Acccording to the wikipedia, "the urinary system, also known as the urinary tract or renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine.[1] The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein. Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons. Following filtration of blood and further processing, wastes (in the form of urine) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder, where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination (voiding). The female and male urinary system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra.[2]
Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.
800โ2,000 milliliters (mL) of urine are normally produced every day in a healthy human. This amount varies according to fluid intake and kidney function.
Structure
3D model of urinary system
The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion. In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides.
The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney, the nephrons. Urine then flows through the nephrons, through a system of converging tubules called collecting ducts. These collecting ducts then join together to form the minor calyces, followed by the major calyces that ultimately join the renal pelvis. From here, urine continues its flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter, transporting urine into the urinary bladder. The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder. In males, the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder, continues through the external urethral orifice, and then becomes the prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethra. Urine exits through the external urethral meatus. The female urethra is much shorter, beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the vaginal vestibule.
Development
Main article: Development of the urinary system
Microanatomy
See also: Urothelium
Under microscopy, the urinary system is covered in a unique lining called urothelium, a type of transitional epithelium. Unlike the epithelial lining of most organs, transitional epithelium can flatten and distend. Urothelium covers most of the urinary system and urinary tubules".
This document provides a summary of histology material for a semester 2 exam. It includes definitions and descriptions of 3 key cell types found in the small intestine (enterocytes, paneth cells, and chief cells). It also summarizes histological structures of the kidney (medulla, podocytes), stomach (parietal cells), and pituitary gland (acidophils, basophils, chromophobes). Throughout, it emphasizes structures and cells that could appear on the exam.
This was done as a Student presentation on the kidney.
Here following topics are covered.
Macroscopic structure of the urinary system
Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system
Functions of the nephron
Renal blood supply
Kidneys and blood pressure regulation
Structure of ureters and urinary bladder to perform its function
Renal failure
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra each have distinct tissue layers including mucosa, muscularis, and serosa that allow them to perform their specialized functions within the urinary system.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance and ion concentrations. Each kidney contains millions of functional filtering units called nephrons. Urine is collected in the kidneys and passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage, then exits through the urethra. The urinary system works to regulate fluid balance, remove waste, and maintain pH levels in the blood.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the urinary system. It describes the location and internal anatomy of the kidneys, including the cortex, medulla, and pelvis. It explains that the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, and traces the path of a drop of filtrate as it becomes urine, from the glomerulus and tubules to the collecting ducts and out of the body. It also briefly discusses urine transport and storage in the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
This document summarizes histological structures of various tissues and organs. It provides detailed descriptions and microscopic images of blood vessels, nervous tissue, endocrine glands including the pituitary and adrenal, exocrine glands like the salivary glands, digestive organs from the mouth to the large intestine, urogenital structures, lymphatic tissues and the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Key features like cell types, layers, presence of glands or villi are highlighted for each structure.
This document provides a histological overview of the urinary system. It describes the microscopic structure of the kidney, nephron, renal corpuscle, renal tubule, juxtaglomerular apparatus, ureter, transitional epithelium of the bladder, and urethra. Diagrams are included to illustrate key components like the podocytes surrounding the glomerular capillaries, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and layers of the bladder and ureter walls.
This document provides a summary of histology material for a semester 2 exam. It includes definitions and descriptions of 3 key cell types found in the small intestine (enterocytes, paneth cells, and chief cells). It also summarizes histological structures of the kidney (medulla, podocytes), stomach (parietal cells), and pituitary gland (acidophils, basophils, chromophobes). Throughout, it emphasizes structures and cells that could appear on the exam.
This was done as a Student presentation on the kidney.
Here following topics are covered.
