The document discusses memory hierarchy as a solution for modern computing. It describes Moore's Laws of increasing transistor density and chip fabrication costs over time. An ideal memory would have zero access time, infinite capacity and bandwidth, and zero cost, but real memories involve tradeoffs between speed, size, quality, and cost. A memory hierarchy organizes memory into different levels from fastest and smallest (registers) to slowest and largest (disks). Virtual memory allows computers to use disk storage like memory using page files. Offline and portable memories refer to removable secondary storage media.
This document provides an overview of computer memory. It discusses the different types of memory including internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is further divided into DRAM and SRAM. ROM includes PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash ROM. The document also describes the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest as registers, cache memory, main memory, and secondary storage. Cache memory is introduced between CPU and main memory to improve system performance.
Primary Memory: RAM, ROM and their TypesHem Pokhrel
Random Access Memory and Read Only Memory along with their types:
Content includes basic introduction of SRAM, DRAM, NvRAM, Masked ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
Power point presentation on memory of computerArpita Banerjee
This document provides an overview of computer memory, including definitions, history, and different types. It defines computer memory as any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. The history of computer memory is traced back to Charles Babbage's analytical engine in 1834, which used punch cards. There are different types of memory divided based on how information is stored, including volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and virtual memory. Volatile memory only maintains data while powered, while non-volatile memory can retrieve stored information after power cycling.
This document discusses the memory hierarchy in computers. It begins by explaining that computer memory is organized in a pyramid structure from fastest and smallest memory (cache) to slower and larger auxiliary memory. The main types of memory discussed are RAM, ROM, cache memory, and auxiliary storage. RAM is further divided into SRAM and DRAM. The document provides details on the characteristics of each memory type including access speed, volatility, capacity and cost. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like RAM, ROM, cache levels and auxiliary devices. Virtual memory is also briefly introduced at the end.
This document discusses different types of computer memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary storage (hard drives, CDs, DVDs, etc.), and cache memory. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage of data and programs needed to run the computer. ROM is non-volatile and holds the operating system bootstrap loader. Cache memory improves performance by storing frequently used data and instructions closer to the processor. Secondary storage devices include hard drives, optical discs, USB drives, and solid state drives which are used for long-term and offline storage of data.
The document discusses the history and components of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes how the CPU originated from concepts developed in the 1940s and evolved from large mainframe computers to smaller microprocessors. The key components of the CPU are the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory unit. The CPU functions by fetching instructions from memory, decoding and translating them, executing calculations and data movement, and storing results.
The document discusses memory hierarchy as a solution for modern computing. It describes Moore's Laws of increasing transistor density and chip fabrication costs over time. An ideal memory would have zero access time, infinite capacity and bandwidth, and zero cost, but real memories involve tradeoffs between speed, size, quality, and cost. A memory hierarchy organizes memory into different levels from fastest and smallest (registers) to slowest and largest (disks). Virtual memory allows computers to use disk storage like memory using page files. Offline and portable memories refer to removable secondary storage media.
This document provides an overview of computer memory. It discusses the different types of memory including internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is further divided into DRAM and SRAM. ROM includes PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash ROM. The document also describes the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest as registers, cache memory, main memory, and secondary storage. Cache memory is introduced between CPU and main memory to improve system performance.
Primary Memory: RAM, ROM and their TypesHem Pokhrel
Random Access Memory and Read Only Memory along with their types:
Content includes basic introduction of SRAM, DRAM, NvRAM, Masked ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
Power point presentation on memory of computerArpita Banerjee
This document provides an overview of computer memory, including definitions, history, and different types. It defines computer memory as any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. The history of computer memory is traced back to Charles Babbage's analytical engine in 1834, which used punch cards. There are different types of memory divided based on how information is stored, including volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and virtual memory. Volatile memory only maintains data while powered, while non-volatile memory can retrieve stored information after power cycling.
This document discusses the memory hierarchy in computers. It begins by explaining that computer memory is organized in a pyramid structure from fastest and smallest memory (cache) to slower and larger auxiliary memory. The main types of memory discussed are RAM, ROM, cache memory, and auxiliary storage. RAM is further divided into SRAM and DRAM. The document provides details on the characteristics of each memory type including access speed, volatility, capacity and cost. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like RAM, ROM, cache levels and auxiliary devices. Virtual memory is also briefly introduced at the end.
