Abstract
History acts as a facilitator in experiencing the past virtually, decoding the myths, troubleshooting the unsolved mysteries,
unveiling the souvenirs, revealing the ekistics, etc. Architectural history in particular, explains the extrusion and morphology of
built environment and its surroundings with respect to socio, cultural, economical, political, environmental, technological
concerns and many more. Success will not come without failure; History of Architecture has initiated and shaped many concepts,
construction mechanisms, etc. as a result of various pros and cons in design alternatives, learning from the many inevitable
results and hence pioneered us to proceed further towards the next level instead of starting from the evolution. It played an
important role in contributing the strategic balance between aesthetics and structural components right from our ancient past.
History with its metamorphosis inspired and motivated the designers at various levels, and has become a renewable resource
quotient in exploring new configurations based on the then existing examples. It left everyone with extreme knowledge, innovative
mathematical implications, strategic construction techniques, creative concepts, etc. that can be made adaptable in contemporary
times and resulted in designing prototypical iconic forms. This paper focuses on exemplifying certain contributions from the
history and their influence in present-day conceptions. Also, discusses about the technological improvisations with time, and
concludes with the anticipation that history never hinders progress and will continue to inspire the future generation architects
and engineers hence forth.
Key Words: Architectural History, influence of history, construction techniques, aesthetics, Historic recurrence.
A B S T R A C T
Industrial buildings as an example of cultural heritage transforms our cultural identity from past to the present and even for the future. Unfortunately, there are lots of industrial building which lost its function by converting the place to live and identifiable place. This research will clarify the reasons of conserving of the industrial heritage and by classification of international charters which are dealing with industrial heritage will introduce conservation methods for adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. As a case study, the research will focus on Energy Museum in Istanbul. To assess the building based on reusing principals. The study concludes that Energy Museum is one of the successful examples of reuse of the building. It also concludes that less intervention in reusing a building can save the identity of the building.
Urban Landscape Elements slides for Sustainable Urban Landscape Design course.
Master Sustainable Urban Design, Razak Faculty, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Conservation of the Urban Heritage to Conserve the Sense of Place, a Case Stu...drboon
The sense of place can only be achieved if the urban heritage is still intact and preserved whilst accommodating for new development. In the past Misurata city center where the traditional areas and historical significance are located did not have any positive consideration and appreciation from government which, were destroyed to build a new commercial buildings within business district area of city center. This paper intends to highlight on urban heritage "historical significance & activity pattern" that still survive in the city center of Misurata and reflects the sense of place. The study adapted the visual survey field method for data collection and this approach adopted techniques namely photograph and diagrams or maps. The results of the study indicate that there are some urban areas and buildings with historical or traditional significance and conducive sense of belonging and identity that must be renewed, restored, reused and conserved; for instance the marketplace, Allfah Square and the old city center.
Urban conservation techniques and strategies mainly followed in the INDIA.This is done for my friends in B.ARCH(VIIth semester) JNAFAU & JNTUK.
University.
A B S T R A C T
Industrial buildings as an example of cultural heritage transforms our cultural identity from past to the present and even for the future. Unfortunately, there are lots of industrial building which lost its function by converting the place to live and identifiable place. This research will clarify the reasons of conserving of the industrial heritage and by classification of international charters which are dealing with industrial heritage will introduce conservation methods for adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. As a case study, the research will focus on Energy Museum in Istanbul. To assess the building based on reusing principals. The study concludes that Energy Museum is one of the successful examples of reuse of the building. It also concludes that less intervention in reusing a building can save the identity of the building.
Urban Landscape Elements slides for Sustainable Urban Landscape Design course.
Master Sustainable Urban Design, Razak Faculty, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Conservation of the Urban Heritage to Conserve the Sense of Place, a Case Stu...drboon
The sense of place can only be achieved if the urban heritage is still intact and preserved whilst accommodating for new development. In the past Misurata city center where the traditional areas and historical significance are located did not have any positive consideration and appreciation from government which, were destroyed to build a new commercial buildings within business district area of city center. This paper intends to highlight on urban heritage "historical significance & activity pattern" that still survive in the city center of Misurata and reflects the sense of place. The study adapted the visual survey field method for data collection and this approach adopted techniques namely photograph and diagrams or maps. The results of the study indicate that there are some urban areas and buildings with historical or traditional significance and conducive sense of belonging and identity that must be renewed, restored, reused and conserved; for instance the marketplace, Allfah Square and the old city center.
Urban conservation techniques and strategies mainly followed in the INDIA.This is done for my friends in B.ARCH(VIIth semester) JNAFAU & JNTUK.
University.
Site planning in Architectural Projects- Principles and ApproachesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper makes an attempt to define the process, elements and principles which should be considered for site planning in the architectural projects. Paper also defines the role and importance of the site planning in planning, designing and making the projects sustainable.
Elements of city planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
All the individual objects that are included in an urban area area the elements of city plan. These objects include residential building, public buildings, parks, factories, roads etc.
Basic Civil and Environmental Engineering, Unit I [Based on First year Engine...Tushar Sonawane
Useful for First year Engineering Students of Savitribai Phule Pune university, Pune (University of Pune) [Common to all Branches]
This PPT shows the details regarding Introduction to Civil Engineering.