Macroscopic structure of the urinary system
Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system
Functions of the nephron
Renal blood supply
Kidneys and blood pressure regulation
Structure of ureters and urinary bladder to perform its function
Renal failure
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra each have distinct tissue layers including mucosa, muscularis, and serosa that allow them to perform their specialized functions within the urinary system.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance and ion concentrations. Each kidney contains millions of functional filtering units called nephrons. Urine is collected in the kidneys and passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage, then exits through the urethra. The urinary system works to regulate fluid balance, remove waste, and maintain pH levels in the blood.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the urinary system. It describes the location and internal anatomy of the kidneys, including the cortex, medulla, and pelvis. It explains that the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, and traces the path of a drop of filtrate as it becomes urine, from the glomerulus and tubules to the collecting ducts and out of the body. It also briefly discusses urine transport and storage in the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
This document summarizes histological structures of various tissues and organs. It provides detailed descriptions and microscopic images of blood vessels, nervous tissue, endocrine glands including the pituitary and adrenal, exocrine glands like the salivary glands, digestive organs from the mouth to the large intestine, urogenital structures, lymphatic tissues and the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Key features like cell types, layers, presence of glands or villi are highlighted for each structure.
This document provides a histological overview of the urinary system. It describes the microscopic structure of the kidney, nephron, renal corpuscle, renal tubule, juxtaglomerular apparatus, ureter, transitional epithelium of the bladder, and urethra. Diagrams are included to illustrate key components like the podocytes surrounding the glomerular capillaries, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and layers of the bladder and ureter walls.
The document summarizes the histology of the urinary system. It describes the structures and cell types found in the kidney, nephron, ureter, bladder, and urethra. In the kidney, nephrons contain glomeruli and Bowman's capsules for blood filtration. The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the bladder via smooth muscle layers. The bladder stores urine in transitional epithelium before exiting the body through the urethra, lined with stratified squamous epithelium in males and females. Clinical correlates of urinary structures include incontinence and overactive bladder.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and kidney anatomy and histology. It describes the key functions and components of the kidneys, including the cortex and medulla. It explains the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle and uriniferous tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. Filtration occurs across the glomerular capillary endothelium, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes within Bowman's capsule.
The document provides details on the histology and structure of the upper urinary tract, including the kidney and ureter. It describes the layers and cell types found in the kidney cortex and medulla, as well as the individual nephron components and their functions. It also outlines the layers of the ureter wall and the transitional epithelium lining. The kidney filters blood and precisely regulates water and electrolyte levels through specialized tubule structures and countercurrent exchange systems.
The kdney hlus Name tuncs of a kdney What helps kdney to f.pdfAdilsalleppey
ย
The kdney hlus. Name tuncs of a kdney. What helps kdney to fx n abdomnal cavty? Kidney.
Describe the internal (macroscopc) structure of the kidney on a slice. Name definition of renal
lobes and lobulus. The kdney papllae, major and mnor calyces, renal pelvs and its the contnuaton
of the ureter.
Descrbe the vessel system (vascular network) of the kdney. Kidney.Describe the microscopc
structure of the kidney. Name the structure-functonal unte of the kdney and descrbe ts structure.
Ureter. Whats ts role n the system of urne formaton?
Ureter.Topography (holotopy, sceletotopy and syntopy) and external structure. Narrowng of the
ureter and ts practcal role. Ureter. Describe the internal structure of the ureter. Descrbe the
structure of the ureter wall.
Urinary bladder. Topography (holotopy, sceletotopy and syntopy) of the urinary bladder. The
shape and poston of the urnary bladder change accordng to stage of ts fllng. Urinary bladder. The
external structure of the urinary bladder.
The functonal mportance of the urnary bladder. Urinary bladder. Internal structure of the urinary
bladder.The borders of the trangle of the urnary bladder and the specalty of ts structure n ths part.
The topography of the female urethra. Female urethral track, structure, ostum. Sphncters of
female urethra track. Dfferences between male and female urethra track.
ASAPASAP VERY SPECIFIC ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS DONT HAVE TO BE LONG.
