The document provides historical context on British policies towards the American colonies between 1765-1773 that increased tensions and ultimately led to the American Revolution. It describes laws like the Quartering Act of 1765, which required colonists to house British soldiers, and the Townshend Acts of 1767 that placed new taxes on imports. It also discusses key events that mobilized colonial resistance such as the Boston Massacre of 1770 and the Boston Tea Party of 1773, where colonists boarded British ships and dumped tea into the harbor to protest new tea taxes. Overall, the document outlines the series of measures by the British parliament to raise revenue from the colonies and exert greater control that angered colonists and prompted the growing independence
The document outlines the growing unrest and movement towards revolution in the American colonies between 1764-1770. It describes several Acts passed by Parliament to raise revenue from the colonies through taxes, which angered many colonists and led to organized protests. This included non-importation agreements to boycott British goods. While the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Declaratory Act affirmed Parliament's power to legislate for the colonies. Further taxes in the Townshend Acts renewed protests, though most were later repealed due to their economic impact except for the tax on tea. Escalating tensions over taxation and representation would eventually lead to the American Revolution.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the Revolutionary War between the American colonies and Great Britain from 1763-1783. It outlines imperial actions by Britain that increased taxation of the colonies, such as the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, as well as colonial reactions including boycotts and the Sons of Liberty movement. Major events included the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and the battles of Lexington and Concord which marked the beginning of the armed conflict. The Battle of Saratoga in 1777 was a major turning point that led France to enter the war in support of the Americans.
The document summarizes several key events leading up to the American Revolution from 1754 to 1774. It discusses the French and Indian War and how colonial soldiers gained military experience. It then outlines several Acts passed by the British Parliament that angered the colonists, including the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Acts, which imposed new taxes on the colonies without representation. This led the colonists to organize groups like the Sons of Liberty and hold the Stamp Act Congress and First Continental Congress to debate rights and grievances with the British government.
The document provides details on the key events that led up to the Revolutionary War between the American colonies and Great Britain. It describes how Britain gained territory in North America after the French and Indian War, but this created conflicts over land use with Native Americans. It then outlines the various Acts passed by Britain to tax the colonies, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts, which angered the colonists. This led to protests, boycotts, and confrontations like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. In response, the colonists organized the Continental Congress to unite the colonies against Britain and prepare for war.
Victory in the Seven Years' War left Britain with a large empire in North America but also a large debt, leading the British government to try to shift some of the financial burden to the colonies through new taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts. This exacerbated tensions between the colonies and Britain by reinforcing American political identity and exposing irreconcilable differences over political principles of taxation and representation, laying the groundwork for the American Revolution.
The document summarizes several key events leading up to the American Revolution between 1754-1774:
1) The French and Indian War (1754-1763) removed European rivals from North America and led to new British taxes to pay war debts, straining the relationship between Britain and its colonies.
2) The Sugar Act (1764) and Stamp Act (1765) were the first direct taxes imposed by Britain on the colonies, sparking protests and boycotts by American patriots like James Otis.
3) The Townshend Acts (1767) imposed new taxes on goods imported into the colonies, renewing tensions, while the Boston Massacre (1770) further
The document summarizes the increasing tensions between Britain and its American colonies from 1763 to 1773. It describes how Britain imposed new taxes and laws on the colonies to raise revenue and tighten control after costly wars. The colonies protested taxation without representation through boycotts and acts of resistance like the Boston Tea Party. This led to the growing conflict between British authority and colonial demands for more self-governance and rights.
This document provides a chronological overview of major events in the unofficial history of the United States from 1494 to 1789. It covers early European exploration and colonization of North America, the establishment of the original 13 colonies, key events leading up to the American Revolution, the Revolution itself, the formation of the Articles of Confederation, and the drafting and ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
The document outlines the growing unrest and movement towards revolution in the American colonies between 1764-1770. It describes several Acts passed by Parliament to raise revenue from the colonies through taxes, which angered many colonists and led to organized protests. This included non-importation agreements to boycott British goods. While the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Declaratory Act affirmed Parliament's power to legislate for the colonies. Further taxes in the Townshend Acts renewed protests, though most were later repealed due to their economic impact except for the tax on tea. Escalating tensions over taxation and representation would eventually lead to the American Revolution.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the Revolutionary War between the American colonies and Great Britain from 1763-1783. It outlines imperial actions by Britain that increased taxation of the colonies, such as the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, as well as colonial reactions including boycotts and the Sons of Liberty movement. Major events included the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and the battles of Lexington and Concord which marked the beginning of the armed conflict. The Battle of Saratoga in 1777 was a major turning point that led France to enter the war in support of the Americans.
The document summarizes several key events leading up to the American Revolution from 1754 to 1774. It discusses the French and Indian War and how colonial soldiers gained military experience. It then outlines several Acts passed by the British Parliament that angered the colonists, including the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Acts, which imposed new taxes on the colonies without representation. This led the colonists to organize groups like the Sons of Liberty and hold the Stamp Act Congress and First Continental Congress to debate rights and grievances with the British government.
The document provides details on the key events that led up to the Revolutionary War between the American colonies and Great Britain. It describes how Britain gained territory in North America after the French and Indian War, but this created conflicts over land use with Native Americans. It then outlines the various Acts passed by Britain to tax the colonies, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts, which angered the colonists. This led to protests, boycotts, and confrontations like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. In response, the colonists organized the Continental Congress to unite the colonies against Britain and prepare for war.
Victory in the Seven Years' War left Britain with a large empire in North America but also a large debt, leading the British government to try to shift some of the financial burden to the colonies through new taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts. This exacerbated tensions between the colonies and Britain by reinforcing American political identity and exposing irreconcilable differences over political principles of taxation and representation, laying the groundwork for the American Revolution.
The document summarizes several key events leading up to the American Revolution between 1754-1774:
1) The French and Indian War (1754-1763) removed European rivals from North America and led to new British taxes to pay war debts, straining the relationship between Britain and its colonies.
2) The Sugar Act (1764) and Stamp Act (1765) were the first direct taxes imposed by Britain on the colonies, sparking protests and boycotts by American patriots like James Otis.
3) The Townshend Acts (1767) imposed new taxes on goods imported into the colonies, renewing tensions, while the Boston Massacre (1770) further
The document summarizes the increasing tensions between Britain and its American colonies from 1763 to 1773. It describes how Britain imposed new taxes and laws on the colonies to raise revenue and tighten control after costly wars. The colonies protested taxation without representation through boycotts and acts of resistance like the Boston Tea Party. This led to the growing conflict between British authority and colonial demands for more self-governance and rights.
This document provides a chronological overview of major events in the unofficial history of the United States from 1494 to 1789. It covers early European exploration and colonization of North America, the establishment of the original 13 colonies, key events leading up to the American Revolution, the Revolution itself, the formation of the Articles of Confederation, and the drafting and ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
The document summarizes key events following the American Revolutionary War, including the 1783 Paris Peace Treaty that recognized U.S. independence and established its boundaries. It also discusses the Articles of Confederation, the first governing document of the United States, and its weaknesses that led to calls for a new Constitutional Convention. Social, economic, and political changes in the post-war period are described, such as the growth of abolitionism and new state constitutions.
