Philippine History

2. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Persons exercising
powers:
• Monarchy
• Aristocracy
• Democracy
Powers exercise by
the nat’l or central
gov’t
• Unitary gov’t
• Federal gov’t
Relationship of the
exec. & legis.
branch
• Parliamentary
gov’t
• Presidential
gov’t

3. AS TO NUMBER OF PERSONS
EXERCISING POWERS:
A. Monarchy
One in which the supreme and final authority is in
the hands of a single person without regard to
the source of his election or the nature or
duration of his tenure.

4. MONARCHY
Absolute monarchy
One in which the ruler
rules by divine right
The monarch
exercises ultimate
governing authority
as head of
state and head of
government
Limited monarchy
One in which the ruler
rules in accordance
with a constitution
A form of government
in which a monarch
acts as head of state

5. ABSOLUTE MONARCH COUNTRIES
L
Vatican City
Kingdom of
Saudi
Arabia
Brunei
Darussalam

6. LIMITED MONARCH COUNTRIES
United
Kingdom
The
Netherlands
Spain

7. ARISTOCRACY
- One in which political power is exercised
by a few privileged class
- A state characterized by the rule of
nobility, elite, or privileged upper class

8. DEMOCRACY
- One in which the political power is exercised
by a majority of the people.
- “…government of the people, by the
people, for the people…,”
- Abraham Lincoln

9. SUBTYPES OF DEMOCRACY
DirectorPure
• One in which the
will of the state
is formulated or
expressed
directly through
the people in a
mass meeting or
primary
assembly
IndirectorRepublican
• The people
choose their
representatives
to govern them
in public affairs

10. POWERS EXERCISED BY THE CENTRAL
OR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:
Unitary government
• The control of the national and local
affairs is exercised by the central or
national government.
Federal Government
• The powers of government are
divided between the national affairs
and the local government, each
supreme within its own sphere.

11. Unitary Federal
Definition: One
central
government
controls weaker
states. Power is
not shared
between states,
counties, or
provinces.
Power is shared by a
powerful central
government and states
or provinces that are
given considerable self-
rule, usually through
their own legislatures.
Examples: China, United
Kingdom (although
Scotland has been granted
self-rule).
The United States, Australia,
the Federal Republic of
Germany.

12. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE
AND THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES
Parliamentary government
The legislature chooses the head of the
government, which is part of the
legislature and under its control.
Presidential government
Based on the principle of separation of
powers among the Executive, the
Legislature, and the Judiciary. The
President is directly elected by the
people

13. PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT

14. PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT

15. STATE OF BRAZIL
Brazil is a constitutional republic of 26 states and one federal district.
Each state has its own governments, with powers in all matters not
specifically reserved for the Union.
The executive power is vested in the same head of the state and
government, directly elected with non-renewable 5-year term and
limited authority. He is assisted by his cabinet members.
Legislative power is exercised by a bicameral National Congress, the
Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Congress has the power to
rule in all matters that are under the jurisdiction of the union. The
Chamber of Deputies is composed of representatives of the states and
elected every four years by direct universal suffrage and secret ballot in
proportion to the population of each state. On the other hand, the
Senate is formed by representatives of the states, who shall serve for a
term of eight years.
The 26 states have autonomous laws and constitutions within the
provisions of the constitution.

16. CONSTITUTION

17. CONSTITUTION IS DEFINED AS:
• “The body of those written or
unwritten fundamental laws which
regulate the most important rights of the higher
magistrates and the most important essential
privileges of the subjects."

18. NATURE AND PURPOSE OF A
CONSTITUTION

19. 1) IT SERVES AS A SUPREME OR
FUNDAMENTAL LAW
Charter that created a government
Binding all individual citizens and parts of the
government together as one
The ultimate law; the law other laws must abide
by
Test of legality by government officials

20. 2) ESTABLISHES THE BASIC FRAMEWORK AND
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF THE GOVERNMENT
Prescribes the permanent framework of the system of
government, and assigns to the different department or
branches, their respective powers and duties
Establishes certain basic principles by which the
government is founded
Designed to preserve and protect the rights of the
citizens against the powers of the state

21. KINDS OF CONSTITUTION
ACCORDING TO FORM

22. WRITTEN CONSTITUTION
KINDS OF CONSTITUTION
• One which has been
given definitive written
form at particular time,
usually by a specially
constituted authority
called a “constitutional
convention”

23. UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION
KINDS OF CONSTITUTION
• One which is entirely
the product of political
evolution, consisting
largely of a mass of
customs, usages and
judicial decisions
together with a smaller
body of statutory
enactments of
fundamental character,
usually bearing different
dates.

24. PROS AND CONS OF A WRITTEN CONSTITUTION
KINDS OF CONSTITUTION
Pro: It has the
advantage of
clearness,
definiteness, and
rigidness that the
unwritten doesn’t
have. It cannot be
easily altered.
Con: It is difficult to
make changes. To
change, it requires to
go through “charter
changing” which may
take a while before
any changes can be
made.

25. KINDS OF CONSTITUTION ACCORDING
TO THEIR ORIGIN OR HISTORY

26. CONVENTIONAL OR ENACTED
CONSTITUTION
KINDS OF CONSTITUTION
One is enacted by a constituent
assembly or granted by a monarch
of his subject
Japanese
Constitution

27. CUMULATIVE OR EVOLVED
One which is a product of long
growth or a long period
of development originating in
customs, traditions, judicial decisions,
etc., rather than from a deliberate and
formal enactment.

28. KINDS OF CONSTITUTION ACCORDING
TO MANNER OF AMENDMENT

29. RIGID OR INELASTIC CONSTITUTION
KINDS OF CONSTITUTION
• One regarded as a document of
“special sanctity” which
cannot be modified in the
same manner as other laws
except by some special machinery,
more burdensome than the ordinary
legislative process.

30. FLEXIBLE OR ELASTIC
• One which possesses no higher
legal authority than ordinary
laws and which may be altered or
amended in the same way as other laws.

31. MENTAL EXERCISE
• Israel’s constitution is an accumulated body of documents
and precedents, some of which date back to biblical times.
Is the constitution of Israel enacted or evolved? Why?
• In Sweden, constitutional amendments must be passed by
two successive legislatures, with a general election in
between. As to amendment, is their constitution rigid or
flexible? Why?
• The British Constitution consists of some laws passed by
the Parliament and court decisions and no single document
has been codified as constitution to set forth the basic
principles of the organization of power. As to form, is the
British Constitution written or unwritten? Why?

32. Thank you!