This is first Module from the subject Basic Civil and Environmental Engineering. [101005]
Few more PPTs and Videos are available at my blog tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com
REVIVING THE PAST :- EXPLORING THE BEAUTY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESTORATION ARC...DesignViewsStudio
REVIVING THE PAST :- EXPLORING THE BEAUTY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESTORATION ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
In a world where modernity often takes center stage, there is an undeniable charm in preserving and restoring the architectural gems of the past. Restoration architecture not only revitalizes historical structures but also serves as a bridge between the past and the present. This blog will delve into the fascinating world of restoration architecture, exploring its importance, techniques, and showcasing some remarkable examples from around the globe.
The Significance of Restoration Architecture
Restoration architecture is more than just a preservation effort; it is a commitment to honoring our cultural heritage and understanding the historical context of a place. It goes beyond superficial repairs, aiming to bring back the original character and charm of a structure.
IMPORTANCE OF RESTORATION
Preserving cultural identity :- Restoration architecture plays a pivotal role in maintaining a connection to our cultural roots. By restoring historical buildings, we ensure that the stories embedded in their walls are not lost to time. Sustainable practice :- Instead of tearing down and rebuilding, restoration minimizes the environmental impact. It is a sustainable practice that values existing resources and craftsmanship, contributing to a more eco-friendly approach to architecture. Educational value :- Restored buildings serve as living textbooks, offering valuable lessons about architectural styles, construction techniques, and the historical context in which they were built.
TECHNIQUES IN RESTORATION
Historical research :- Before embarking on any restoration project, thorough historical research is conducted to understand the original design, materials used, and the socio-cultural context of the structure. Conservation philosophy :- Restoration architects adhere to a conservation philosophy that emphasizes retaining as much of the original fabric as possible. This may involve repairing, rather than replacing, elements of the building. Use of traditional materials and craftsmanship :- To maintain authenticity, restoration architects often use traditional materials and craftsmanship techniques. This ensures that the restored structure closely resembles its original form.
Examples of Restoration Architecture
Now, let's explore some noteworthy examples of restoration architecture that have successfully revived historical buildings.
1. THE COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY The iconic Colosseum stands as a testament to the success of restoration efforts. Dating back to AD 80, this ancient amphitheater has undergone various phases of restoration to address structural issues caused by natural disasters and human activities. The intricate work carried out on the Colosseum showcases the delicate balance between preserving the original design and ensuring the safety of visitors.w
2. RIBEIRA DO PORTO, PORTUGAL The historic district of Ribeira do Porto under
Design of G+3 considing earthquake with Etab .pdfPrince Ahirwar
This study focuses on the comprehensive design and seismic analysis of a G+3 (Ground
plus three floors) building to enhance its earthquake resistance. Earthquakes pose
significant threats to structures, necessitating robust engineering solutions to mitigate
potential damages. The research employs state-of-the-art seismic design principles,
incorporating the latest building codes and standards to ensure the structural integrity
of the G+3 building.
covering all the basics and fundamentals of architecture. perfect for a brief overview on architecture especially if you are a newbie enjoy the visual aspects as well
A systematic approach towards restoration of heritage buildings a case studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A systematic approach towards restoration of heritage buildings a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Heritage structures perform vital role in nation’s history, culture and signify the richness of it. To augment life and enhance strength, their restoration is very important for the future generations to have knowledge about how mankind lived in past ages. Restoration involves investigating, diagnosing and correcting deficiencies and deterioration of any structure. Identification of common defects and problems faced in old structures and devising a systematic approach towards handling these issues is civil engineer’s obligation. A case study throws light on the various problems encountered and the methods employed to tackle them. This paper focuses on such problems and methodology to handle these problems while respecting structure’s cultural integrity with the help of a case study. It also seeks to highlight the need for a greater awareness and the need to take precautionary measures of the immediate effects, and of the long-term management issues of heritage structures. Index Terms: Heritage structures, defects, evaluation, systematic approach etc.
Seismic behavior of intake tower of dameSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Keywords: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Site planning in Architectural Projects- Principles and ApproachesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper makes an attempt to define the process, elements and principles which should be considered for site planning in the architectural projects. Paper also defines the role and importance of the site planning in planning, designing and making the projects sustainable.
Elements of city planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
All the individual objects that are included in an urban area area the elements of city plan. These objects include residential building, public buildings, parks, factories, roads etc.
Basic Civil and Environmental Engineering, Unit I [Based on First year Engine...Tushar Sonawane
Useful for First year Engineering Students of Savitribai Phule Pune university, Pune (University of Pune) [Common to all Branches]
This PPT shows the details regarding Introduction to Civil Engineering.
This is first Module from the subject Basic Civil and Environmental Engineering. [101005]
Few more PPTs and Videos are available at my blog tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com
REVIVING THE PAST :- EXPLORING THE BEAUTY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESTORATION ARC...DesignViewsStudio
REVIVING THE PAST :- EXPLORING THE BEAUTY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESTORATION ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
In a world where modernity often takes center stage, there is an undeniable charm in preserving and restoring the architectural gems of the past. Restoration architecture not only revitalizes historical structures but also serves as a bridge between the past and the present. This blog will delve into the fascinating world of restoration architecture, exploring its importance, techniques, and showcasing some remarkable examples from around the globe.