The document discusses several events that contributed to tensions between the British colonies in America and the British government, leading up to the American Revolution. It describes how the British accumulated large war debts after the French and Indian War and subsequently tried to impose taxes on the colonies to raise revenue. This led to protests by colonists and acts of noncooperation. Key events discussed include the Stamp Act, the Boston Massacre, the Tea Act, and the Intolerable Acts.
Covers major events in colonial politics preceding the War of Independence, including the establishment of Committees of Correspondence, the passage of the Stamp Act of 1765, the organization of the Stamp Act Congress, the repeal of the Stamp Act, and the passage of the Declaratory Act of 1766. Also introduces key figures in the American Revolution, including Patrick Henry, James Otis, Samuel Adams, and the Sons of Liberty.
After the French and Indian War, Britain gained supremacy in North America but faced huge war debts and costs to maintain its large empire. The Proclamation of 1763 angered colonists by restricting settlement west of the Appalachians to stabilize the frontier. New taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts to raise revenue without colonial consent antagonized the colonists and unified them in opposition under slogans like "no taxation without representation." The Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts further inflamed tensions, leading colonies to prepare militarily and the outbreak of fighting at Lexington and Concord in 1775.
The document summarizes key events from 1763-1765 that led to growing tensions between Britain and its American colonies. It describes how Britain accumulated large war debts and attempted to collect revenue from the colonies through new taxes and trade restrictions. This sparked colonial protests and arguments against "taxation without representation." The enactment of the Stamp Act in 1765 led to widespread colonial resistance and unrest, with protests spreading beyond Boston. Ultimately, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 but also passed the Declaratory Act asserting its authority to legislate for the colonies.
Topic 02.Colonization, Towards Revolutionmr.meechin
The document provides an overview of early American colonial history, focusing on differences between the Northern and Southern colonies. It summarizes that the Northern colonies were settled for religious reasons and centered around towns, while the Southern colonies focused on plantation agriculture and spread out along river systems. It also discusses increasing tensions between the British government and colonies in the late 1700s that contributed to the American Revolution.
The document summarizes several acts passed by the British Parliament between 1763 and 1774 that taxed and restricted the American colonies, angering colonists and leading to increased unrest and organization of protests. It describes the Proclamation of 1763 that drew a boundary line to restrict westward expansion, the Sugar Act of 1764 that taxed imports without colonial representation. Further acts like the Stamp Act of 1765 and Townshend Acts of 1767 imposed additional taxes, while the Quartering Acts of 1765 required colonists to house British soldiers. Acts like the Intolerable Acts of 1774 punished the Boston Tea Party, increasing colonial unity in opposition to British policies.
British legislation- No Taxation Without RepresentationWilliamHart95
British passed taxes after the French and Indian War to pay debts, upsetting colonists who were not represented in Parliament. A series of acts imposed taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, leading colonists to protest and acts of resistance like the Boston Tea Party. In response, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts punishing Boston and increasing tensions that pushed the colonies towards revolution.
The origins of the American Revolution can be traced back to the loosening of ties between the British colonies in North America and England in the early 18th century. This was due to Parliament gaining more power over the empire while the King's power diminished. Further strain was placed on colonial ties following the French and Indian War from 1750-1760, after which the British imposed new mercantilist trade policies like the Sugar Act of 1764 and Stamp Act of 1765 to raise revenue from the colonies. These acts antagonized colonists by taxing them without their consent or representation in Parliament, sparking widespread protest and fueling the growing colonial movement for independence.
The document summarizes several key acts passed by the British Parliament in the 1760s and 1770s that angered and united the American colonists in their resistance to British authority. The acts included the Currency Act of 1764, Quartering Act of 1765, Stamp Act of 1765, Townshend Acts of 1767, and the tax retained on tea in 1770. These acts taxed the colonies directly without colonial representation and restricted colonial economic freedom, leading patriots like Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John Dickinson to organize protests and write arguments against Britain's increasing control over the colonies.
The Stamp Act of 1765 imposed a tax on printed materials in the American colonies, leading to protests against "taxation without representation." In 1768, British troops were sent to Boston to enforce unpopular taxation acts, straining tensions. This culminated in the Boston Massacre of 1770, where British soldiers killed American colonists. In response to the Boston Tea Party in 1773, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts in 1774, punishing Massachusetts and further increasing colonial resentment of British rule.
The document summarizes British taxation of the American colonies following the French and Indian War. After taking on massive war debts, the British Parliament passed laws like the Sugar Act of 1764 and Stamp Act of 1765 to tax the colonies. This caused outrage in the colonies, who protested with slogans like "no taxation without representation" since they had no representation in Parliament. The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766 but the Declaratory Act affirmed Parliament's right to tax. Further taxes in the Townshend Acts of 1767 renewed colonial protests and boycotts of British goods.
1) After the French and Indian War, the British imposed taxes on the American colonies through acts like the Sugar Act and Stamp Act to help pay for the costs of maintaining the army in America. However, the colonists protested these taxes, arguing they had no representation in Parliament.
2) In response to growing tensions, groups like the Sons of Liberty formed and encouraged boycotts of British goods. Violent clashes like the Boston Massacre further increased tensions between colonists and British troops.
3) In 1773, the Boston Tea Party took place as colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the Tea Act, angering Britain and leading Parliament to pass the Intolerable Acts punishing Massachusetts
a beautiful presentation on french revolution
will help the needy specially pinegrovians
of class 9 but friends do not copy this, this year 2013 because even i need to submit it . love u
The document summarizes the origins of American government, from the first English settlers who brought ideas of representative democracy and limited monarchy, to the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. The early colonists organized self-governing towns based on English common law. Over time, tensions grew between the colonies and British government over taxation and representation, culminating in the American Revolution. The Articles of Confederation that followed had numerous weaknesses that led to conflicts between states. Recognition of these issues led delegates to convene and draft a new Constitution establishing a stronger central government with separated powers.
Covers the end of the French and Indian War and the events preceding the War of Independence, including the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Pontiac's Uprising, the establishment of writs of assistance, and the passage of the Sugar Act of 1764 and the Quartering Act of 1765.
The document is a passage from a textbook about the growing tensions between the American colonies and Britain in the late 18th century. It discusses several key events:
1) In 1774, the First Continental Congress met to discuss colonial grievances with new British taxes and laws. This united the colonies in opposition to Britain.
2) In April 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the first armed conflicts between colonial minutemen and British soldiers. This marked the unofficial start of the American Revolutionary War.
3) In June 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill saw colonial forces engage British troops on Breed's Hill in a bloody battle that demonstrated the colonists' resolve
Hum1020 1330 the triumph of liberty the enlightenment, modern democracy, an...ProfWillAdams
The document discusses the Enlightenment era and its impact on democratic ideals and the American and French Revolutions. Key ideas of the Enlightenment like rational thinking and challenging authorities influenced calls for representative government and more rights. Taxes imposed by Britain after costly wars, without colonial representation, angered Americans and led to protests. The Boston Massacre further strained relations between Britain and its colonies.
The document summarizes key events that increased tensions between the British colonies in America and Britain in the late 18th century. It describes colonial responses to British actions like the Stamp Act and Intolerable Acts that taxed the colonies without representation. This led colonists to organize boycotts, publish propaganda, and hold the First Continental Congress to defend their rights as English citizens against perceived violations by the British government.
