This document provides a summary of histology material for a semester 2 exam. It includes definitions and descriptions of 3 key cell types found in the small intestine (enterocytes, paneth cells, and chief cells). It also summarizes histological structures of the kidney (medulla, podocytes), stomach (parietal cells), and pituitary gland (acidophils, basophils, chromophobes). Throughout, it emphasizes structures and cells that could appear on the exam.

1. HISTOLOGY SEMESTER 2 - TRUST ME I’M ASIAN!!

2. Jan 2011 version (new curriculum)
This file has been edited and updated, the new
exams have semester 1 material, and this is
from what I can remember, I will not write
down an answer to a question if I am unsure
about it (which is a lot :P) I also wrote what is
repeated from previous slides, BUT ANYTHING
from these slides can be tested so I did not
delete it.

3. inside circle-one cell

5. Enterocyte

6. Paneth cell

7. Simple columnar cells
in gallbladder

8. Chief cell

9. Medulla of kidney

10. Parietal cell

11. Podocytes
Endothelial
Fenstrated
slits

12. Acidophils
Basophils
Chromophobes

13. Basophils
Acidophils
Chromophobes
Basophils
(Purplish, FLAT):
Gonadotroph
(FSH, LH).
Corticotroph
(ACTH), TSH
Acidophils
(Reddish, PiG):
Mammotroph
(prolactin),
Sommatotroph
(GH)
Pars Distalis: Very Cellular
Chromophobes:
Produce Nothing,
Usually located in
clusters in the
center of cords,
pale stain
cytoplasm

14. Composition of
colloid is
thyroid globulin
Simple Squamous
Cells
(Inactive Follicular Cell)
Parafollicular Cell (C Cell,
Clear Cell): Produce
Calcitonin

15. Zona Fasciculata Zona Glumerolusa
Capsule
Zona Glumerulosa:
Mineralcorticoid 
Aldosterone
(stimulated by
Angiotensin II, K)
Zona Fasciculata:
Glucocorticoid 
Cortisol, cortizone,
corticosterone
(Stimulated by
ACTH)

16. Unilaminar Primary
Oocyte
Zona Pellucida
Granulosa cells: (Multiple
Layer of FC) Cuboidal or
Columnar
(Simple cuboidal or
columnar) Stroma
(Forms the
theca
folliculi)
Primary
Oocyte in
amorphous
region
Primary Follicle:
(Secreted by oocyte, a lot
of glycoprotein, has sperm
receptor)
Oocyte
Nucleus
Theca Interna (Made from stromal
cell): Secreting Androgen (Change
by ovary to secrete estrogen
Theca
Externa: (Not
a well define
line. Mainly
secreting
collagenBasal
Lamina

17. Granulosa Cells
Theca Externa
Theca Interna
Theca Interna: Highly vasculized, blood
capillaries b/w cells.
Cuboidal Cell, have all the feature of a
steroid secreting cell (@ EM Level)  Lots of
lipid droplets, mito, SER
LH bind to Theca Interna cell to produce
androstendione  Goes across granulosa
layer of cell (stimulated by FSH) 
Converted into estrogen
(Area of Flatten Cell)
Stromal Cells (Outside
from thca externa

18. Fallopian Tube
(Oviduct)
Fallopian Tube: Region closer to ovary b/c relatively less
muscle and more heavily folded mucosa than on the other end
of FT.
Less muscle
More heavily folded mucosa (Layer
of epithelium resting on a thin layer
of CT)
Should be a thin layer of
serosa (adventitia) here
but not evident in this
picture

19. Peg Cells: Secretory cells,
Nutrient/Protective Fluid for
the oocyte
Ciliated Simple Columnar Cells:
Lining Mucosa, Drive oocyte to FT;
loose CT – elastic fibers – stretch
ability at vagina

20. Non-keratinized Stratified
Squamous
Lamina Propia: Consisting of a
lot of loose CT, a lot of elastic
fibers that gives vigina its
elastic property

21. Parotid Gland
-pure serous gland
-serous secreting units (acini) are basophilic
-see serous acini & ducts

22. Parotid Gland
-Intercalated ducts are continuous with secretory end pieces and lined
by simple cuboidal epithelium (1st part of ductus system)
-Striated ducts  simple columnar epithelium; can see striations
Striated duct
Serous acini
Intercalated duct