The Significance of Restoration Architecture
Restoration architecture is more than just a preservation effort; it is a commitment to honoring our cultural heritage and understanding the historical context of a place. It goes beyond superficial repairs, aiming to bring back the original character and charm of a structure.
IMPORTANCE OF RESTORATION
Preserving cultural identity :- Restoration architecture plays a pivotal role in maintaining a connection to our cultural roots. By restoring historical buildings, we ensure that the stories embedded in their walls are not lost to time. Sustainable practice :- Instead of tearing down and rebuilding, restoration minimizes the environmental impact. It is a sustainable practice that values existing resources and craftsmanship, contributing to a more eco-friendly approach to architecture. Educational value :- Restored buildings serve as living textbooks, offering valuable lessons about architectural styles, construction techniques, and the historical context in which they were built.
TECHNIQUES IN RESTORATION
Historical research :- Before embarking on any restoration project, thorough historical research is conducted to understand the original design, materials used, and the socio-cultural context of the structure. Conservation philosophy :- Restoration architects adhere to a conservation philosophy that emphasizes retaining as much of the original fabric as possible. This may involve repairing, rather than replacing, elements of the building. Use of traditional materials and craftsmanship :- To maintain authenticity, restoration architects often use traditional materials and craftsmanship techniques. This ensures that the restored structure closely resembles its original form.
Examples of Restoration Architecture
Now, let's explore some noteworthy examples of restoration architecture that have successfully revived historical buildings.
1. THE COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY The iconic Colosseum stands as a testament to the success of restoration efforts. Dating back to AD 80, this ancient amphitheater has undergone various phases of restoration to address structural issues caused by natural disasters and human activities. The intricate work carried out on the Colosseum showcases the delicate balance between preserving the original design and ensuring the safety of visitors.w
2. RIBEIRA DO PORTO, PORTUGAL The historic district of Ribeira do Porto under
Design of G+3 considing earthquake with Etab .pdfPrince Ahirwar
This study focuses on the comprehensive design and seismic analysis of a G+3 (Ground
plus three floors) building to enhance its earthquake resistance. Earthquakes pose
significant threats to structures, necessitating robust engineering solutions to mitigate
potential damages. The research employs state-of-the-art seismic design principles,
incorporating the latest building codes and standards to ensure the structural integrity
of the G+3 building.
covering all the basics and fundamentals of architecture. perfect for a brief overview on architecture especially if you are a newbie enjoy the visual aspects as well
A systematic approach towards restoration of heritage buildings a case studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A systematic approach towards restoration of heritage buildings a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Heritage structures perform vital role in nation’s history, culture and signify the richness of it. To augment life and enhance strength, their restoration is very important for the future generations to have knowledge about how mankind lived in past ages. Restoration involves investigating, diagnosing and correcting deficiencies and deterioration of any structure. Identification of common defects and problems faced in old structures and devising a systematic approach towards handling these issues is civil engineer’s obligation. A case study throws light on the various problems encountered and the methods employed to tackle them. This paper focuses on such problems and methodology to handle these problems while respecting structure’s cultural integrity with the help of a case study. It also seeks to highlight the need for a greater awareness and the need to take precautionary measures of the immediate effects, and of the long-term management issues of heritage structures. Index Terms: Heritage structures, defects, evaluation, systematic approach etc.
Seismic behavior of intake tower of dameSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Keywords: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Protection of traditional architecture and ancient city wall of heratNAAR Journal
This investigation inspected the issues militating against the preservation of Persian customary design that includes an investigation of the Herat city antiquated walls. The reason and criticalness of saving the noteworthy manufactured condition were analyzed to explain their legitimacy to the investigation zone while additionally assessing the degree of rot of the walls. Field studies, meetings and perceptions were led and from the information gathered it was uncovered that walls and entryways were restored in 2015/2016 and significant pieces of the antiquated walls and gates are not in presence. The examination presumed that the antiquated city walls and entryways are significantly undermined by demolition and continuously coming to finish eradication while preservation is the best way to forestall it. At last, the Insurance of the memorable structures advancement of the travel industry in order to produce income for the upkeep of the landmarks in the midst of other were suggested.
Similar to Historic recurrence in architecture from antiquity to reformation (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Historic recurrence in architecture from antiquity to reformation
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 422
HISTORIC RECURRENCE IN ARCHITECTURE FROM ANTIQUITY
TO REFORMATION
Ravindra Patnayaka1
, Suryakala Nannapaneni2
1
Assistant Professor, GITAM School of Architecture, GITAM University, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Assistant Professor, GITAM School of Architecture, GITAM University, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
History acts as a facilitator in experiencing the past virtually, decoding the myths, troubleshooting the unsolved mysteries,
unveiling the souvenirs, revealing the ekistics, etc. Architectural history in particular, explains the extrusion and morphology of
built environment and its surroundings with respect to socio, cultural, economical, political, environmental, technological
concerns and many more. Success will not come without failure; History of Architecture has initiated and shaped many concepts,
construction mechanisms, etc. as a result of various pros and cons in design alternatives, learning from the many inevitable
results and hence pioneered us to proceed further towards the next level instead of starting from the evolution. It played an
important role in contributing the strategic balance between aesthetics and structural components right from our ancient past.