The document outlines 8 factors that contributed to the American Revolution: the French and Indian War, mercantilism, the Stamp Act of 1765, the Sons of Liberty organization, the Boston Tea Party of 1773, the Townshend Acts of 1767/1768, the bullying of colonists by British troops, and the Boston Massacre of 1770. It then provides more detailed explanations of each factor, describing how they imposed taxes on the colonies and sparked growing tensions that led to a revolutionary spirit.
The document provides background information on key events and actions during the American Revolutionary War (1763-1783). It discusses imperial actions by Britain that angered the colonists such as new taxes and acts, as well as colonial rejection of these policies through boycotts and growing revolutionary sentiment. Major battles and events of the war are summarized, including Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Valley Forge, and the eventual American victory at Yorktown, which led to recognition of independence in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
The document summarizes key events following the American Revolutionary War, including the 1783 Paris Peace Treaty that recognized U.S. independence and established its boundaries. It also discusses the Articles of Confederation, the first governing document of the United States, and its weaknesses that led to calls for a new Constitutional Convention. Social, economic, and political changes in the post-war period are described, such as the growth of abolitionism and new state constitutions.
The document discusses several events that contributed to tensions between the British colonies in America and the British government, leading up to the American Revolution. It describes how the British accumulated large war debts after the French and Indian War and subsequently tried to impose taxes on the colonies to raise revenue. This led to protests by colonists and acts of noncooperation. Key events discussed include the Stamp Act, the Boston Massacre, the Tea Act, and the Intolerable Acts.
Covers major events in colonial politics preceding the War of Independence, including the establishment of Committees of Correspondence, the passage of the Stamp Act of 1765, the organization of the Stamp Act Congress, the repeal of the Stamp Act, and the passage of the Declaratory Act of 1766. Also introduces key figures in the American Revolution, including Patrick Henry, James Otis, Samuel Adams, and the Sons of Liberty.
After the French and Indian War, Britain gained supremacy in North America but faced huge war debts and costs to maintain its large empire. The Proclamation of 1763 angered colonists by restricting settlement west of the Appalachians to stabilize the frontier. New taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts to raise revenue without colonial consent antagonized the colonists and unified them in opposition under slogans like "no taxation without representation." The Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts further inflamed tensions, leading colonies to prepare militarily and the outbreak of fighting at Lexington and Concord in 1775.
The document summarizes key events from 1763-1765 that led to growing tensions between Britain and its American colonies. It describes how Britain accumulated large war debts and attempted to collect revenue from the colonies through new taxes and trade restrictions. This sparked colonial protests and arguments against "taxation without representation." The enactment of the Stamp Act in 1765 led to widespread colonial resistance and unrest, with protests spreading beyond Boston. Ultimately, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 but also passed the Declaratory Act asserting its authority to legislate for the colonies.
Topic 02.Colonization, Towards Revolutionmr.meechin
The document provides an overview of early American colonial history, focusing on differences between the Northern and Southern colonies. It summarizes that the Northern colonies were settled for religious reasons and centered around towns, while the Southern colonies focused on plantation agriculture and spread out along river systems. It also discusses increasing tensions between the British government and colonies in the late 1700s that contributed to the American Revolution.
The document summarizes several acts passed by the British Parliament between 1763 and 1774 that taxed and restricted the American colonies, angering colonists and leading to increased unrest and organization of protests. It describes the Proclamation of 1763 that drew a boundary line to restrict westward expansion, the Sugar Act of 1764 that taxed imports without colonial representation. Further acts like the Stamp Act of 1765 and Townshend Acts of 1767 imposed additional taxes, while the Quartering Acts of 1765 required colonists to house British soldiers. Acts like the Intolerable Acts of 1774 punished the Boston Tea Party, increasing colonial unity in opposition to British policies.
British legislation- No Taxation Without RepresentationWilliamHart95
British passed taxes after the French and Indian War to pay debts, upsetting colonists who were not represented in Parliament. A series of acts imposed taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, leading colonists to protest and acts of resistance like the Boston Tea Party. In response, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts punishing Boston and increasing tensions that pushed the colonies towards revolution.
The origins of the American Revolution can be traced back to the loosening of ties between the British colonies in North America and England in the early 18th century. This was due to Parliament gaining more power over the empire while the King's power diminished. Further strain was placed on colonial ties following the French and Indian War from 1750-1760, after which the British imposed new mercantilist trade policies like the Sugar Act of 1764 and Stamp Act of 1765 to raise revenue from the colonies. These acts antagonized colonists by taxing them without their consent or representation in Parliament, sparking widespread protest and fueling the growing colonial movement for independence.
The document summarizes several key acts passed by the British Parliament in the 1760s and 1770s that angered and united the American colonists in their resistance to British authority. The acts included the Currency Act of 1764, Quartering Act of 1765, Stamp Act of 1765, Townshend Acts of 1767, and the tax retained on tea in 1770. These acts taxed the colonies directly without colonial representation and restricted colonial economic freedom, leading patriots like Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John Dickinson to organize protests and write arguments against Britain's increasing control over the colonies.
The Stamp Act of 1765 imposed a tax on printed materials in the American colonies, leading to protests against "taxation without representation." In 1768, British troops were sent to Boston to enforce unpopular taxation acts, straining tensions. This culminated in the Boston Massacre of 1770, where British soldiers killed American colonists. In response to the Boston Tea Party in 1773, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts in 1774, punishing Massachusetts and further increasing colonial resentment of British rule.
The document summarizes British taxation of the American colonies following the French and Indian War. After taking on massive war debts, the British Parliament passed laws like the Sugar Act of 1764 and Stamp Act of 1765 to tax the colonies. This caused outrage in the colonies, who protested with slogans like "no taxation without representation" since they had no representation in Parliament. The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766 but the Declaratory Act affirmed Parliament's right to tax. Further taxes in the Townshend Acts of 1767 renewed colonial protests and boycotts of British goods.
1) After the French and Indian War, the British imposed taxes on the American colonies through acts like the Sugar Act and Stamp Act to help pay for the costs of maintaining the army in America. However, the colonists protested these taxes, arguing they had no representation in Parliament.
2) In response to growing tensions, groups like the Sons of Liberty formed and encouraged boycotts of British goods. Violent clashes like the Boston Massacre further increased tensions between colonists and British troops.
3) In 1773, the Boston Tea Party took place as colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the Tea Act, angering Britain and leading Parliament to pass the Intolerable Acts punishing Massachusetts
a beautiful presentation on french revolution
will help the needy specially pinegrovians
of class 9 but friends do not copy this, this year 2013 because even i need to submit it . love u
The document summarizes the origins of American government, from the first English settlers who brought ideas of representative democracy and limited monarchy, to the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. The early colonists organized self-governing towns based on English common law. Over time, tensions grew between the colonies and British government over taxation and representation, culminating in the American Revolution. The Articles of Confederation that followed had numerous weaknesses that led to conflicts between states. Recognition of these issues led delegates to convene and draft a new Constitution establishing a stronger central government with separated powers.
Covers the end of the French and Indian War and the events preceding the War of Independence, including the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Pontiac's Uprising, the establishment of writs of assistance, and the passage of the Sugar Act of 1764 and the Quartering Act of 1765.
The document is a passage from a textbook about the growing tensions between the American colonies and Britain in the late 18th century. It discusses several key events:
1) In 1774, the First Continental Congress met to discuss colonial grievances with new British taxes and laws. This united the colonies in opposition to Britain.
2) In April 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the first armed conflicts between colonial minutemen and British soldiers. This marked the unofficial start of the American Revolutionary War.
