The document discusses the histology of the liver, describing it as a modified exocrine gland with a unique double blood supply and organized into lobes and lobules. It details the microscopic organization of hepatocytes, the structure of classical, portal lobules, and liver acinus, as well as the importance of different zones in relation to blood flow and degeneration patterns. Additionally, it mentions the presence of key cellular components like Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, alongside various pathologies affecting liver architecture.

1. Dr.N.Manjula
First year postgraduate
Department of
Pathology
HISTOLOGY OF
LIVER

2. It is an accessory digestive gland.
Modified exocrine gland.
It has double blood supply.
LIVER

3. It is surrounded by thin connective tissue capsule.
It is divided into lobes: Right, Left, Caudate, Quadrate.
Hepatic artery, Portal vein, Bile duct @ PORTA.
INTERLOBULAR SEPTA.
GROSS HISTOLOGY

5. LOBULES: THE STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIVER.
Cross section of each lobule is hexagonal.
At the corners of the hexagon are the small triangular
area of connective tissue that contain PORTAL
TRIADS.
In the center of each hepatic lobule is a central vein, it
drains blood from tubules into hepatic veins.
MICROSCOPIC
ORGANIZATION

6. HEPATOCYTES
Radiating from the central vein
are HEPATOCYTES, arranged
in plates.
These are polyhedral cells
having spherical nuclei(centrally
located) with 1 or 2 nucleoli.
{HCC – primary hepatic
neoplasia}
Cytoplasm – eosinophilic and
contain fine basophilic granule
representing RER

7. SINUSOID
Between the plates of hepatic cells are the blood passages
called as sinusoids.
Lined by an endothelium which has fenestrations.
The flow of blood in sinusoid is from periphery towards
central vein.

9. PORTAL TRIAD
HEPATIC ARTERIOLE: one to
three layers of smooth muscle
cells, relatively small lumen.
PORTAL VENULE: usually
larger collapsed lumen.
BILE DUCTULE: lined by
simple cuboidal to columnar
epithelium.
Connective tissue – collagen type 1
– blue fibres on trichrome stain.

10. The liver is covered by GLISSON’S
capsule (connective tissue).
{SUB CAPSULAR HEMATOMA}

11. 1.Classical lobule:
It has central vein located
at the center.
Portal triads at the edges.
The blood flows from
periphery to center.
The bile secretion is from
center towards periphery.
TYPES OF LIVER
LOBULES

12. 2.Portal lobule:
It is the triangular area of
liver parenchyma around each
portal triad.
In this portal triad is in
center and central vein are at
edges.
In this blood flows from
center to periphery and bile
secretion drains into central duct.

13. 3.Liver acinus:
It is elliptical in shape.
It includes portions of
two neighbouring classical
liver lobules.
In the center are the
terminal branches of
hepatic arteriole and portal
venule.

14. Each acinus is divided into
three zone:
Zone 1: close to blood
vessels.
Zone 2: between one
and three.
Zone 3: close to central
vein.
ZONES

15. Zone 1 supplied with most
oxygenated blood and zone 3 gets
the least.
Degeneration secondary to
hypoxia is first observed in zone
3.
Degeneration due to toxic
damage is first observed in zone
1.
IMPORTANCE OF
ZONE

16. Interspersed amongest the sinusoids are the
KUPFFER CELLS(hepatic macrophages)

17. The surface of liver cell is seperated from the
endothelial lining of the sinusoid by
SPACE OF DISSE.

18. Hepatic stellate cells,
found in perisinusoidal
space.
Involved in storage of
vitamin A and Lipid.
{HYPERVITAMINOSIS ‘A’}
ITO CELLS

19. Early evidence is
appearance of steatosis
manifested by
accumulation of lipid in
form of large
cytoplasmic vacuoles
displacing the nucleus to
one side.
ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS

20. Disruption of liver
architecture.
Formation of regenerating
nodules.
Seperated by fibrous
bands.
MASSON’S TRICHROME –
FIBROUS TISSUE
CIRRHOSIS

22.  Hep Par1
 Glypican-3
 p-CEA
 AFP
IHC MARKERS

23.  GP PAL – TEXTBOOK OF HISTOLOGY {3E}
 INDERBIR SINGH – TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN
HISTOLOGY {6E}
 NETTER’S – ESSENTIAL HISTOLOGY {3E}
 WHEATER’S – A TEXT ATLAS REVIEW OF
HISTOPATHOLOGY {5E}
REFERENCES

24. THANK YOU