History with its metamorphosis inspired and motivated the designers at various levels, and has become a renewable resource
quotient in exploring new configurations based on the then existing examples. It left everyone with extreme knowledge, innovative
mathematical implications, strategic construction techniques, creative concepts, etc. that can be made adaptable in contemporary
times and resulted in designing prototypical iconic forms. This paper focuses on exemplifying certain contributions from the
history and their influence in present-day conceptions. Also, discusses about the technological improvisations with time, and
concludes with the anticipation that history never hinders progress and will continue to inspire the future generation architects
and engineers hence forth.
Key Words: Architectural History, influence of history, construction techniques, aesthetics, Historic recurrence.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
“To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody
history but to articulate it.”Daniel Libeskind [1]
“Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn
for timelessness”Frank Gehry [2]
History of architecture is the study of changes in
architectural buildings that influenced through diverse
traditions, religions, socio-cultural aspects of various
regions and periods that evolved over centuries and
continues to change even today [3]. Ancient monumental
buildings provide an insight into the history of architecture.
The world we live-in is changing constantly, so, up-
gradation is involved in every stream of industry including
architecture. Architects have designed many buildings with
significant innovation in designs with good lifespan.
Although some specific professional expertise such as
conservation architects, archeologists etc., are
commissioned to take utmost care and preserve such
timeless wealth of our history, it is now a challenge to
cushion their existence due to the rapid urbanization and
conventional climatic change. This gave rise to a new
concept ‘Historic recurrence in architecture’ which is the
repetition of the similar building designs and concepts
inspired from history [4]. This recurrence takes place due to
certain discoverable situations and concatenations of
reasoning.
2. MESOPOTAMIAN INFLUENCE
2.1 Hanging gardens of Babylon to Green roofs in
buildings.
Hanging gardens located in the city of Babylon [Fig-1A:
[5]] constitutes high walkways supported by stone pillars
with all sorts of trees planted over a roof which had a layer
of reed laid in bitumen and two courses of baked brick
bonded by cement including a third layer of lead upon
which earth had been piled to a depth sufficient for the roots
of the largest trees frequently irrigated by machines raising
the water in great abundance from the river [6]. Inspired
from this we have a contemporary concept, Green roof [Fig-
1B: [7]] that consist of vegetation planted over a
waterproofing membrane and different layers such as a root
barrier, drainage and irrigation systems depending on the
respective designs.
A B
Fig -1: Roof Gardens
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 423
This concept of integrating landscape within the building
serves several purposes for a building, such as rainwater
harvesting, intensifying insulation, recreating a habitat for
disturbed endangered species like sparrows, squirrels etc.,
increasing benevolence and decreasing stress of the
inhabitants, providing a cool roof [8] without compromising
on the aesthetic appearance of the structure, lowering the
ambient urban air temperatures and optimizing the heat
island effect.
2.2 Age Old Towers to High-Rise Structures
Towers were constructed since pre-historic times as a
symbol of escalator to reach good heavens. They were
considered as materialistic structures to communicate with
gods, a sign of victory, a symbol of pride and grandeur, an
iconic focal element, a defensive vertical member to obtain
a better view of the surroundings, etc. [9]. The ancient
Tower of Babel [Fig 2A: [10]] stands as an inspiration to
many high-rise structures built hence-forth and a clear
morphology can be observed over the ages.
Fig -2: Towers
This transition can be seen in the Tower of Samara (Fig 2B:
[11], Qutb Minar (Fig 2C.: [12], European Union building at
Strasbourg-France (Fig 2D: [13] and many other modern
skyscrapers [14].
2.3 Ziggurats to Theme Parks Or Iconic Corporate
Buildings
Ziggurats were the temple forms built by Sumerians,
Babylonians, Elamites, Akkadians and Assyrians of the
ancient Mesopotamian civilization. They were planned
within a temple complex as huge-stepped structures raised
high above the ground ranged from two to seven storey’s
high and served many purposes; provided security from
floods or spy’s, satisfied as a religious or civic center and
behaved as a nuclei for urban growth as settlements were
often established around them [15].
Fig -3: Ziggurats
The Mesopotamian ziggurat [Fig 3A: [16]] from the 6th
century BC was a pyramidal flat-topped structure in
receding tiers upon a square platform accessed by a series of
ramps on one side, that acts as a prototype for the
Aquaventure resort [Fig 3B: [17]] on the edge of the man-
made island of the Palm Beach, Dubai which was
constructed for recreational purpose of the visitors providing
spectacular vistas from various levels of the structure [18].
3. EGYPTIAN INFLUENCE
3.1 Ancient Pyramids to Innovative Pyramid City
Pyramids are the most stable shapes for high-rise structures
as they have a consistent low center of gravity and the shape
naturally occurs in nature as a static form for sediment to
build up in the form of mounds [19]. Mesopotamians built
the earliest Pyramids known as a Mastaba, known for its
monumental scale and massiveness by considering the then
concept of most stable build ever existed, a heap form with
outward sloping sides; and Egyptians refined it into
geometrically perfect triangular structures that converge to a
single point at the apex [20].