This document discusses different types of computer memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary storage (hard drives, CDs, DVDs, etc.), and cache memory. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage of data and programs needed to run the computer. ROM is non-volatile and holds the operating system bootstrap loader. Cache memory improves performance by storing frequently used data and instructions closer to the processor. Secondary storage devices include hard drives, optical discs, USB drives, and solid state drives which are used for long-term and offline storage of data.
The document discusses the history and components of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes how the CPU originated from concepts developed in the 1940s and evolved from large mainframe computers to smaller microprocessors. The key components of the CPU are the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory unit. The CPU functions by fetching instructions from memory, decoding and translating them, executing calculations and data movement, and storing results.
The document discusses the memory hierarchy in computers. It describes the different levels of memory from fastest to slowest as register memory, cache memory, main memory (RAM and ROM), and auxiliary memory (magnetic tapes, hard disks, etc.). The main memory directly communicates with the CPU while the auxiliary memory provides backup storage and needs to transfer data to main memory to be accessed by the CPU. A cache memory is also used to increase processing speed.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It begins by defining memory as the physical devices used to temporarily or permanently store programs and data for use in a computer. It then describes the main types of memory as main memory, which temporarily stores currently executing data and instructions (e.g. RAM), and secondary memory, which permanently stores data for later use (e.g. hard disks). The document goes on to provide details on different technologies used for RAM, ROM, cache memory, and storage devices.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary memory (hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, etc.), and provides details on each. RAM is volatile and requires power to maintain data, while ROM is non-volatile and retains data without power. The document traces the evolution of computer memory technologies over time.
Primary memory, also called main memory or volatile memory, is directly accessible to the CPU and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is temporary memory that loses its contents when power is lost, while ROM permanently stores essential programs and instructions. Secondary memory, also called external storage, includes hard drives and solid state drives and provides significantly more storage than primary memory but is not directly accessible by the CPU. Memory is classified and its functions are explained.
This document provides information on different types of computer memory, including ROM and RAM. It discusses the main characteristics and uses of ROM types like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM (including EAROM and flash memory). It also covers the basics of RAM like SDRAM, and specific types like SDR-SDRAM, DDR-SDRAM, and RDRAM. The document is intended to explain the differences between read-only and random access memory.
Memory organization
Memory Organization in Computer Architecture. A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices together. The memory unit stores the binary information in the form of bits. ... Volatile Memory: This loses its data, when power is switched off.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes main memory, which is used for immediate access by the CPU, and secondary memory, which stores much larger amounts of data for longer periods. The main types of main memory are RAM, ROM, cache, and registers. RAM and ROM are further divided into static, dynamic, programmable, erasable, and electronically erasable types. Secondary memory includes magnetic disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, and solid-state storage. Hard disks can be internal, removable cartridges, or disk packs.
RAM is used for temporary storage of running programs. There are two main types of RAM: SDRAM and DDR RAM. SDRAM is commonly used in older PIII motherboards at speeds ranging from 66MHz to 133MHz, while DDR RAM is faster and used in newer P4 motherboards at speeds from 266MHz to 800MHz. Common RAM errors include failure to display with beeps, blank screen, misreported RAM size, and memory errors. These errors can be caused by incorrect configuration, installation issues, or faulty RAM. The solutions include confirming the configuration, checking the RAM installation, and potentially replacing damaged RAM.
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is the memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It holds the data and instructions currently being processed. Primary memory is generally made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is removed, while ROM retains its data permanently. There are different types of RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR that have evolved over time. ROM includes mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash ROM, which have different characteristics regarding read/write capabilities and whether they need power to retain data.
A computer uses a hierarchy of internal and external memory systems. Internal memory includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which provide fast access but are more expensive per byte. RAM allows independent access to each memory location and is used for main memory. ROM permanently stores data and is used for boot programs. Cached memory uses SRAM for faster access than RAM. External memory includes hard disks and USB drives, which provide large, inexpensive storage but are much slower to access.
This document discusses several types of memory technologies:
- DDR-DRAM can transfer data on both the rising and falling edges of a clock cycle, allowing it to transfer two data words per cycle.
- SDRAM interfaces with the system bus synchronously using a clock signal, allowing it to operate faster than asynchronous DRAM.
- FCRAM aims to reduce latency and increase bandwidth through architectural enhancements like three-stage row pipelining and fast access cores.
- QDR-DRAM can transfer up to four words per clock cycle by using two clocks, one each for read and write data.
A full ppt about computer memory.It will contain all data about computer memory like types of memory,ram and rom, types of ram and rom and cache memory.
