poison gas, suffocation gas and
blood experiments, in which 3 or 4 people, normally a family, are the
experimental subjects. After undergoing medical checks, the chambers
are sealed and poison is injected through a tube, while “scientists”
observe from above through glass. Kwon Hyok claims to have watched
one family of 2 parents, a son and a daughter die from suffocating gas,
with the parents trying to save the children using mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation for as long as they had the strength.
17. POISON LABORATORY OF THE SOVIETS
• The Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, also known as Laboratory 1, Laboratory 12
and “The Chamber”, was a covert poison research and development facility of the Soviet secret
police agencies. The Soviets tested a number of deadly poisons on prisoners from the Gulag
(“enemies of the people”), including mustard gas, ricin, digitoxin and many others. The goal of the
experiments was to find a tasteless, odorless chemical that could not be detected post mortem.
Candidate poisons were given to the victims, with a meal or drink, as “medication”.
• Finally, a preparation with the desired properties called C-2 was developed. According to witness
testimonies, the victim changed physically, became shorter, weakened quickly, became calm and
silent and died within fifteen minutes. Mairanovsky brought to the laboratory people of varied
physical condition and ages in order to have a more complete picture about the action of each
poison.
18. THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY
• The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was a clinical study, conducted between
1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama, in which 399 (plus 201 control group without syphilis) poor — and
mostly illiterate — African American sharecroppers were denied treatment for Syphilis.
• This study became notorious because it was conducted without due care to its subjects, and led to
major changes in how patients are protected in clinical studies. Individuals enrolled in the Tuskegee
Syphilis Study did not give informed consent and were not informed of their diagnosis; instead they
were told they had “bad blood” and could receive free medical treatment, rides to the clinic, meals and
burial insurance in case of death in return for participating. In 1932, when the study started, standard
treatments for syphilis were toxic, dangerous, and of questionable effectiveness. Part of the original
goal of the study was to determine if patients were better off not being treated with these toxic
remedies. For many participants, treatment was intentionally denied. Many patients were lied to and
given placebo treatments—in order to observe the fatal progression of the disease.
19. UNIT 731
• Unit 731 was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the
Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-
Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most
notorious war crimes carried out by Japanese personnel.
• Some of the numerous atrocities committed by the commander Shiro Ishii and others under his
command in Unit 731 include: vivisection of living people (including pregnant women who were
impregnated by the doctors), prisoners had limbs amputated and reattached to other parts of
their body, some prisoners had parts of their bodies frozen and thawed to study the resulting
untreated gangrene. Humans were also used as living test cases for grenades and flame throwers.
Prisoners were injected with strains of diseases, disguised as vaccinations, to study their
effects. To study the effects of untreated venereal diseases, male and female prisoners were
deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea via rape, then studied.
20. NAZI HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION
• Nazi human experimentation was a series of medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners,
mainly Jews (including Jewish children) from across Europe, but also in some
cases Romani, Sinti, ethnic Poles, Soviet POWs and disabled non-Jewish Germans, by Nazi
Germany in its concentration camps mainly in the early 1940s, during World War II and the
Holocaust.
• Prisoners were coerced into participating; they did not willingly volunteer and there was
never informed consent. Typically, the experiments resulted in death, disfigurement or
permanent disability, and as such are considered as examples of medical torture.
• At Auschwitz and other camps, under the direction of Eduard Wirths, selected inmates were
subjected to various hazardous experiments that were designed to help German military
personnel in combat situations, develop new weapons, aid in the recovery of military personnel
who had been injured, and to advance the racial ideology backed by the Third Reich.
21. EXPERIMENTS ON TWINS
• Experiments on twin children in concentration camps were created to show the
similarities and differences in the genetics of twins, as well as to see if the
human body can be unnaturally manipulated. The central leader of the
experiments was Josef Mengele, who from 1943 to 1944 performed
experiments on nearly 1,500 sets of imprisoned twins at Auschwitz. About 200
people survived these studies. The twins were arranged by age and sex and
kept in barracks between experiments, which ranged from injection of
different dyes into the eyes of twins to see whether it would change their
color to sewing twins together in attempts to create conjoined twins.
22. BONE, MUSCLE, AND NERVE TRANSPLANTATION
EXPERIMENTS
• From about September 1942 to about December 1943 experiments were
conducted at the Ravensbrück concentration camp, for the benefit of
the German Armed Forces, to study bone, muscle,
and nerve regeneration, and bone transplantation from one person to
another. Sections of bones, muscles, and nerves were removed from the
subjects without use of anesthesia. As a result of these operations,
many victims suffered intense agony, mutilation, and permanent
disability.
23. HEAD INJURY EXPERIMENTS
• In mid-1942 in Baranowicze, occupied Poland, experiments were conducted in a
small building behind the private home occupied by a known Nazi SD Security
Service officer, in which "a young boy of eleven or twelve [was] strapped to a
chair so he could not move. Above him was a mechanized hammer that every
few seconds came down upon his head." The boy was driven insane from
the torture.