Fig -4: Pyramids
These forms were further developed into skyscrapers such
as Empire State Building, the Eiffel tower, etc. For example,
the Great Pyramids of Giza [Fig 4A: [21]] were built on a
rocky plateau on the west bank of the river Nile in northern
Egypt, interconnected by covered causeways. A
contemporary example for this is the conceptual proposal of
a Ziggurat pyramid-shaped arcology [Fig 4B: [22]] [23]
which is defined as an ideal integrated city contained within
a massive vertical structure, allowing maximum
conservation of the surrounding environment, Dubai,
designed as a gigantic envelope for a huge township to
house one-million inhabitants in a self-sustainable
community with renewable energy sources such as- wind
turbine, solar energy, etc.
4. GREEK INFLUENCE
4.1 Optical illusions and Optical corrections from
history to present
Optical illusions are visually perceived images that differ
from the reality i.e. the visual image captured by the eye is
transferred to the brain that gives a perception which
contradicts the existing structure [24]. Optical corrections
are alternations to planes or surfaces to correct possible
perceptions of distortion. The Greeks introduced and
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 424
corrected these optical illusions in the temple of Parthenon
[Fig 5A: [25]] on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece. In order
to do this, in the Entasis- the height of stone courses was
increased with the height of a wall so that the courses appear
identical in height and the stylobate is given a slight convex
surface, and in the columns- the central part of the shaft was
slightly made wider than the top.
Fig -5: Optical illusions and corrections
Further experiments were carried forth and several illusions
were created. Few examples include the warped buildings,
deformed landscapes, collapsing illusion in Lyons
Warrnambool campus building [Fig 5B: [26]] melting
murals in the facades [Fig 5C: [27]], buildings floating in air
[Fig 5D: [28]], infinity tower [Fig 5E: [29]], wall illusion of
Café at Melbourne [Fig 5F: [30]], etc.
4.1.Ancient Amphitheatres to Stadia
Amphitheatre is an open-air venue used for entertainment,
performances, or sports. It may be elliptical, semi-circular or
circular in plan with seating tiers surrounding the central
performance area [31]. Ancient Roman amphitheatres such
as the Colosseum [Fig 6A: [32]], built in the city centre of
Rome, Italy, served as major public venues, used for events
such as gladiator combats, chariot races, animal slayings,
executions, etc. This can be seen as an inspiration for many
outdoor sporting venues, especially stadiums, concerts, or
others that allow spectators to sit and view the events.
Fig -6: Amphitheaters
Contemporary amphitheatres include bandshells, either
curved or bowl-shaped to amplify sound making it ideal for
musical or theatrical performances. The modern stadia’s
[Fig 6B: [33]] are of multiple use designs that combine a
football pitch with a running track, seating for the audience
and other services.
5. MEDIEVAL INFLUENECE
5.1 Gothic Architecture As A Prototype To
Modern Church Buildings
Gothic style, contributed the most successful structural
systems effectively engineered with uncompromised
aesthetics as well as ornamentation rather than intensifying
the beauty of the whole structure itself; [34] such as, pointed
arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, etc that has become
a profound prototype for every church, cathedral or civic
building being constructed across the globe even today.
Fig -7: Cathedrals
Catalan architect Antonio Gaudi having inspired from
Gothic Cathedrals [Fig 7A: [35]] and Art Nouveau forms,
used curvilinear forms of natural organic forms in the
Basilica I Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Familia [Fig 7B:
[36]]. This can set as a good contemporary morph of the
Gothic architecture.
6. INFUENCIAL ELEMENTS AND CONCEPTS
FROM HISTORY
6.1 Emphasizing The Entries For Vicinities
Pylons are tall tower-like structures or monumental
gateways, built of stone or brick, used as an entrance ways
to sacred areas or cities since historic times. They consist of
two tapering or trapezoidal towers, each surmounted by a
cornice, joined by a less elevated section that encloses the
lower height entrance placed between them [37]. This
element was introduced by the Babylonians as the Ishtar
Gate [Fig 8A: [38]], the main entrance to the city of
Babylon. Egyptians used Pylons [Fig 8B: [39]] in the form
of foreshortened pyramids to mark the entrances of tombs
and included ornamentation with scenes emphasizing the
Pharoah’s authority; both Classical and Egyptian revival
employed these for bridge buildings.
Fig -8: Entrance gateways
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 425
Mughals used the Pylons as entrance gateways for palaces
or forts [Fig 8C: [40]. The modern use of this in architecture
is seen in gated communities [Fig 8D: [41]] or any restricted
campuses that have controlled entrances for pedestrians,
bicycles and automobiles within a closed perimeter of walls
and fences.
6.2 Emphasizing The Entries For Buildings
Portico or porch is an extended roof leading to the entrance
of any building supported by a colonnade or located over a
walkway or enclosed by walls to protect from weather.
Ancient porticos served as a long, open structure
accommodating shops and delineating public squares from
the original city [42]. The origin of Porticos can be known
from the Hellenistic period, 3rd-1st century B.C. during the
ancient Greek civilization and is a principal feature of Greek
temple architecture as the types of portico furnish the main
typology- amphiprostyle (porticos both in front and in back),
peripteral (colonnade completely around it), etc. For
example, the Parthenon at Athens would be described as
hexastyle (six-columned) peripteral.