23. Esophagus
-4 tunics (layers)
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia

24. Esophagus (middle or bottom portion)
-nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium line esophagus (NKSS)
-beneath epithelium, thin lamina propria with loose CT
-muscularis mucosae—smooth muscle boundary b/w mucosa & submucosa, esophageal
gland proper and duct (Only found in middle and lower esophagus)
-submucosa  dense irregular CT with mucus secreting gland
Lumen
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
(Thick skeletal or mixed or pure
smooth muscle – Depends on which
part of esophagus)

25. Esophagus
-Myenteric can be found b/w two muscle layers
MucosaSubmucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia
Myenteric
plexus
(B/w 2 muscle layer, sometimes find
pale stained structure  MP)

26. Submucosa of Esophagus
-mucous secreting gland
-dense irregular CT surrounds gland
Note: Only 2 place to find Glands – Esophagus and Duodenum
Submucosal gland
(esophageal Gland)
Submucosal
duct

27. Mucosa of stomach
-Epithelium of surface & gastric pits  simple columnar cells
-Cells secrete thick mucus on surface of cells
-Base of pits  gastric glands
Simple columnar
Gastric pits
Lamina propria
(Cellular, Loose CT)
rapid reepithileliazation—one part of surface
mucosa cell injured/peel off, same cell in pit
migrate up and cover injury (takes 20 mins)

28. Fundus of stomach
-Upper part of gastric gland  parietal cell -
Acidophilic cytoplasm & round nucleus
Parietal cell
Parietal cell
Fxn of Parietal Cells: Produce HCl &
Intrinsic Factor

29. Duodenum of small intestine
-plia circularis has a core of submucosa containing mucous secreting glands (Brunner’s gland)
Serosa Muscularis
externa
Mucuosa
Submucosa
Plica circularis
Brunner’s Gland

30. Brunner’s gland of Duodenum
-located in submucosa & penetrates muscularis mucosae & enters intestinal glands
-mucous secreting gland
*only 2 segments of GI with mucous secreting glands in submucosa  esophagus & duodenum

31. Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus of Duodenum
-also see musclaris mucosae
Meissner’s
plexus
Collagen Type I (In Submuca
Region – Dense Irregular CT

32. Muscularis externa of Duodenum
-Two layers of smooth muscle: inner circular, outer longitudinal
-Organization OPPOSITE of muscularis externa in urinary system
ureter/bladder have inner longitudinal, outer circular
-inner circular  contracts lumen
-outer longitudinal  shorten GI tube
-peristalsis—regular contraction or shortening of GI tube due to functional layers of smooth muscle
Outer
longitudinal
Auerbach’s
(myenteric)
plexus
Inner circular

33. Pancreas
-Exocrine—Pure serous secreting unit  acini (surrounding)
-Endocrine—islets of Langerhans
Islets of Langerhans
Acini

34. Liver
-terminal branch of portal vein or portal venule (WRITE ONE OF THESE NOT portal vein)
-terminal branch of hepatic artery or hepatic arteriole (WRITE ONE OF THESE NOT hepatic artery)
-branch from bile duct—lined by simple cuboidal epithelium (OK to write bile duct)
Portal venule
Hepatic
arteriole
Bile duct

35. Pig Liver: Portal Triad
Portal venule
Hepatic
arteriole
Bile duct
(Simple cuboidal)

36. Human Liver
-not see hepatic lobules clearly b/c no separation of lobules by CT
Central Vein

37. Appendix (Part of large intestine)
-tubular structure—simple tubular gland
-luminal surface has no villi
-lymphatic nodule in mucosa and submucosa
Serosa
Muscularis
externa
Submucosa
Mucosa
Lymphatic
nodule
Lumen

38. Cortex
Medulla (lighter)
- Trabeculae can be
seen
Thymus

39. Many areas where white pulp contains central arte
Spleen:
Germinal Center: 2nd
Lymphatic Nodule
Primary Lymphatic
Nodules