3) In June 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill saw colonial forces engage British troops on Breed's Hill in a bloody battle that demonstrated the colonists' resolve
Hum1020 1330 the triumph of liberty the enlightenment, modern democracy, an...ProfWillAdams
The document discusses the Enlightenment era and its impact on democratic ideals and the American and French Revolutions. Key ideas of the Enlightenment like rational thinking and challenging authorities influenced calls for representative government and more rights. Taxes imposed by Britain after costly wars, without colonial representation, angered Americans and led to protests. The Boston Massacre further strained relations between Britain and its colonies.
The document summarizes key events that increased tensions between the British colonies in America and Britain in the late 18th century. It describes colonial responses to British actions like the Stamp Act and Intolerable Acts that taxed the colonies without representation. This led colonists to organize boycotts, publish propaganda, and hold the First Continental Congress to defend their rights as English citizens against perceived violations by the British government.
The document outlines 8 factors that contributed to the American Revolution: the French and Indian War, mercantilism, the Stamp Act of 1765, the Sons of Liberty organization, the Boston Tea Party of 1773, the Townshend Acts of 1767/1768, the bullying of colonists by British troops, and the Boston Massacre of 1770. It then provides more detailed explanations of each factor, describing how they imposed taxes on the colonies and sparked growing tensions that led to a revolutionary spirit.
The document provides background information on key events and actions during the American Revolutionary War (1763-1783). It discusses imperial actions by Britain that angered the colonists such as new taxes and acts, as well as colonial rejection of these policies through boycotts and growing revolutionary sentiment. Major battles and events of the war are summarized, including Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Valley Forge, and the eventual American victory at Yorktown, which led to recognition of independence in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
The document summarizes the increasing strain between Britain and its American colonies from the 1750s through the outbreak of the Revolutionary War in 1775. It discusses several key events that contributed to colonial discontent, including new taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts enacted without colonial consent. The colonists protested through boycotts and acts of defiance. The Boston Tea Party in 1773 led Britain to pass the Intolerable Acts, further angering colonists and leading the First Continental Congress to endorse colonial grievances and prepare militarily. Armed conflict began with the battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775.
The British government passed several laws in the 1760s and 1770s that taxed and restricted the American colonies without colonial representation in Parliament, angering the colonists and leading to increased protests. The passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774, which punished Boston for the Tea Party, caused the colonies to unite in their opposition to British rule. The colonies agreed to meet and discuss solutions, setting the stage for the First Continental Congress and the move towards independence.
This document provides a timeline of key events leading up to the American Revolution from both British and American perspectives between 1735-1776. It summarizes key actions taken by the British parliament that angered the colonists, such as new taxes and laws restricting colonial trade. It also outlines the colonial responses, including non-violent protests like boycotts and petitions, as well as significant events like the Boston Tea Party and battles at Lexington and Concord that marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War. The document establishes the growing tension between the colonies desiring more freedom and self-governance, and the British enforcing tighter control, ultimately leading the colonies to declare independence.
Path to Revolution: American Revolutionmrcaseysclass
This document provides a timeline of key events leading up to the American Revolution from both British and American perspectives between 1735-1776. It summarizes key actions taken by the British parliament that angered the colonists, such as new taxes and laws restricting colonial trade. It also outlines the colonial response, including nonviolent protests like boycotts and petitions, as well as significant events like the Boston Tea Party and battles at Lexington and Concord that marked the beginning of the revolutionary war. The document establishes the growing unity of the colonies in their desire for independence from Britain.
The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763, taxation acts like the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Acts, and resistance events like the Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, and Intolerable Acts. It provides context on how these events increased tensions between the American colonies and British Parliament and were motivations for the colonies declaring independence.
The document summarizes several key events that contributed to growing tensions between the British colonies in America and the British government, culminating in the American Revolution. It describes the Proclamation of 1763, which angered colonists by restricting western settlement, as well as subsequent taxes like the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Acts, which colonists saw as a violation of their rights. Acts like the Intolerable Acts in response to events like the Boston Tea Party further inflamed colonists and led them to unite in opposition through protests, boycotts, and the First Continental Congress.
History 1301 12 Problems after the Revolutioneagleannouncer
History of America following the end of the American Revolution. The focus is on the Articles of Confederation and events (Shay's Rebellion), debt, etc., that led to the Constitution.
This document summarizes key events leading up to the American Revolution from the perspectives of France and Britain. It discusses France's desire for revenge against Britain and its efforts to aid the colonial rebellion through agents like Pierre de Beaumarchais. Significant French financial support and arms shipments helped strengthen the colonial forces. Meanwhile, Benjamin Franklin effectively advocated for the colonial cause in Paris and outmaneuvered British spies through his diplomatic network. George Washington also used deception to offset the British military advantage and preserve the fledgling American army.
The document provides information on several groups that immigrated to the American colonies, including the Scots-Irish settlers, Pennsylvania Dutch, and French settlers. It also discusses the triangular slave trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe. The French colony of New France is described, focusing on explorers like Jacques Cartier and settlers led by Samuel de Champlain. The document also provides context on the Enlightenment period in Europe and its influence on American political thought through figures like John Locke, Benjamin Franklin, and others. Finally, it summarizes the religious Great Awakening movement in the colonies during the 18th century.
History 1301 7 9-05 1600's slavery ch 3 introeagleannouncer
This document provides an overview of early American history from the 1600s, covering the original 13 colonies. It discusses the founding and key details about Virginia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Connecticut, Maryland, New Hampshire, Delaware, the Carolinas and other colonies. Important figures mentioned include John Smith, the Pilgrims, Puritans like John Winthrop, Roger Williams, the Dutch presence in New York, religious tolerance in Maryland, and the origins of the colonies.
This document provides a detailed overview of the complex system of royal intermarriages in Europe from the 15th-17th centuries and how it influenced the settlement and development of the American colonies. Key people and events discussed include:
- The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella which united Spain
- Their descendants who married into other royal families across Europe, including Portugal and the Holy Roman Empire
- How these intermarriages influenced succession crises and conflicts in countries like England, culminating in the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution
- The founding and growth of the original 13 colonies, especially Virginia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, and Connecticut, which were influenced by religious dissenters and conflicts over
This document provides information about several key explorers from the 15th and 16th centuries, including Prince Henry the Navigator, Vasco de Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, Christopher Columbus, and John Cabot. It discusses their voyages of discovery, such as Columbus reaching the Americas in 1492 while seeking a route to Asia, and Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe from 1519-1522. It also summarizes the establishment of colonial empires by European powers through these explorations.
Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy and died in 1506 in Valladolid, Spain. There is evidence that people migrated to North America over a land bridge connecting Asia to North America as well as by boats and rafts as early as 22,000 BC. Native American tribes populated different regions of North and South America and developed diverse cultures, with some practicing agriculture while others were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Advanced civilizations including the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas built large cities and sophisticated societies in Mesoamerica and South America.
Dual Credit History 1301 1 THS Welcome Monday (short)eagleannouncer
This document provides an overview and guidelines for a college history course. It begins by welcoming students to college and explaining classroom expectations. It then discusses why history is important to study and how this course will cover a semester's worth of content in order to earn college credits. The document outlines what is expected of students, including participating actively and avoiding plagiarism. It introduces some key historical figures and concepts to help students understand events from different perspectives.