Fig -9: Pylons and canopies
The entrance portico of Pantheon [Fig 9A: [43]], a large
granite Corinthian colonnade surmounted by a pediment,
was a prominent element in Roman architecture [44]
inspired structures ever since. Canopy [Fig 9B: [45]] is a
contemporary version of portico that is supported by the
building to which it is attached or by means of few upright
stanchions or can also stand alone, covered with fabric
gazebo’s that are long-lasting, bright, easily cleaned, strong
and flame-retardant [46].
6.3 Golden Ratio In Architecture From History To
Present
Golden ratio is a special number found by dividing a line
into two parts such that the longer part divided by the
smaller part is equal to the whole length divided by the
longer part. It is also referred to as the Golden Rectangle,
the Golden Section, the Divine Proportion, and Phi
(Ø=1.618) [47]. This system of proportions was used in the
construction of many historical structures, for instance, in
the Parthenon- it was used in the rectangular floor plan [Fig
10A: [48]] and the exterior dimensions of the façade [Fig
10B: [48]], in the Great Pyramids of Giza [Fig 10C: [49]]
[Fig 10D: [50]] - it was represented as the ratio of the length
or height of the triangular face to half the length of the
square base, in the Notre Dame De Paris [Fig 10E: [51]] - it
was used in the west façade of the Gothic Cathedral, in the
complete structure of the Ryugyong Hotel-North Korea [Fig
10F: [52]].
A
B
C
D FE
Fig -10: Golden ratio in architecture
The Golden Ratio is also associated with the Vitruvian Man,
Pythagorean theorems, Fibonacci series, Le Corbusier’s
Modular series, paintings during De Stijl movement, etc.
[53]
6.4 Façade Treatments- From Cladding To
Biomorphic Architecture
Façade is any exterior face of a building which is the most
important aesthetic aspect from a design standpoint, as it
sets the tone for the rest of the building [54]. Cladding of
buildings is an important and commonly applied activity
area of building sector that separates the indoor environment
from the outdoors suitable for the buildings intended use
[55]. Historically speaking, large openings were initiated in
the gothic architecture. The King’s College Chapel [Fig
11A: [56]] in Britain and La Sainte Chapel [Fig 11B: [57]]
in Paris were the first examples where the concept of fully
glazed and clad wall with enlarged windows were
developed. In modern high-rise buildings, the exterior walls
were suspended from the concrete floor slabs; such as
curtain walls, precast concrete walls, massing, etc.
Fig -11: Façades
The façade designs have become more complicated due to
the new methods of construction, sustainable requirements,
advent of materials and production methods [58]. Today, the
digital generative processes open up a new door for
conceptual, formal and tectonic explorations articulating an
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 426
architectural morphology focused on the emergent and
adaptive properties of form; such as massing [Fig 11C: [59]]
[Fig 11D: [60]] on different facades that improvise the
aesthetic appearance of the buildings and further creates a
unique structure never built before without compromising
on the functional aspects.
6.5 Decorative Interiors
Many types of art from varied cultures of ancient societies
have developed over centuries depicting gods, rulers,
inscriptions rendered in regional scripts, pottery, etc. There
is a clear transition from bygone antique elements to
simplistic or modern art forms; for instance, the cave
paintings and handicrafts from the Stone Age; invention of
cuneiform script on clay tablets by Mesopotamians;
Syllables for writing by Sumerians; hieroglyphic writing and
Hebrew language by Egyptians [Fig 12A: [61]]; sculpture,
painting, architecture and ceramics by the classical Greek
and Romans; Medieval art including Early Christian,
Byzantine, Romanesque, Baroque, Rococo and Gothic art;
the modern art forms of Abstract illusionism, Digital,
virtual, Mural and Graffiti, etc. [62].
Fig -12: Art in architecture
To support this, we can study the ancient relief art from
Egyptian civilization and many modern interior wall mural
designs [Fig 12B: [63]].
7. CONCLUSION
Preserving the relics of our History of architecture is
important for several reasons- they provide an insight into
the history of our world and also shows us how people lived
their lives many centuries ago. Without the physically
existing historical heritage monuments, we could only learn
about them by books. Derivations and inferences from the
then knowledge base helps in solving contemporary issues
in more simple and sustainable way. The architectural
history proves and authenticates the futuristic vision of the
legendary constructors and builders along with the
commitment and excellency in workmanship by the
contributors; thus reinforcing its importance and triggering
the need of attributing these qualities along with utilization
of the technological sophistications. So, without
discouraging modernization and compromising on our
traditions and customs that are priceless and irreplaceable,
this concept of ‘historic recurrence’ could help in re-
creating, restoring and further extending the existence of our
historical masterpieces and also transferring our ancestral
legacy to our future generations, using new and
contemporary innovations.
REFERENCES
[1]. Libeskind, D. (2012). Xplore Inc. Retrieved July 30,
2015, from BrainyQuote: http://www.brainyquote.com
[2]. Gehry, F. (n.d.). Xplore Inc. Retrieved July 30, 2015,
from BrainyQuote: http://www.brainyquote.com
[3]. Curl, J. S. (2006). A Dictionary of Architecture and
Landscape Architecture. Oxford University Press.
