HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

1. Lecturer : Yılmaz Bayar
Reference : Managing Engineering and Technology,
Daniel L. Babcock and Lucy C. Morse,
Prentice Hall, 2002.
Historical Development of
Engineering Management

2. 2
Plan of the
Presentation
• Origins of Engineering Management
• Impact of Industrial Revolution
• Development of Scientific Management
• Development of Administrative
Management
• Development of Behavioral Management
• Current Contributions

3. 3
Mesopotamians
• ~4500 - 2000 B.C.
• Used canals for irrigation
• Had management system and job
descriptions
• Hammurabi Law (2023-2081 B.C.)
Origins of Engineering Mgmt –
Ancient Civilizations

4. 4
Egyptians
• 4000 – 1600 B.C.
• Built pyramids (2.3 M stone blocks,
2500 tons)
• 100,000 men x 20~30 years
• Used managerial principles
Origins of Engineering Mgmt –
Ancient Civilizations

5. 5
Origins of Engineering Mgmt –
Ancient Military
Cyrus the Great (Persia) 576-530 B.C.
– Use of staff
– Recognized use of order and division
of work
Alexander the Great (Greek) 336-323 B.C.
– Distinction between line and staff
– Used discipline and delegation

6. 6
Origins of Engineering Mgmt –
Ancient Mass Production
Arsenal of Venice (Early 1400s)
• Manufacturing
• Numbering of inventory parts
• Personnel policies
• Standardization of parts
• Assembly line

7. 7
Industrial Revolution 1750-1800:
Important Inventions
• Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves, 1764
• Water Frame, Richard Arkwright, 1771
• Spinning Mule, Samuel Crompton, 1779
• Power Loom, Edmund Cartwright, 1785
• Chlorine Bleach, Claude Louis Berthollet,
1785
• Steam Engine, James Watt, 1769
• Screw-cutting Lathe, Henry Maudslay, 1797
• Interchangeable Manufacture, Eli Whitney,
1798

8. 8
Industrial Revolution:
Problems of the Factory System
• Recruiting/Training Workers
• Explosive Growth in Mill Towns
• Supervisors, No Background
• Upper Management, Sons or Relatives

9. 9
Industrial Revolution:
Development of Eng. Education
• Apprenticeship, 18th century
• First Eng. School: 1747 in France  Ecole
des Ponts at Chaussees (School of Bridges
and Roads)
• US Military Academy at West Point, 1802
• Civil Eng. Program at West Point, 1817

10. 10
Industrial Revolution:
Development of Eng. Education
• First Eng. School: Norwich (Connecticut)
Univ. (1819)
• Rensselear Polytechnic Institute (1823),
Union College (1845), Harvard, Yale,
Michigan (1847)
• Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862

11. 11
• Scientific Management
• Administrative Management
• Behavioral Management
Three (3) Philosophies
of Management

12. 12
Scientific Management
Charles Babbage, Grandfather of Scientific
Management. (1792-1871)
– Invented 1st mechanical calculator
“difference engine”
– Method of observing manufactures
(1832)

13. 13
Scientific Management
Henry Towne: Management Div. (1886)
Frederic W. Taylor: Father of Scientific
Management. (1856-1915)
– Time and Motion Studies
– Believed in selecting, training,
teaching, and developing workers

14. 14
Scientific Management
Frank B. Gilbreth: (1868-1924)
– Best way of laying bricks
– Devised a system for classifying hand
motions into 17 basic divisions
Lillian Moller Gilbreth: (1878-1972)
– Psychology of Management (Human
Factors)
– First Lady of Management
Henry L. Gantt: Gantt Charts

15. 15
Scientific Management
• Replaced old rule of thumb,
• Believed in selecting, training,
teaching and developing workers,
• Time Study,
• Standards planning.

16. 16
Criticism of Scientific
Management
• Productivity, not quality
• Separating Planning and execution

17. 17
Administrative Management
Henri Fayol, Engineer (1841-1925):
– Developed 14 “general principles of
administration”
– Divided management activities into
five divisions (Planning, Organizing,
Command, Coordination, Control)
Russel Robb: Pioneer of Organizational
Theory
Lyndall Urwick: Developed a Unified Body
of Knowledge

18. 18
Administrative Management
Max Weber (1864-1920): Major influence in
classical organizational theory
– Division of labor
– Hierarchy of authority
– Employment based on expertise
– Decisions & rules in writing
– Separation of management &
ownership

19. 19
Behavioral Management
Hawthorne Studies
– Original intent was find the level of
illumination that made the work of
female coil winders, relay assemblers,
and small parts inspectors more
efficient.
– Conclusion - persons singled out for
special attention perform as expected

20. 20
Behavioral Management
Maslow: Hierarchical theory of human
needs
– Biological / Physiological Needs
– Security / Safety Needs
– Social Needs
– Ego Needs
– Self-actualization Fulfillment

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Contemporary Management:
Issues and Challenges
Quality Management:
– Meeting customers’ requirements
– Commitment by senior management
and all employees
– Continuous improvement
– Planning quality into products and
processes

22. 22
Contemporary Management:
Issues and Challenges
Quality Management:
– Teams
– Employee involvement and
empowerment
– Recognition
– Benchmarking
– Certification (ISO)
– Six sigma

23. 23
Contemporary Management:
Issues and Challenges
Information Technology
– Computers and Microprocessors
– Internet
– Engineering Functions: Design,
Manufacturing
– Business Practice: Supply Chain,
e-Business

24. 24
Contemporary Management:
Issues and Challenges
Project Management
– Complex systems
– Dynamic
Globalization