40. veins
artery
Vas Deferens:
Vas Deferens

41. Pseudostratified
columnar
w/sterocilia
Muscularis externa
adventitia
(Extremely thick, muscle
contracts during
ejaculation to expel sperm)

42. Copora Amylacea (Prostatic Concretion)
Precipitation of prostatic concretion, becomes calcified; seen more in aged men

43. spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes (Largest,
biggest cell in ST)
spermatids
Sertoli cells
Leydig cells/
interstitial cells –
Testosterone
secreting cell
Spermatogonia (sits right on
basal lamina) = stem cells for
sperm production, can
become type A and type B.
Type B are committed to
differentiate.
Becomes primary
spermatocytes, entered first
miotic prophase (condensed
chromosomes).
Tight junctions of Sertoli cells
divide blood-testis barrier
Secondary spermatocytes hard
to see because short-lived
Won’t see mature sperm
because would be released
Won’t see Leydig cells before
puberty, would only see
spermatogonia pre-puberty
(Lumen of ST)
Basal Lamina w/
myelo epithelial
cells that undergo
parastaltic
contraction that
expel the sperm

44. Highly coiled tube so when cut at cross section looks like
many, but just one tube

45. Parietal Layer of Bowman’s Capsule
Lined by Simple squamous epithelium
Macula Densa of DCT
PCT – lined by simple cuboidal or columnar epi
(MD senses Na in filtrate in order to regulate BP)
Whole
Structure is
the DCT

46. Renal Corpuscle
PCT
the cross section of the PCT
-acidophilic
-fuzzy lumen b/c of the
microvilli, which were lose in
the slide prep
Macula Densa: Nuclei
Looks really packed

47. Collecting duct
(Tall simple
cuboidal cells with
clear cytoplasm,
clear around
nucleus)
Vasa recta (The capillary that
surrounds the loop of Henle
in the medulla. Simple
squamous and have RBCs in
lumen) Thin loop of Henle
(Clear Simple Squamous)
Collecting tubules
Medulla region of kidney: (Thin limb only located in medulla)

48. Mucosa layer
Muscularis externa
Adventitia (carrying blood
vessels and nerves)
Longitudinal
Circular
Ureter of Urinary System:
•The mucosa is composed of an epithelium and LP
•The muscularis externa is composed of inner longitudinal and outer circular smooth muscle
•Towards the bladder, a 3rd layer is present, outer longitudinal.
(Higher Mag,)

49. Pars Distalis
Adenohypophysis (Anterior
Pituitary): Derived from the
outpocketing of the ectoderm of
oropharynx (Rathke’s Pouch)

50. Pars Nervosa: Bland Looking, Not as much cells as Pars distalis
Posterior Pituitary Gland: Neurohypophysis, Pars nervosa
Two Hormones Produce in Hypothalamus & released in posterior pituitary:
1) Pariventricular Nuclei: Oxytoxin
2) Supraoptic Nuclei: ADH (vasopressin)

51. Red pulp
Germinal
center
Central arteriole
(Surrounded by PALS)
All secondary lymphatic nodules will
revert back to primary lymphatic
nodules once the memory cells and
plasma cells have evacuated the
area
Lymphatic Nodule (has B-lymphocytes) contains germinal center
(primarily plasma cells and memory B-cells)
2nd
Lymphatic
Nodule

52. lymphatic tissue
Germinal center
Subcapsular sinus:
(Macrophages,
Reticular cells,
Reticular fibers, Very
leaky)
Afferent
lymphatic
vessel
Lymph Node:
(Germinal center has B
memory and plasma
cells)

53. Mucosa of duodenum
-identify epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, villi, and intestinal glands (crypts of
Lieberkuhn) with paneth cells
Paneth Cell

54. Lingual tonsil
-nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-single crypt for each tonsil
-mucous secreting gland
-minor salivary glands on tongue: Posterior 1/3 of tongue
*to tell the difference between lingual tonsil and palatine tonsil is by looking
at the glands. With palatine tonsils, rarely see glands beneath the tonsils.
NKSS
epithelium
Lymphatic
nodule
Crypt

55. Sperm are connected to each other, even though it doesn’t look like
Stereocilia/Microvili

56. Jan 2011 exam