[4]. G.W., T. (1979). The Idea of Historical Recurrence in
Western Thought. Berkeley: University of California
Press.
[5]. iraq:-the-cradle-of-civilization. (1995). Retrieved july
25, 2015, from www.islamicity.org:
http://www.islamicity.org/1975/iraq:-the-cradle-of-
civilization/
[6]. Clayton, P., & Price, M. (1988). The Hanging Gardens
of Babylon. In I. Finkel, The Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World (p. 38). New York: Routledge.
[7]. ACROS Fukuoka Final Project. (2010, November 19).
Retrieved July 20, 2015, from PB Works:
http://caterinabrazzoduro1.pbworks.com
[8]. Edmund, S. C., & Linda, M. (2010). The Green Roof
Manual. Portland: Timber Press.
[9]. Dana, T. (2003, November 15). Towers to the
Heavens. Retrieved July 30, 2015, from Newsweek:
msnbc.msn.com
[10]. the-tower-of-babel-miguel-rodriguez. (2010, June).
Retrieved July 20, 2015, from wordpress.com:
wallacegsmith.wordpress.com
[11]. Encyclopedia of countries and cities. (2014). Retrieved
July 22, 2015, from Paradise on Earth:
http://allworldtowns.com/
[12]. Qutb Minar. (2012, April 4). Retrieved July 12, 2015,
from wordpress.com:
keepcalmandcurryon.wordpress.com
[13]. Stewart, D. J. (n.d.). The Tower Of Babel Today.
Retrieved July 20, 2015, from jesus-is-savior.com:
http://www.jesus-is-savior.com
[14]. Leonhardt, F. (1989). Tower. Retrieved July 11, 2015,
from Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.: en.wikipedia.org
[15]. A, L. O. (1977). Ancient Mesopotamia. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
[16]. Fletcher, E. (2006). Bible Study Resource for
Archaeology: Babylon and Ziggurats. Retrieved July
13, 2015, from womeninthebible.net: www.bible-
archaeology.info
[17]. Zwanzger, S. (2008). Atlantis The Palm. Retrieved
July 20, 2015, from The Theme Park Guy & roller
coaster hat: http://www.thethemeparkguy.com/
[18]. Dubai's Best Water Park. (2015). Retrieved July 15,
2015, from Atlantis the palm: atlantisthepalm.com
[19]. Blackwell, P. G., & Talcott, R. (2006). Stargazing in
Ancient Egypt. In Astronomy (pp. 62-67). Egypt.
[20]. Patricia, G. B., & Talcott, R. (2010, June 6).
Stargazing in ancient Egypt. Astronomy Magazine ,
pp. 62-67.
[21]. Nature-Egyptian Pyramids. (2014, June 24). Retrieved
July 20, 2015, from Cool Wallpapers for you:
http://wallerz.net
[22]. Lee, E. (2008, August 25). ZIGGURAT: Dubai’s
Carbon Neutral Pyramid Will House 1 Million.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 427
Retrieved July 20, 2015, from Inhabitat:
http://inhabitat.com
[23]. Soleri, P. (1973). The Bridge Between Matter & Spirit
is Matter Becoming Spirit. In P. Soleri, The Arcology
of Paolo Soleri (p. 46). Garden City, NewYork:
Anchor Books.
[24]. Gregory, R. L. (1997). Knowledge in perception and
illusion. Bristol: Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B.
[25]. Meisner, G. (2013, January 20). The Parthenon and
Phi, the Golden Ratio. Retrieved July 28, 2015, from
PhiPoint Solutions,: goldennumber.net
[26]. Mills, J. (2010, July 20). Warrnambool Campus
Building by Lyons. Retrieved June 30, 2015, from
dezeen magazine: dezeen.com
[27]. Dean, J. (2007, May 12). Melting Building Mural.
Retrieved June 30, 2015, from Mighty Optical
Illusions: moillusions.com
[28]. Chinneck, A. (2015). Incredible Optical Illusion Makes
Building Appear To Float In Mid-Air. Retrieved June
30, 2015, from Fast Company: fastcodesign.com
[29]. GDS, A. (2013, September 16). The World’s First
Invisible Skyscraper: An Optical Illusion. Retrieved
July 30, 2015, from International business times:
http://news.filehippo.com
[30]. Bekker, J. (2006, December 23). Architecture inspired
by the café wall illusion at Melbourne Docklands.
Retrieved July 15, 2015, from the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc.: en.wikipedia.org
[31]. Bomgardner, D. L. (2000). The Story of the Roman
Amphitheatre. London: Routledge.
[32]. The Colosseum of Rome . (2011, October 7).
Retrieved July 15, 2015, from visits2world:
http://visits2world.blogspot.in
[33]. Kristen. (2014, June 16). Beijing National Stadium
Second name is Bird’s Nest built in March 2003.
Retrieved July 21, 2015, from Travellers Adventures:
http://www.travellersadventures.com
[34]. Icher, F. (1998). Building the Great Cathedrals. New
York: Harry N. Abrams.
[35]. [35] Markus, M. (2009, February 1). Milan Cathedral.