The urinary system functions to filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle with glomerulus for blood filtration, and a renal tubule for reabsorption and secretion. Filtrate passes through the glomerulus and along the tubule, where it is modified before collection in the ureters and storage in the bladder for excretion. The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the three main types of muscle tissue: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle. It describes the structural features of cardiomyocytes, including their branching shape, striations, nuclei, myofibrils, T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and intercalated disks that allow for synchronized contraction. Smooth muscle is composed of elongated, spindle-shaped cells that lack striations and contain single nuclei. They connect via gap junctions and contract continuously to produce movements. Their filaments are arranged in a criss-cross lattice rather than sarcomeres. Calcium signaling and the role of calmodulin in contraction are also discussed.
Kidney is a vital organ. Each individual has a pair of kidneys .
kidney is bean shaped organ on either side of your spine, below your ribs and behind your belly. Each kidney is about 4 - 5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist.
The kidney job is to filter the blood.
kidney is reddish brown in color.
kidneys are also called as retro-peritoneal organ.
There are three layers of tissues that surrounds kidney
1. renal capsule
2. adipose capsule
3. renal fascia.
This document provides an overview of the histology of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the microscopic anatomy of each organ in detail, highlighting key structures like the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney), renal corpuscles, proximal and distal tubules, loops of Henle, collecting ducts, and the transitional epithelium lining the ureters, bladder, and urethra. The document also discusses specialized structures in the kidney like the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system.
Structure and function of different parts of nephron.pptxSunaynaChoudhary
ย
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. It consists of a renal corpuscle containing the glomerulus for blood filtration and a renal tubule for reabsorption and secretion. The renal tubule is divided into three sections - the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs most water, salts and nutrients from the filtrate using active transport mechanisms like sodium-glucose cotransporters. This creates gradients driving passive reabsorption of water down its concentration gradient through the tubule epithelial cells and into the bloodstream.
Introduction of tissue - Epithelial tissueBithikaBaidya
ย
This document discusses the different types of tissues in the body, with a focus on epithelial tissue. It defines tissue as groups of cells organized to perform specific functions. The four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings and has closely packed cells held together by junctions. Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell shape and layer arrangement into simple and stratified types, including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified and transitional epithelium. The document provides detailed descriptions of each epithelial tissue type including their location and functions such as secretion, protection and absorption.
The document describes the structure and histology of the urinary system. It discusses the anatomy of the kidney, including the renal cortex containing the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT), as well as the renal medulla containing loop of Henle. It also describes the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra, noting the transitional epithelium lining these structures. Key cellular features of each component are highlighted, along with their functional significance in the urinary system.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. Each nephron includes a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until emptying via the urethra.
KIDNEY IS A VITAL ORGAN IN HUMAN BEINGS. EVERY HUMAN HAS A PAIR OF KIDNEYS WHICH HELP TO EXCRETE OUT WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BODY IN THE FORM OF URINE...
URINE IS FORMED IN KIDNEY BY THREE STEPS WHICH ARE
(1) FILTRATION.
(2) ABSORPTION
(3) SECRETION
The document summarizes the histology of the ileum, large intestine, and liver. The ileum contains large lymphatic nodules called Peyer's patches which are important for B-lymphocyte development. The large intestine is formed of the cecum, colon, and rectum, and its mucosa contains both mucus-secreting and water-absorbing cells. The liver receives dual blood supply and is composed of lobules containing hepatocytes and sinusoids which transport blood and bile.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
The document summarizes the histology of the urinary system. It describes the structures and cell types found in the kidney, nephron, ureter, bladder, and urethra. In the kidney, nephrons contain glomeruli and Bowman's capsules for blood filtration. The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the bladder via smooth muscle layers. The bladder stores urine in transitional epithelium before exiting the body through the urethra, lined with stratified squamous epithelium in males and females. Clinical correlates of urinary structures include incontinence and overactive bladder.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and kidney anatomy and histology. It describes the key functions and components of the kidneys, including the cortex and medulla. It explains the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle and uriniferous tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. Filtration occurs across the glomerular capillary endothelium, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes within Bowman's capsule.