This document provides an overview and syllabus for a college history course. It introduces the course, discusses expectations for students, and outlines some of the key topics and concepts that will be covered, including the importance of history, developing historical thinking skills, examining different perspectives, and understanding causes and effects. Students are encouraged to participate actively in class and develop their analytical abilities. The summary also references several historians and philosophers that will be discussed, like Machiavelli, Sun Tzu, and Maslow.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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2. 1765 QUARTERING ACT
• The British government built up British troop strength in
colonial North America to protect the colonies against
threats posed by remaining Frenchmen and Indians.
• In March 1765, Parliament passed the Quartering Act to
address the practical concerns of such a troop
deployment. Under the terms of this legislation, each
colonial assembly was directed to provide for the basic
needs of soldiers stationed within its borders. Specified
items included bedding, cooking utensils, firewood, beer
or cider and candles. This law was expanded in 1766
and required the assemblies to billet soldiers in taverns
and unoccupied houses.
3. Why?
• Some real concern about colonial safety,
and why not let the colonists pay for their
own defense?
• British Veterans of French and Indian war
could be left in America and colonists
would pay the cost both of their pensions
and on going pay.
4. Effect of Quartering Act?
• Resistance was strongest in New York. In January 1766,
the assembly there refused to fund the full amount
requested by the Crown. The New Yorkers reasoned that
it was unfair to expect them to pay the full cost of
Thomas Gage’s growing army. Bickering between the
assembly and British officials continued into the fall,
when the legislature voted to not fund at all. In October
1767, the New York assembly was suspended until the
soldiers' needs were fully funded. This crisis later
passed, but an immense amount of bitterness remained
and many colonists became suspicious about British
intentions. The Quartering Act was amended in 1774
when it would again ignite the fears of many Americans.
6. The Sugar Act-
The American Revenue Act of 1764
• A modified version of the Sugar and Molasses
Act (1733), which was about to expire.
• Act was actually less tax than prior act, but
would be collected!
• Taxes levied on sugar by the British collected at
the ports when sugar was imported by the
colonies. The act also listed more foreign goods
to be taxed including certain wines, coffee,
pimiento, cambric and printed calico, and further,
regulated the export of lumber and iron.
7. RESULTS
• Reduced Rum production
• Reduced trade, which lessened the
amount of currency.
• Indirect tax. Not felt directly by many.
Many were unaware that it existed, but
surely felt its effects.
• Set the stage for later protests and revolt
as legislation increased.
8. The Currency Act of 1764
• Balance of trade with Great Britain already contributed to
a shortage of currency in the colonies.
• Colonies had printed their own money. Value differed
from colony to colony. Debt repayment was an issue.
• The Currency Act prohibited the colonies from
issuing paper money in any form. This Act offset the
economy of the colonies and was widely opposed. It hurt
trade by removing the circulating medium and went a
considerable way in creating the dissatisfaction in the
Colonies that eventually led to the American Revolution.
• Was this the true cause of the Revolution?
9. STAMP ACT OF 1765
• Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses,
newspapers, other publications, and even
playing cards were taxed.
• The money collected by the Stamp Act was to be
used to help pay the costs of defending and
protecting the American frontier near the
Appalachian Mountains (10,000 troops were to
be stationed on the American frontier for this
purpose).
• A DIRECT TAX THAT ANGERED MANY.
10. RESULT OF THE STAMP ACT
• The actual cost of the Stamp Act was relatively
small. What made the law so offensive to the
colonists was not so much its immediate cost
but the standard it seemed to set. In the past,
taxes and duties on colonial trade had always
been viewed as measures to regulate
commerce, not to raise money. The Stamp Act,
however, was viewed as a direct attempt by
England to raise money in the colonies without
the approval of the colonial legislatures. If this
new tax were allowed to pass without resistance,
the colonists reasoned, the door would be open
for far more troublesome taxation in the future.
11. Colonial Reaction-1764-1765
• Few colonists believed that they could do anything more
than grumble and buy the stamps until the Virginia
House of Burgesses adopted Patrick Henry's Stamp Act
Resolves.
• These resolves declared that Americans possessed the
same rights as the English, especially the right to be
taxed only by their own representatives; that Virginians
should pay no taxes except those voted by the Virginia
House of Burgesses; and that anyone supporting the
right of Parliament to tax Virginians should be considered
an enemy of the colony. The House of Burgesses
defeated the most extreme of Henry's resolutions, but
four of the resolutions were adopted.
12. PATRICK HENRY
FROM VIRGINIA,
MEMBER OF THE
HOUSE OF
BURGESSES.
INSPIRATIONAL
ORATOR WHO
MOTIVATED
COLONISTS TOWARD
THE REVOLUTION.
GIVE ME LIBERTY OR
GIVE ME DEATH!
13. STAMP ACT CONGRESS
OCT.1765
• ATTENDED BY REPRESENTATIVES OF
NINE COLONIES IN NEW YORK
• FORMULATED 12 RESTRAINED
RESOLUTIONS THAT ACCEPTED
PARLIAMENT’S RIGHT TO LEGISLATE
FOR THE COLONIES BUT NEDINED ITS
RIGHT TO TAX THEM DIRECTLY.
• BRANDED BY THE BRITISH AS A
“DANGEROUS TENDENCY”
14. MORE REACTION TO THE
STAMP ACT
• In Boston in early summer of 1765 a group of
shopkeepers and artisans who called
themselves The Loyal Nine, began preparing for
agitation against the Stamp Act. As that group
grew, it came to be known as the Sons of
Liberty.
• These were not the leading men of Boston, but
rather workers and tradesmen. Benjamin Edes,
a printer, and John Gill of the Boston Gazette
produced a steady stream of news and opinion.
Within a very short time a group of some two
thousand men had been organized under
Ebenezer McIntosh, a South Boston shoemaker.
15. SONS OF LIBERTY
• LED A MAJOR REVOLT IN BOSTON.
EFFIGY BURNING.
• By the end of that year the Sons of Liberty
existed in every colony. Their most popular
objective was to force Stamp Distributors
throughout the colonies to resign.
16. POWER OF THE PRESS
• The success in undermining the Stamp Act
cannot be attributed to violence alone.
• Their most effective work was performed in
newsprint. A great many of the Sons were
printers and publishers themselves and even
those who were not, were sympathetic to the
cause.
• It was they who would pay the most in duties,
after all. Nearly every newspaper in the colonies
carried daily reports of the activities of the Sons
17. REVOLT
• When the Stamp Act became effective on the 1st
of November, 1765, nearly all of these papers
went right on publishing without the required
Stamp.
• The first successful efforts to unite the colonies
were not undertaken by their respective
legislatures, but by independent radical groups.
The various Sons throughout the colonies began
to correspond and develop a larger organization.
18. BOYCOTTS
• Another response was a Boycott.
Colonists refused to buy British goods.
• This directly hurt British merchants who
then put pressure on Parliament to repeal
the Stamp Act.
19. Declaratory Act-March 1766
• Bowing to pressure and reality, and the
testimony of Ben Franklin, Parliament
repealed the Stamp Act.
• Passed the Declaratory Act which
asserted Parliament’s power to enact
laws for the colonies in ”all cases
whatsoever.”
20. HOME RULE
• The colonists idea for self government.
• Many desired to remain a British colony,
but without interference.
• We just want it the way it used to be…way
back before the French and Indian War.