O documento descreve as principais características e tipos de memórias ROM e RAM. A memória ROM armazena dados de forma permanente mas somente permite leitura, enquanto a RAM permite gravação e leitura dos dados mas os dados são voláteis. O texto detalha vários tipos de ROM como PROM, EPROM, EEPROM e Flash e tipos de RAM como SRAM e DRAM, além de tecnologias de memória como DDR, DDR2 e DDR3.
Computer memory can be divided into primary and secondary memory. Primary memory, also called main memory, is directly accessible by the CPU and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and can be SRAM or DRAM, while ROM is non-volatile and includes PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary memory refers to non-volatile storage devices like hard drives, solid state drives, USB drives, CDs, and DVDs that are not directly accessible by the CPU.
RAM allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. There are two main types: static RAM and dynamic RAM. Static RAM keeps data without refreshing but is more expensive, while dynamic RAM needs refreshing but is cheaper. RAM is a temporary memory that does not store data permanently once power is turned off. Future RAM technologies aim to provide smaller, faster, and cheaper memory chips compared to today's options like DDR3 RAM.
Main memory is the internal storage area in a computer that temporarily stores data and programs. It includes RAM and ROM and allows for quick access of data by the CPU. Secondary memory provides long-term storage of data and programs not currently in use, such as on hard disks, CDs, DVDs, and USB drives. Computer memory is measured in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes, with each unit being a multiple of the previous unit by a factor of 1024.
Khadija Akram gave a presentation on memory and its types. Memory is defined as the internal storage of a computer and is used to store information, data, and programs. There are two main types of memory: primary memory (RAM), which is volatile and temporary; and secondary memory (ROM), which is non-volatile and stores data permanently. RAM performs both read and write operations while ROM only allows read operations. Examples of different memory types include DRAM, SRAM, ROM, PROM, EROM, and EEPROM.
The document discusses the memory hierarchy in computers. It describes the different levels of memory from fastest to slowest as register memory, cache memory, main memory (RAM and ROM), and auxiliary memory (magnetic tapes, hard disks, etc.). The main memory directly communicates with the CPU while the auxiliary memory provides backup storage and needs to transfer data to main memory to be accessed by the CPU. A cache memory is also used to increase processing speed.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It begins by defining memory as the physical devices used to temporarily or permanently store programs and data for use in a computer. It then describes the main types of memory as main memory, which temporarily stores currently executing data and instructions (e.g. RAM), and secondary memory, which permanently stores data for later use (e.g. hard disks). The document goes on to provide details on different technologies used for RAM, ROM, cache memory, and storage devices.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary memory (hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, etc.), and provides details on each. RAM is volatile and requires power to maintain data, while ROM is non-volatile and retains data without power. The document traces the evolution of computer memory technologies over time.
Primary memory, also called main memory or volatile memory, is directly accessible to the CPU and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is temporary memory that loses its contents when power is lost, while ROM permanently stores essential programs and instructions. Secondary memory, also called external storage, includes hard drives and solid state drives and provides significantly more storage than primary memory but is not directly accessible by the CPU. Memory is classified and its functions are explained.
This document provides information on different types of computer memory, including ROM and RAM. It discusses the main characteristics and uses of ROM types like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM (including EAROM and flash memory). It also covers the basics of RAM like SDRAM, and specific types like SDR-SDRAM, DDR-SDRAM, and RDRAM. The document is intended to explain the differences between read-only and random access memory.
Memory organization
Memory Organization in Computer Architecture. A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices together. The memory unit stores the binary information in the form of bits. ... Volatile Memory: This loses its data, when power is switched off.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes main memory, which is used for immediate access by the CPU, and secondary memory, which stores much larger amounts of data for longer periods. The main types of main memory are RAM, ROM, cache, and registers. RAM and ROM are further divided into static, dynamic, programmable, erasable, and electronically erasable types. Secondary memory includes magnetic disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, and solid-state storage. Hard disks can be internal, removable cartridges, or disk packs.
RAM is used for temporary storage of running programs. There are two main types of RAM: SDRAM and DDR RAM. SDRAM is commonly used in older PIII motherboards at speeds ranging from 66MHz to 133MHz, while DDR RAM is faster and used in newer P4 motherboards at speeds from 266MHz to 800MHz. Common RAM errors include failure to display with beeps, blank screen, misreported RAM size, and memory errors. These errors can be caused by incorrect configuration, installation issues, or faulty RAM. The solutions include confirming the configuration, checking the RAM installation, and potentially replacing damaged RAM.