The document provides details on the histology and structure of the upper urinary tract, including the kidney and ureter. It describes the layers and cell types found in the kidney cortex and medulla, as well as the individual nephron components and their functions. It also outlines the layers of the ureter wall and the transitional epithelium lining. The kidney filters blood and precisely regulates water and electrolyte levels through specialized tubule structures and countercurrent exchange systems.
The kdney hlus Name tuncs of a kdney What helps kdney to f.pdfAdilsalleppey
ย
The kdney hlus. Name tuncs of a kdney. What helps kdney to fx n abdomnal cavty? Kidney.
Describe the internal (macroscopc) structure of the kidney on a slice. Name definition of renal
lobes and lobulus. The kdney papllae, major and mnor calyces, renal pelvs and its the contnuaton
of the ureter.
Descrbe the vessel system (vascular network) of the kdney. Kidney.Describe the microscopc
structure of the kidney. Name the structure-functonal unte of the kdney and descrbe ts structure.
Ureter. Whats ts role n the system of urne formaton?
Ureter.Topography (holotopy, sceletotopy and syntopy) and external structure. Narrowng of the
ureter and ts practcal role. Ureter. Describe the internal structure of the ureter. Descrbe the
structure of the ureter wall.
Urinary bladder. Topography (holotopy, sceletotopy and syntopy) of the urinary bladder. The
shape and poston of the urnary bladder change accordng to stage of ts fllng. Urinary bladder. The
external structure of the urinary bladder.
The functonal mportance of the urnary bladder. Urinary bladder. Internal structure of the urinary
bladder.The borders of the trangle of the urnary bladder and the specalty of ts structure n ths part.
The topography of the female urethra. Female urethral track, structure, ostum. Sphncters of
female urethra track. Dfferences between male and female urethra track.
ASAPASAP VERY SPECIFIC ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS DONT HAVE TO BE LONG.
The urinary system functions to filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle with glomerulus for blood filtration, and a renal tubule for reabsorption and secretion. Filtrate passes through the glomerulus and along the tubule, where it is modified before collection in the ureters and storage in the bladder for excretion. The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the three main types of muscle tissue: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle. It describes the structural features of cardiomyocytes, including their branching shape, striations, nuclei, myofibrils, T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and intercalated disks that allow for synchronized contraction. Smooth muscle is composed of elongated, spindle-shaped cells that lack striations and contain single nuclei. They connect via gap junctions and contract continuously to produce movements. Their filaments are arranged in a criss-cross lattice rather than sarcomeres. Calcium signaling and the role of calmodulin in contraction are also discussed.
Kidney is a vital organ. Each individual has a pair of kidneys .
kidney is bean shaped organ on either side of your spine, below your ribs and behind your belly. Each kidney is about 4 - 5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist.
The kidney job is to filter the blood.
kidney is reddish brown in color.
kidneys are also called as retro-peritoneal organ.
There are three layers of tissues that surrounds kidney
1. renal capsule
2. adipose capsule
3. renal fascia.
This document provides an overview of the histology of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the microscopic anatomy of each organ in detail, highlighting key structures like the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney), renal corpuscles, proximal and distal tubules, loops of Henle, collecting ducts, and the transitional epithelium lining the ureters, bladder, and urethra. The document also discusses specialized structures in the kidney like the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system.
Structure and function of different parts of nephron.pptxSunaynaChoudhary
ย
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. It consists of a renal corpuscle containing the glomerulus for blood filtration and a renal tubule for reabsorption and secretion. The renal tubule is divided into three sections - the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs most water, salts and nutrients from the filtrate using active transport mechanisms like sodium-glucose cotransporters. This creates gradients driving passive reabsorption of water down its concentration gradient through the tubule epithelial cells and into the bloodstream.