• Great Britain’s colonies most all sought
home rule, most notably India.
21. Townsend Acts-1767
• Charles Townsend,
known as “Champagne
Charlie” to his friends,
was the chancellor of the
exchequer in the period
following the repeal of the
Stamp Act.
• The Chancellor of the
Exchequer is the title
held by the British
Cabinet Minister who is
responsible for all
economic and financial
matters.
22. High Ambitions
• Hoping to enhance his political career, he tackled the
pressing problem of imperial finance. Riots in England
convinced him that tax relief was needed at home, but
he hoped to reduce the national debt by imposing taxes
in the colonies. This made sense to Townshend and
others because the recent French and Indian War had
been fought on behalf of the colonies and had
contributed mightily to the indebtedness.
• The Townsend Acts (1767) were a relatively small tax on
imports such as paper, glass, lead, painters’ colors and
tea. Another indirect, or hidden, tax .
• Wow, these things cost more and we don’t know why.
23. But in Boston…
• John Hancock, a successful merchant and
trader, first comes on the scene accused by
the British of smuggling Madeira Wine without
paying the proper tax resulting in revolt.
24. Actual/Virtual Representative
• Americans held to the view of actual
representation, meaning that in order to be taxed
by Parliament, the Americans rightly should have
actual legislators seated and voting in London.
• The British, on the other hand, supported the
concept of virtual representation, which was
based on the belief that a Member of Parliament
virtually represented every person in the empire
and there was no need for a specific
representative from Virginia or Massachusetts.
25. No taxation without representation.
• If taxes were necessary, then the
Americans wanted their own assemblies
to impose them. Further, the colonists
wanted Parliamentary recognition of this
perceived right. Essentially, "No taxation
without representation" really meant, “If we
have no representation in Parliament they
should not be able to tax us and should let
us run our own affairs."
26. Repeal of Townshend duties
• England’s colonial monetary policies were
a disaster.
• March 5, 1770, Parliament repealed all the
Townshend duties except the one on tea.
• But on that same evening in Boston,
British troops fired on a crowd of heckling
citizens, killing five.
28. PROPAGANDA?
FACT OR FICTION?
• British soldiers under Captain Thomas
Preston fired on an unruly Boston crowd,
killing five and wounding six. In a
subsequent trial, in which John Adams
defended the soldiers, all but two of the
soldiers were acquitted of murder.
• Did the soldier hear “Don’t Fire!”
29. Boston Massacre Monument
• The event in Boston helped to
unite the colonies against
Britain. What started as a
“minor snowball fight” became
a turning point in the
beginnings of the American
Revolution. The Boston
Massacre helped spark the
colonists' desire for American
independence, while the dead
rioters became martyrs for
liberty.
• How did this happen?
• Tune in tomorrow…
31. PROPAGANDA?
FACT OR FICTION?
• British soldiers under Captain Thomas
Preston fired on an unruly Boston crowd,
killing five and wounding six. In a
subsequent trial, in which John Adams
defended the soldiers, all but two of the
soldiers were acquitted of murder.
• Did the soldier hear “Don’t Fire!”
32. Boston Massacre Monument
• The event in Boston helped to
unite the colonies against
Britain. What started as a
“minor snowball fight” became
a turning point in the
beginnings of the American
Revolution. The Boston
Massacre helped spark the
colonists' desire for American
independence, while the dead
rioters became martyrs for
liberty.
• How did this happen?
• Tune in tomorrow…
33. No taxation without representation.
• If taxes were necessary, then the
Americans wanted their own assemblies
to impose them. Further, the colonists
wanted Parliamentary recognition of this
perceived right. Essentially, "No taxation
without representation" really meant, “If we
have no representation in Parliament they
should not be able to tax us and should let
us run our own affairs."
34. Repeal of Townshend duties
• England’s colonial monetary policies were
a disaster.
• March 5, 1770, Parliament repealed all the
Townshend duties except the one on tea.
• But on that same evening in Boston,
British troops fired on a crowd of heckling
citizens, killing five.
35. PROPAGANDA
• Rhetoric or other communication designed
to incite, persuade, manipulate or
influence people to take action.
• Patrick Henry caused people to want:
1) Representation in Parliament, then
2) Home rule
3) Independence
36. Propaganda
• Is as old as history and takes on many
forms.
• In recent years it was fashionable to
dismiss news from Russia as “Communist
Propaganda”
• Perhaps the latest version of Propaganda
is the political art we call “spin.”
37. Urban Legends-
Today’s Propaganda
• The following is an untrue urban
legend written about a supposed
relative of politician Harry Reid.
(Albert Gore)
• The unfortunate man about to
meet his maker is outlaw Tom
“Black Jack” Ketchum, a Texan.
38.
39. • 'Remus Reid,
horse thief, sent to
Montana Territorial
Prison 1885,
escaped 1887,
robbed the
Montana Flyer six
times. Caught by
Pinkerton
detectives,
convicted and
hanged in 1889.'
40. • 'Remus Reid was a famous cowboy in the
Montana Territory. His business empire grew to
include acquisition of valuable equestrian assets
and intimate dealings with the Montana railroad.
Beginning in 1883, he devoted several years of
his life to government service, finally taking
leave to resume his dealings with the railroad. In
1887, he was a key player in a vital investigation
run by the renowned Pinkerton Detective
Agency. In 1889, Remus passed away during an
important civic function held in his honor when
the platform upon which he was standing
collapsed.'
41. 1772-Gaspee runs aground while
chasing a smuggler, boarded by
colonists and burned.
AFTER BOSTON MASSACRE, SECOND VIOLENT EVENT.
42. Remember the Boston Massacre?
• The British Soldiers fired on a Boston mob
on Kings Street and created what we
know as the Boston Massacre.
• It would probably have been a mere
footnote to history, except for its direct
impact on the men that were there, were it
not for one other man, Samuel Adams.
43. Samuel Adams
• Adams was an effective
speaker, particularly
against the royal
governor. Adams
organized the protest
against the Stamp Act
(1765) and was a
founder of the Sons of
Liberty. He was the most
influential member of the
lower house of the
Massachusetts legislature
(1765-74), he drafted
most of the major protest
documents, including the
Circular Letter (1768)
against the Townshend
Acts. He also wrote
frequently for the press
in defense of colonial
rights.
44. Samuel Adams • Samuel Adams was the
son of a wealthy brewer.
•(The brewery in Boston
was started in 1985.)
• A Master of Propaganda.
Adams could see that
revolution was on its way,
and did whatever it took to
incite people toward
revolution.
•He organized the
Committees of
Correspondence.
45. Tea Act of 1773
• Allowed the practically bankrupt East India
Company to ship its tea directly from
India* to North America with the colonists
paying only a small tax. Americans could
buy inexpensive tea, the crown would earn
a modest revenue, and the East India
Company would gain a new lease on life.
• Sounds just fine, right?
46. Well, no not really…
• Colonists reacted furiously since their
smuggled Dutch tea would be undersold.
• Merchants denounced the monopoly and
said they could not compete.
• Colonists saw the true object being to gain
acceptance of Parliament’s taxing power.
• If you drink the tea you swallow the
English right to tax you.
47. Boston Tea Party
• A showdown with Governor Thomas
Hutchinson ensued. Send the ships back.
Neither side backed down.