24. FREEZING EXPERIMENTS
• Nazi doctors submerged victims in vats of icy water for periods of up
to five hours in an attempt to find ways to treat German pilots forced to
eject into icy ocean water. The victims were either naked or dressed in
aviator suits and submerged in water. Another study placed prisoners
naked in the open air for several hours with temperatures as low as −6 °C
(21 °F). Besides studying the physical effects of cold exposure, the
experimenters also assessed different methods of rewarming
survivors. "One assistant later testified that some victims were thrown
into boiling water for rewarming."
25. MALARIA EXPERIMENTS
• From about February 1942 to about April 1945, experiments were
conducted at the Dachau concentration camp in order to investigate
immunization for treatment of malaria. Healthy inmates were infected
by mosquitoes or by injections of extracts of the mucous glands of
female mosquitoes. After contracting the disease, the subjects were
treated with various drugs to test their relative efficiency. Over 1,000
people were used in these experiments and more than half died as a
result.
26. IMMUNIZATION EXPERIMENTS
• At the German concentration camps of Sachsenhausen, Dachau,
Natzweiler, Buchenwald, and Neuengamme, scientists tested
immunization compounds and serums for the prevention and treatment of
contagious diseases, including malaria, typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid
fever, yellow fever, and infectious hepatitis.
27. MUSTARD GAS EXPERIMENTS
• At various times between September 1939 and April 1945, many
experiments were conducted at Sachsenhausen, Natzweiler, and other
camps to investigate the most effective treatment of wounds caused
by mustard gas. Test subjects were deliberately exposed to mustard gas
and other vesicants (e.g. Lewisite) which inflicted severe chemical burns.
The victims' wounds were then tested to find the most effective
treatment for the mustard gas burns.
28. SEA WATER EXPERIMENTS
• From about July 1944 to about September 1944, experiments were conducted at the
Dachau concentration camp to study various methods of making sea water drinkable. At
one point, a group of roughly 90 Roma were deprived of food and given nothing but sea
water to drink by Dr. Hans Eppinger, leaving them gravely injured. They were so
dehydrated that others observed them licking freshly mopped floors in an attempt to
get drinkable water. From about July 1944 to about September 1944, experiments
were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp to study various methods of
making sea water drinkable. At one point, a group of roughly 90 Roma were deprived of
food and given nothing but sea water to drink by Dr. Hans Eppinger, leaving them
gravely injured. They were so dehydrated that others observed them licking freshly
mopped floors in an attempt to get drinkable water.
29. EXPERIMENTS WITH POISON
• Somewhere between December 1943 and October 1944, experiments
were conducted at Buchenwald to investigate the effect of various
poisons. The poisons were secretly administered to experimental
subjects in their food. The victims died as a result of the poison or were
killed immediately in order to permit autopsies. In September 1944,
experimental subjects were shot with poisonous bullets, suffered
torture and often died.
30. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
• The notorious Heinrich Himmler himself ordered a Nazi doctor to
artificially inseminate concentration camp prisoners though various
experimental methods. Dr. Carl Clauberg artificially inseminated about
300 women at Auschwitz, who were strapped down and taunted
mercilessly. Clauberg told his victims that he had used animal sperm to
create a monster inside of them.
31. TRANSPLANT EXPERIMENTS
• The Nazis wanted to know if a person’s joints and limbs could be
removed and transplanted into someone else. These cruel experiments
led to scores of concentration camp prisoners having limbs needlessly
amputated. Every attempt to transplant a limb or joint was a failure.
Many were killed, mutilated and exposed to excruciating pain. Sections
of muscle, bone and nerves were also removed in fruitless attempts to
regenerate those body parts.
32. AFTERMATH
• Many of the subjects died as a result of the experiments conducted by
the Nazis, while many others were executed after the tests were
completed to study the effect post mortem. Those who survived were
often left mutilated, suffering permanent disability, weakened bodies,
and mental distress. On 19 August 1947, the doctors captured by Allied
forces were put on trial in USA vs. Karl Brandt et al., which is commonly
known as the Doctors' Trial. At the trial, several of the doctors argued
in their defense that there was no international law regarding medical
experimentation.
33.
34. MODERN ETHICAL ISSUES
• The results of the Dachau freezing experiments have been used in some modern
research into the treatment of hypothermia, with at least 45 publications having
referenced the experiments since the Second World War. This, together with the
recent use of data from Nazi research into the effects of phosgene gas, has proven
controversial and presents an ethical dilemma for modern physicians who do not agree
with the methods used to obtain this data. Some object on an ethical basis, and others
have rejected Nazi research purely on scientific grounds, pointing out methodological
inconsistencies. In an often-cited review of the Dachau hypothermia experiments,
Berger states that the study has "all the ingredients of a scientific fraud" and that
the data "cannot advance science or save human lives."