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is the memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It holds the data and instructions currently being processed. Primary memory is generally made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is removed, while ROM retains its data permanently. There are different types of RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR that have evolved over time. ROM includes mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash ROM, which have different characteristics regarding read/write capabilities and whether they need power to retain data.
A computer uses a hierarchy of internal and external memory systems. Internal memory includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which provide fast access but are more expensive per byte. RAM allows independent access to each memory location and is used for main memory. ROM permanently stores data and is used for boot programs. Cached memory uses SRAM for faster access than RAM. External memory includes hard disks and USB drives, which provide large, inexpensive storage but are much slower to access.
This document discusses several types of memory technologies:
- DDR-DRAM can transfer data on both the rising and falling edges of a clock cycle, allowing it to transfer two data words per cycle.
- SDRAM interfaces with the system bus synchronously using a clock signal, allowing it to operate faster than asynchronous DRAM.
- FCRAM aims to reduce latency and increase bandwidth through architectural enhancements like three-stage row pipelining and fast access cores.
- QDR-DRAM can transfer up to four words per clock cycle by using two clocks, one each for read and write data.
A full ppt about computer memory.It will contain all data about computer memory like types of memory,ram and rom, types of ram and rom and cache memory.
O documento descreve as principais características e tipos de memórias ROM e RAM. A memória ROM armazena dados de forma permanente mas somente permite leitura, enquanto a RAM permite gravação e leitura dos dados mas os dados são voláteis. O texto detalha vários tipos de ROM como PROM, EPROM, EEPROM e Flash e tipos de RAM como SRAM e DRAM, além de tecnologias de memória como DDR, DDR2 e DDR3.
Computer memory can be divided into primary and secondary memory. Primary memory, also called main memory, is directly accessible by the CPU and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and can be SRAM or DRAM, while ROM is non-volatile and includes PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary memory refers to non-volatile storage devices like hard drives, solid state drives, USB drives, CDs, and DVDs that are not directly accessible by the CPU.
RAM allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. There are two main types: static RAM and dynamic RAM. Static RAM keeps data without refreshing but is more expensive, while dynamic RAM needs refreshing but is cheaper. RAM is a temporary memory that does not store data permanently once power is turned off. Future RAM technologies aim to provide smaller, faster, and cheaper memory chips compared to today's options like DDR3 RAM.
Main memory is the internal storage area in a computer that temporarily stores data and programs. It includes RAM and ROM and allows for quick access of data by the CPU. Secondary memory provides long-term storage of data and programs not currently in use, such as on hard disks, CDs, DVDs, and USB drives. Computer memory is measured in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes, with each unit being a multiple of the previous unit by a factor of 1024.
Khadija Akram gave a presentation on memory and its types. Memory is defined as the internal storage of a computer and is used to store information, data, and programs. There are two main types of memory: primary memory (RAM), which is volatile and temporary; and secondary memory (ROM), which is non-volatile and stores data permanently. RAM performs both read and write operations while ROM only allows read operations. Examples of different memory types include DRAM, SRAM, ROM, PROM, EROM, and EEPROM.
This document discusses inheritance in C++. It defines inheritance as deriving a new class from an existing class, called the base class. The derived class inherits properties from the base class. There are different types of inheritance including single inheritance with one base class, multiple inheritance with multiple base classes, hierarchical inheritance where one base class has multiple derived classes, and multilevel inheritance where a class derives from another derived class. The document also explains how to define a derived class and the visibility of inherited members depending on whether the inheritance is public, private, or protected.
This document discusses control structures in visual basic, including decision-making statements like if/else statements and select case statements, as well as looping statements like while, do, for, and foreach loops. It provides examples and syntax for each type of statement. Decision-making statements allow conditional execution of code blocks based on conditions, while looping statements repeatedly execute code for a set number of iterations or until a condition is met.
Operators perform calculations and comparisons on values in Visual Basic code. There are several types of operators including arithmetic, string, comparison, and logical operators. Arithmetic operators perform math operations like addition and subtraction. String operators concatenate strings. Comparison operators compare values and return Boolean results. Logical operators also return Boolean values and are used to make decisions in code using AND, OR, and NOT operations.
Tally is an accounting software that allows users to create and manage company accounts, including cash books, purchase and sales registers, balance sheets, and more. It also offers inventory management. To get started, users create a company profile by entering details like the company name, address, and whether it will use inventory tracking. Key functions in Tally include making contra entries (F4), payments (F5), receipts (F6), journal entries (F7), sales (F8), and purchases (F9).
This document discusses different types of computer networks:
- Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers within a building or organization at speeds up to 100 mb/s.