• A LARGE band of Bostonians, probably
Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians,
boarded the tea ships and flung £10,000
($1Million) worth of Tea into Boston
Harbor.
48. Boston Tea Party, a Big Party
• The Boston Tea Party was a well-organized
event that included representatives from all the
social classes of the city, organizers and
participants, something that had generally been
untrue during previous mob actions.
• At the Tea Party itself, groups of 30 to 60 men
boarded the three ships that were now in the
Boston Harbor at Griffin 's Wharf and each
custom officer was escorted off the ship. The
only goal of the group was to dump the chests of
tea into the water, 114 chests from the
Dartmouth, 114 from the Eleanor, and 112 from
the Beaver.
• The Boston Tea Party took less then 3 hours to
finish. Government officials watched, but never
gave an order to interfere.
49. How far will they go?
• The Boston Tea Party accomplished much
for the patriot cause, as it symbolized just
how far they were willing to go in order to
oppose laws they felt were unfair. Yet it
also disgusted those who supported
Parliament 's decisions, by proving that
the patriots were perfectly willing to
destroy private property in the name of
their goals.
50. And it was contagious
• Charleston, South Carolina, and Chester
Town, Maryland, also held tea parties.
• Showed a unity among the colonists.
Great Britain could not longer play off one
colony against another.
51. • Although it has been over two centuries since
the moonlit March night in 1770 when British
soldiers killed five Bostonians on King Street,
people still debate responsibility for the Boston
Massacre.
• Does the blame rest with the crowd of
Bostonians who hurled insults, snowballs,
oysters shells, and other objects at the soldiers,
or does the blame rest with an overreacting
military that violated laws of the colony that
prohibited firing at civilians?
• Whatever side one takes in the debate, all can
agree that the Boston Massacre stands as a
significant landmark on the road to the American
Revolution.
52. British Reaction
• Great Britain now realized that the dispute
was no longer about taxes but about
whether England had any authority over
the colonies.
• Well, let’s see if they still had any
authority. Great Britain’s Parliament
passed some new laws…
53. The Five Coercive Acts or
The Intolerable Acts
• Boston Port Act: The first of these closed
the port of Boston until the East India
Company was paid for the lost tea. This
created a great hardship for the people of
Boston whose livelihood depended on
trade.
54. Massachusetts Government Act
• The second modified the Massachusetts Charter
of 1691, taking away many of its rights of self-government.
It was aimed at punishing Boston
and forcing it out of resistance. Almost all
positions in the colonial government were to be
appointment by the governor or directly by the
King. Activities of town meetings were limited.
Massachusetts was very proud of its
independence and was angry at this
infringement on its rights.
55. Administration of Justice Act
• The third measure provided that British
officials accused of committing crimes in a
colony might be taken to England for
trial. Because it would mean witnesses
would be forced to travel, the practical
effect was thought to be that the British
officials would escape justice.
56. The Quartering Act
• The fourth measure allowed the British to
quarter British soldiers in colonial buildings
at the expense of the colonists, including
colonists' homes, if there were insufficient
space in other buildings.
57. The Quebec Act
• The fifth act extended the boundaries of
the province of Quebec. Because Quebec
did not have representative assemblies,
many colonists thought this transfer of
land from the colonies to unrepresented
Quebec was another attempt to punish the
colonies and solidify British control.
58. • As late as 1774, most colonists did not favor
declaring independence from the British Crown.
Far from rejecting monarchy, most Americans
saw the king as their protector from oppressive
acts of Parliament. The delegates to the First
Continental Congress, which had assembled in
Philadelphia in September 1774, hoped for
reconciliation with Britain. They asked
Massachusetts Bay colonists, who were the
most radical in their opposition to British policies,
to avoid involving "all America in the horrors of a
civil war."
REMEMBER A THIRD…A THIRD….A THIRD
59. First Continental Congress
• 1774-The Intolerable Acts helped to unite the colonies in
their resistance to the British as the other American
colonies united in sympathy with Massachusetts. Virginia
set aside a day of prayer and fasting and proposed that
the colonies meet. This led to the calling of the First
Continental Congress in September 1774.
• Delegates from every colony but Georgia met in secret
at the Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin
had proposed such a meeting a year earlier, but after the
Port of Boston was closed the momentum for such a
meeting grew rapidly. The goal of the Congress was to
resolve the differences between England and the
colonies.
60. • Though far from united, the Congress sent to Britain in
October 14, 1774, a petition demanding the Intolerable
Acts be repealed.
• They also agreed to a boycott of British goods and trade
with Britain. They adopted the Continental Association,
which established a total boycott by means of non-importation,
non-exportation and non-consumption
accords. These agreements were to be enforced by a
group of committees in each community, which would
publish the names of merchants defying the boycott,
confiscate contraband and encourage public frugality.
• In England, many urged that the crown try to regain good
relations with the colonies and avoid war, including
Edmund Burke.
61. • When King George III heard of the colonists'
demands, he answered: "The die is now cast.
The colonies must either submit or triumph." The
British refused to repeal the Intolerable Acts.
• At this Congress some began to think like
Americans for the first time. In the words of
Patrick Henry "I am not a Virginian, but an
American." When he returned to the Virginia
Convention, his voice rang throughout the
colonies. "I know not what course others may
take, but as for me, give me liberty or give
me death."
62. Send in the Military!
• In February 1775, Parliament declared
Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion. This
declaration permitted soldiers to shoot
suspected rebels on sight. In April, British
General Thomas Gage received secret orders to
arrest the ringleaders of colonial unrest. To
avoid arrest, colonial leaders fled Boston.
• Gage decided to seize and destroy arms that the
patriots had stored at Concord, 20 miles
northwest of Boston.
63. Spread the alarm, through every
Middlesex, village and farm!
• When Joseph Warren, a Boston patriot,
discovered that British troops were on the
march, he sent Paul Revere and William Dawes
to warn the people about the approaching
forces.
• On the night of April 18, Paul Revere and
William Dawes alerted patriots of the approach
of British forces. Revere was seized and Dawes
was turned back at Lexington, Mass., but the
Concord militia moved or destroyed the supplies
and prepared to defend their town.
64. SHOTS HEARD ‘ROUND THE
WORLD
• On April 19, British redcoats arrived at Lexington
and ordered 70 armed "Minutemen" to disperse.
A shot rang out and drew fire from the British
soldiers. Eight Americans were killed. The British
moved on to Concord, destroyed the supplies
they found, then returned to Boston, as
American patriots fired from behind hedges and
walls. British losses were 65 (70) dead, 173
wounded, and 26 missing. American casualties
were 49 MINUTEMEN dead and 46 wounded or
missing.
65. • 1775: In May, the second Continental
Congress convened in Philadelphia and
appoints George Washington commander-in-
chief.
• NEW FACES APPEARED…John
Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, and
Benjamin Franklin
• Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys
captured Fort Ticonderoga.
• Still, many hoped for reconciliation.
66. The line in the sand
• At the end of 1775 word arrived that the
Olive Branch Petition had been rejected
by the king along with his proclamation
that the colonies were in ”Open and
Avowed Rebellion.”
• Oh, yeah, he sent 20,000 additional British
troops to quell the “insurrection.”
• Congress’s actions-treasonable and all
who obeyed Congress were traitors.
68. Thomas Paine
• Denied the very legitimacy of monarchy.
• “Of more worth is one honest man to
society than all the crowned ruffians that
ever lived.”