Introduction of tissue - Epithelial tissueBithikaBaidya
ย
This document discusses the different types of tissues in the body, with a focus on epithelial tissue. It defines tissue as groups of cells organized to perform specific functions. The four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings and has closely packed cells held together by junctions. Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell shape and layer arrangement into simple and stratified types, including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified and transitional epithelium. The document provides detailed descriptions of each epithelial tissue type including their location and functions such as secretion, protection and absorption.
The document describes the structure and histology of the urinary system. It discusses the anatomy of the kidney, including the renal cortex containing the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT), as well as the renal medulla containing loop of Henle. It also describes the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra, noting the transitional epithelium lining these structures. Key cellular features of each component are highlighted, along with their functional significance in the urinary system.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. Each nephron includes a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until emptying via the urethra.
KIDNEY IS A VITAL ORGAN IN HUMAN BEINGS. EVERY HUMAN HAS A PAIR OF KIDNEYS WHICH HELP TO EXCRETE OUT WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BODY IN THE FORM OF URINE...
URINE IS FORMED IN KIDNEY BY THREE STEPS WHICH ARE
(1) FILTRATION.
(2) ABSORPTION
(3) SECRETION
The document summarizes the histology of the ileum, large intestine, and liver. The ileum contains large lymphatic nodules called Peyer's patches which are important for B-lymphocyte development. The large intestine is formed of the cecum, colon, and rectum, and its mucosa contains both mucus-secreting and water-absorbing cells. The liver receives dual blood supply and is composed of lobules containing hepatocytes and sinusoids which transport blood and bile.
Similar to Lab16-UrinarySystemOrientation.pptx (20)
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
ย
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
ย
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
ย
Ivรกn Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
2. DC
T
PCT
(Papillary
Duct)
Renal
Corpuscle
Minor
Key Features of the Kidney
(from Dr. Carbreyโs notes)
Kidney โ surrounded by CT capsule, no mesothelium
Cortex - alternating medullary rays (CDs & straight tubules) and
cortical labyrinths (renal corpuscles, conv. tubules)
can distinguish histologically: renal corpuscles , PCT, DCT, CD
renal corpuscles โ glomerulus and Bowmanโs capsule
glomerulus โ capillaries
Bowmanโs capsule โ double-layered epithelial
structure that surrounds glomerulus
Medulla - medullary pyramids bordered by renal columns
can see histologically: loop of Henle, thick asc. limb, CD, vasa recta
papillae with the area cribosa and ducts of Bellini (s.
col. CD) projecting into the calyx (transitional epi)
Histology of Tubules:
PCT โ s. cub., microvilli and basal striations, dark staining, few nuclei
in sections of cells, stellate or occluded lumen, most
numerous tubule in cortex, cortex only
DCT โ s. cub., less microvilli, more nuclei in section, pale staining,
usually has an open lumen, cortex only
CD โ s.cub., no microvilli or basal striations, clear cell boundaries,
nucleus in most sections of cells
thin segments of the loop of Henle โ s. sq. with rounder nuclei than
vasa recta, medulla only
Thick asc. limb โ s. cub., not every section of cell has nucleus, no clear
cell boundaries
10. Key Features of the Ureter
(from Dr. Carbreyโs notes)
โข small lumen to wall thickness ratio compared
to bladder
โข mucosa - transitional epithelium lines a star-
shaped lumen, lam. prop.
โข muscularis - 2 layers of sm. muscle โ inner
long., outer circum. (opposite of GI)
โข last 1/3 of ureter gains a 3rd layer of s. muscle
like bladder
โข adventitia
13. Key Features of the Bladder
(from Dr. Carbreyโs notes)
โข large lumen to wall thickness ratio compared to
ureter
โข mucosa - transitional epithelium and lamina
propria
โข muscularis - 3 layers of smooth muscle โ
inner longitudinal, middle circular,
outer longitudinal
โข mostly adventitia (where against body wall) but
some serosa (where projecting into pelvic cavity)