- Wide Area Network (WAN) connects computers over long distances from miles to thousands of miles using telephone lines, microwave, or satellite.
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is between LAN and WAN, connecting over 75 km at speeds above 200 mb/s.
Visual Basic is a programming language and tool used to develop graphical user interface applications for Windows. It allows for rapid application development through features like visual design tools, wizards, and event-driven programming. Visual Basic has evolved from the original BASIC language and is now available in different editions and versions with additional features. It provides advantages like an easy to use language and GUI support, but also has disadvantages like slower performance and limited portability compared to other languages.
This document provides an introduction to e-commerce, including definitions and a brief history. It describes the basic process of an e-commerce transaction from the consumer's perspective, including browsing products, adding items to a cart, providing payment and shipping details, and receiving an order confirmation. The key advantages of e-commerce are convenient access anytime and low costs, while disadvantages include the inability to physically examine products and risks of credit card theft or technical failures.
This document provides an overview of entity-relationship (ER) modeling. It defines ER modeling as a high-level data model used to define the data elements and relationships for a specified system. The document then discusses key concepts in ER modeling including entities, attributes, different types of attributes (single-value/multi-value, simple/composite, base/derived, null value), and relationships between entities.
This document discusses electronic data interchange (EDI) in e-commerce. It covers the basics of EDI including its three main components: trading partners, transaction software, and communication networks. Benefits of EDI include improved customer service, financial management, and inventory control. Examples of EDI applications include finance/accounting, insurance, inventory management, marketing, and purchasing. EDI allows businesses to exchange standard electronic documents and data related to these applications.
This document provides an overview of control structures in Visual Basic, including versions of Visual Basic, hardware requirements, starting Visual Basic, types of projects, tools, containers, interfaces, properties, form load events, and saving work. It discusses features of Visual Basic like event-driven programming and ActiveX controls. It also describes common controls in the toolbox like labels, text boxes, command buttons, and scroll bars.
This document provides an introduction to data structures, including definitions, types, and operations. It defines a data structure as a particular way of organizing data in computer memory for effective use and retrieval. Data structures are classified as primitive (directly manipulated by machine instructions) and non-primitive (requiring machine instructions to manipulate). Non-primitive structures include linear (ordered sequences like arrays and lists) and non-linear (graphs and trees) types. Common operations on data structures include traversing, inserting, deleting, updating, searching, and sorting. The performance of algorithms that use these structures depends on their time complexity (computation time) and space complexity (memory usage). Lists and arrays are introduced as examples of linear data structures.
This document discusses the importance of saving water and saving life. It notes that while water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, only 3% is freshwater, and water is essential for sustaining all life. The document outlines various sources of water pollution including domestic sources like open defecation and drainage, as well as agricultural pollution from pesticides, fertilizers, and overextraction of groundwater. It also discusses how water is vital for human health, and how our environments are impacted by improper waste disposal near water sources. Charts are included showing how household water is commonly used.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft Office. It discusses the history and initial applications included in Office. It also compares PowerPoint and Excel, showing their different uses for presentations versus data. Tables and charts created in Excel are displayed as examples. The document also briefly discusses hyperlinks, themes, transitions, and embedding video clips in Office presentations. It concludes with background on Microsoft Corporation's financial growth in recent years.
The document discusses multimedia and provides definitions, history, categorization, types, features, platforms, visuals used, advantages, and disadvantages. Multimedia is defined as media that uses a combination of different content forms like text, audio, images, videos and interactivity. It briefly outlines the history of the term and how it has evolved over time to include digital media. It also categorizes multimedia as linear or non-linear and lists common file types used like MOV, MP4 and JPG. The key features of multimedia are also identified as text, audio, images, video, animation and interactivity.
This document discusses the importance of saving water and saving life. It notes that while water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, only 3% is freshwater, and water is essential for sustaining all life. The document outlines various sources of water pollution including domestic sources like open defecation and drainage, as well as agricultural pollution from pesticides, fertilizers, and overextraction of groundwater. It also discusses how water is vital for human health, and how our environments are impacted by improper waste disposal near water sources. Charts are included showing how household water is commonly used.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft Office. It discusses the history and initial applications included in Office. It also compares PowerPoint and Excel, showing their different uses for presentations versus data. Tables and charts created in Excel are displayed as examples. The document also briefly discusses hyperlinks, themes, transitions, and embedding video clips in Office presentations. It concludes with comments on Microsoft Corporation's financial growth in recent years.