Retrieved July 21, 2015, from Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc.: en.wikipedia.org
[36]. Nesnad. (2009, September 20). Sagrada Familia.
Retrieved July 21, 2015, from Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc.: en.wikipedia.org
[37]. Wilkinson, T. (2005). The Thames and Hudson
Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames &
Hudson.
[38]. Lachish, the doomed city. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23,
2015, from Bible Architecture: bible-architecture.info
[39]. Strzelecki, J. (2007, December 19). Luxor Temple.
Retrieved July 30, 2015, from Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc.: en.wikipedia.org
[40]. Gandhi, R. (2012, August 5). Ahmedabad/Gandhinagar
Cityscapes. Retrieved July 30, 2015, from vBulletin
Solutions, Inc.: skyscrapercity.com
[41]. Developer's, S. (2009, January 17). Malwa County, AB
By-pass Road Indore. Retrieved July 30, 2015, from
360Reality: 360realty.in
[42]. Stierlin, H. (2004). Greece: From Mycenae to the
Parthenon. Cologne: Taschen.
[43]. G, J. (2013, June 10). Pantheon, Rome. Retrieved July
30, 2015, from Ancient History Encyclopedia:
ancient.eu
[44]. Stierlin, H., & Kinkle, S. (2002). The Roman Empire:
From the Etruscans to the Decline of the Roman
Empire. Cologne: Taschen.
[45]. Cambridge Sail entrance canopy. (n.d.). Retrieved July
31, 2015, from Building Design:
buildingdesignindex.co.uk
[46]. Canopy (building). (2010, July). Retrieved June 28,
2015, from Wikipedia.org: en.wikipedia.org
[47]. Livio, M. (2002). The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi,
The World's Most Astonishing Number. NewYork:
Broadway Books.
[48]. Bernhard, P. (2005). Der Goldene Schnitt am
Parthenon, Athen. Retrieved June 30, 2015, from dr-
bernhard-peter: dr-bernhard-peter.de
[49]. Nathe, C., & Hobgood, K. (n.d.). The Golden Ratio
and the Great Pyramids. Retrieved July 30, 2015, from
Culturefocus.com: http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu
[50]. Obara, S. (n.d.). Golden Ratio in Art and Architecture.
Retrieved July 28, 2015, from The University of
Georgia (Mathematics Education):
http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu
[51]. Gillian, J. R. (n.d.). OCCURRENCES IN THE
WORLD AROUND US. Retrieved July 30, 2015, from
The Fibonacci Series: odec.ca
[52]. PYONGYANG, Ryugyong Hotel - Reconstruction.
(2013, May 11). Retrieved July 25, 2015, from
SkyscraperPage.com: http://forum.skyscraperpage.com
[53]. Helms, I. (2010, January 7). Golden ratio discovered in
a quantum world. Retrieved June 15, 2015, from
EurekAlert: Eurekalert.org
[54]. Oxford English dictionary. (1989). New York: Oxford
University Press.
[55]. Fleming, e. a. (1980). The Penguin Dictionary of
Architecture.
[56]. Sellers, U. (2009, September 7-13). Travel-Learn
Program. Retrieved July 29, 2015, from Tufts Alumni
2015: http://tuftsalumni.org
[57]. Commons, C. (2014, April 22). La Sainte Chapelle du
Chateau de Vincennes ancienne demeure royale vers le
Bois de Vincennes en France. Retrieved July 31, 2015,
from Wikimedia Commons: commons.wikimedia.org
[58]. Knaack, U., Klein, T., Bilow, M., & Auer, T. (2007).
Principles of Construction. Boston/Basel/Berlin:
Birkhaüser-Verlag.
[59]. I, L. (2015, June 28). Institute for Islamic Culture,
Paris. Retrieved August 1, 2015, from e-architect: e-
architect.co.uk
[60]. Kelvin’s Conjecture: The Sustainability of
Optimization and Integration. (2008, June 23).
Retrieved July 28, 2015, from ZIGER/SNEAD:
zigersnead.com
[61]. Ancient Egyptian Art and Architecture with Unique
Decoration And Architecture Artists. (2015). Retrieved
July 28, 2015, from Dictionar: dictionar.co
[62]. Shiner, L. (2003). The Invention of Art: A Cultural
History. Chicago: University of Chicago.
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 428
[63]. interior design inspiration- wall murals . (2010, April
12). Retrieved July 27, 2015, from vol25 The Blog:
http://vol25.typepad.com
BIOGRAPHIES
Ar. Ravindra Patnayaka, he is working as
Asst. Professor in School of Architecture,
GITAM University-Visakhapatnam;
previously he has done his Master in
Planning at JNAFAU, Hyderabad. His
research focuses on integrating Urban
Design and Architectural elements through
empirical solutions.
Ph.No.+919985503512(or)Email. rpdesigndesk@gmail.com
Ar. Suryakala Nannapaneni, she is working
as Asst. Professor in School of
Architecture, GITAM University-
Visakhapatnam; previously she has done
her Masters in Architecture at Savannah
College of Art and Design, Georgia-United
States of America. Her research focuses on sustainable
aspects of Architecture and Urban Design.Ph. No. +91
9052678363 (or) Email. architectkala@gmail.com