• 25 Editions in 1776
• Best seller of its day
• Style was written for the common man.
69. And another thing…
• Paine pointed out that independence from
Britain mean that the colonists would no
longer have to fight in all the British wars.
• This was later re echoed by George
Washington and later in the Monroe
Doctrine.
70. In the rest of the world…
• Spain developed a policy of
procrastination and delay, to regain her
strength.
• France still wanted to be the major power
in Europe.
• Portugal and the Netherlands faded into
the background because of their
weakness in Europe.
71. What about France?
• An alliance with the new America
could be useful to France as a means
of restoring her position in Europe.
• Machiavellian principles continued-a
good object of the state justified the
employment of any means.
72. Two European Ways to Success
• Maintain an army and navy as strong as
possible, ready to take advantage of any
opportunity.
• Watch sharply the life and affairs of other
countries to take advantage of their
necessities for a) allies or b) war.
73. • Assist, even stimulate, revolts and internal
disorders within a kingdom.
• A full blown revolution always offers
opportunities to break up a countries
power.
• Historically, and even recently, this has
been shown.
74. France sees an opportunity
• France watched with interest as Britain
had trouble with her colonies.
• Meanwhile, the French sought to rebuild
their army and navy and restore their
depleted treasury.
• “It is difficult to hold back people spurred
by pride or maddened by humiliation.” Not
so much French people, but their leaders.
75. • 1776: On July 2, the Continental Congress
approved a resolution that begins: "that
these United Colonies are, and of right
ought to be, free and independent."
• Keep an eye on Ben Franklin…
76. Earlier in National Treasure
• Just before he
steals the
Declaration of
Independence,
our hero is at a
party where he
proposes a
toast…
77. From National Treasure…
• “A toast? Yeah. To high treason. That's
what these men were committing when
they signed the Declaration. Had we lost
the war, they would have been hanged,
beheaded, drawn and quartered, and-Oh!
Oh, my personal favorite-and had their
entrails cut out and ''burned''!
78. France
• Looking for revenge against Great Britain.
• Saw the potential for a colonial revolt as a great
opportunity. (Louis XVI 1774-1792)
• Key players became: Charles Gravier, the
Count de Vergennes (Ver zjene) who became
the minister of foreign affairs (1774-1787). Pierre
de Beaumarchais, (Bo mar shay) a literary
genius who played at politics and was a French
secret agent. He wrote the Barber of Seville and
The Marriage of Figaro and had great favor in
the French Court.
80. Arthur Lee-Colonial agent who
represented Massachusetts
• 1775 met with de
Beaumarchais in
England, informed
him of colonial
intentions for
independence
and sought
French
assistance.
81. Louis XVI-(1754-1793)
Directed that one
million livres (about
$200,000) worth of
munitions be provided
for the colonists from
the royal arsenals. (The
livre was established by
Charlemagne as a unit of
account equal to one
pound of silver.)
82. Charles III of Spain
• Charles III of Spain,
who was the royal
uncle of the King of
France, matched his
nephew’s contribution
with another million.
• French investors gave
another million.
83. But How?
• How would the colonists get
these arms?
• If Britain found out, it would be
dire for France.
84. French Fear
• The French were concerned with the prospect of Anglo-
American peace. If it happened, then Britain could turn
its full attention toward the French. But the French could
not enter into a military treaty with anyone without
Spanish consent (they had a treaty in which they would
arrange all military treaties together to include both of
them).
• The Spanish supported the cause mostly because they
did not like England, not because they wanted the
Americans to come out victorious, for the Republican
idea threatened Spanish control of the Americas.
• The French could not legally aid the Americans unless
their Spanish allies agreed. The French proceeded to
offend the Spanish by signing a treaty with the
Americans anyway, without Spanish consent. Still, they
wanted to help, without Britain finding out, but how?
85. Reenter de Beaumarchais
• Beaumarchais now transformed himself
into a fictious commercial house with the
state name of Rodrigue Hortalez
Company. It was through him and his
fictional company that these arms and
munitions would reach the colonies.
86. Thus:
• Before the Declaration of Independence of
July 4, 1776, before any agent of the
colonies ever set foot on French soil, the
French Government had decided to pour
oil on the flames of rebellion in America in
order to Embarrass Great Britain and to
seek the moment of revenge.
87. How?
• Beaumarchais' Plan was to set up Rodrigue
Hortalez and Company, a fake company that
existed mostly to provide military aid and
munitions. It would secretly ship military aid
through Spanish connections.
• The aid was massive, directly from the French
arsenals. 90% of the gunpowder used in the first
2 years of the war came from the French and
Spanish. This delivered aid to General Horatio
Gates and led directly to the win at the crucial
Battle of Saratoga.
88. From another source…(to repeat)
• In many cases the ships sailed directly from France and
Spain to Portsmouth NH or other U.S. ports and returned
without any trade goods.
• The first shipment of arms arrived at Portsmouth NH in
mid-1777. It included some 200 cannon and equipment
and clothing for 25,000 men.
• These supplies were critical to the American victory at
Saratoga in 1777 October.
• Although Beaumarchais’ fleet probably never consisted
of more than ten transports and one fighting ship, Fier
Rodrigue, the military supplies provided important aid
during a time of signigicant crisis, helping the Revolution
avoid an early defeat..
89. Meanwhile, back in the colonies
• As early as November, 1775, Congress
had formed a secret committee “for the
sole purpose of Corresponding with our
friends in Great Britain, Ireland and other
parts of the world. The original members
were John Dickinson, Ben Franklin,
Benjamin Harrison, John Jay and Thomas
Johnson. This became a committee on
foreign affairs.
90. Communications
• The Secret Committee directed its first
letters to Lee, still in London and now the
agent at large of the revolutionary
Continental Congress. The next year Lee
would become one of the first diplomats to
go to France.
91. Silas Deane
• In 1776, they also sent
Silas Deane to negotiate
the purchase of
munitions. Deane was
very paranoid. He was
very paranoid about
spies. Is it paranoia if
what you’re paranoid
about is true? He should
have been concerned
about his secretary.
92. Dr. Edward Bancroft
• Edward Bancroft was a
highly regarded scientist
and writer who was hired
by Ben Franklin to spy on
the British just before the
Revolutionary War.
Nearly 70 years after
Bancroft's death, the
British government
released papers showing
he had also been paid by
the British to spy on the
colonists. Bancroft spied
for the French in 1789.
94. • The British followed the old European
traditions of war. Rapid volleys generally
aimed by soldiers usually three deep.
• “Three shots a minute, 4 for veteran
soldiers, that was the best fire rate they
could achieve in those days. War was
cleaner then, a game for gentlemen
played with set rules and honour, to some
extent at least.”
95. Real Warfare in the Revolution
• It reflected a class conscious society with
the nobility viewing the battles from afar
while the “common” soldiers fought the
battles.
• Weapons were generally inaccurate.
• Generally, both British and colonists
fought this way with notable exceptions.
96. General Sir Banastre Tarleton
• Is portrayed as a
bloodthirsty
soldier.
• Atrocities
happen in war.
• His atrocities
raise sentiments
for the good
guys.
97. Jason Isaacs
• Played the part of
Col. William
Tavington which is
based loosely on
Banastre Tarleton.
• Is a really good,
bad guy. You know
who he is?
98. Lucius Malfoy in Harry Potter
movies
• He set a new
standard for
evil, bad
guys…