The document discusses multimedia and provides definitions, history, categorization, types, features, platforms, visuals used, advantages, and disadvantages. Multimedia is defined as media that uses a combination of different content forms like text, audio, images, videos and interactivity. It briefly outlines the history of the term and how it has evolved over time to include digital media. It also categorizes multimedia as linear or non-linear and lists common file types used like MOV, MP4 and JPG. The key features of multimedia are also identified as text, audio, images, video, animation and interactivity.
This document provides an introduction to data structures, including definitions, types, and operations. It defines a data structure as a particular way of organizing data in computer memory for effective use and retrieval. Data structures are classified as primitive (directly manipulated by machine instructions) and non-primitive (requiring machine instructions). Non-primitive structures include linear (ordered sequences like arrays and lists) and non-linear (graphs and trees). Common operations on data structures include traversing, inserting, deleting, updating, searching, and sorting. The document also discusses abstract data structures, algorithm analysis and complexity measures like time and space complexity, and defines lists and arrays.
2. क
ं प्यूटर मेमोरी (Computer Memory in Hindi)
– मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर का वह भाग है जिसमें सभी डाटा और प्रोग्राम स्टोर जकए िाते हैं।
– मेमोरी दो प्रकार की होती है –
1.मुख्य मेमोरी , सहायक मेमोरी (primary memory)
इसे आंतररक मेमोरी भी कहा िाता है। यह सीपीयू का ही भाग होती है।
– इसे प्राथजमक मेमोरी या मुख्य मेमोरी कहते हैं
– क
ं प्यूटर की प्राथजमक मेमोरी को दो भागों में बांटा िा सकता है –
RAM (रैण्डम एक्सेस मेमोरी)
ROM (रीड ओनली मैमोरी)
मेमोरी मापन की इकाइयां
(1) जबट
(2) जनबल – जनबल में 4 जबट होती है
(3) बाइट – 8 जबट
(4) जकलोबाइट – 1024 बाइट
(5) मेगाबाइट – 1024 जकलोबाइट
(6) गीगाबाइट – 1024 मेगाबाइट
(7) टेराबाइट – 1024 गीगाबाइट
(8) पेटाबाइट – 1024 टेराबाइट
(9) एक्साबाइट – 1024 पेटाबाइट
(10) िेटाबाइट – 1024 एक्साबाइट
3.
4. 2. द्वितीयक मेमोरी (Secondary Memory)
मैग्नेद्वटक द्विस्क – हाडड जडस्क डर ाइव, फ्लॉपी जडस्क, मेमोरी जडस्क।
ऑद्विकल द्विस्क – ऑजिकल जडस्क (Optical Disk) में पॉली काबोनेट की गोल जडस्कl होती है, जिस
पर एक रासायजनक पदाथड का लेप रहता है ऑजिकल जडस्क (Optical Disk) डेटा जडजिटली रूप में
सुरजित रहता है ऑजिकल जडस्क (Optical Disk) तीन प्रकार की होती है – सीडी, डीवीडी, ब्लू-रे
जडस्क
सॉद्वलि स्टेट द्विस्क – पेन / फ्लैश ड
र ाइव
इन्हें बाह्य मेमोरी भी कहा िाता है क्ोंजक यह सीपीयू क
े बाहर होती है। उदाहरण –
क
ै श मैमोरी (Cache Memory)
– क
ै श मैमोरी प्रोसेसर और मानक डीरैम (DRAM) मॉड्यूलों क
े बीच एक बफर क
े रूप में रहती है।
– नवीनतम जनदेश और उसक
े डेटा को क
ै श मैमोरी में रखा िाता है।
– इसे सीपीयू की मैमोरी भी कहा िाता है जिन प्रोग्राम और जनदेशों का बार-बार इस्ेे्माल जकया
िाता है उनको क
ै श मेमोरी (Cache Memory) अपने अंदर सुरजित कर लेती है
5. क
ु छ महत्वपूर्ण द्वितीयक स्टोरेज द्विवाइस
1. फ्लॉपी द्विस्क (Floppy Disk) :- फ्लॉपी जडस्क माइलर की बनी हुई एक वृत्ताकार जडस्क होती
है जिसक
े दोनों ओर एक चुंबकीय पदाथड का लेप चढा होता है।
2. हािण द्विस्क (Hard Disk) :- इन्हें जफक्स्ड जडस्क भी कहा िाता है।
3. मेमोरी स्टस्टक (Memory Stick) :- मेमोरी स्टस्टक एक प्रकार का मैमोरी काडड होता है ये एक
यूएसबी आधाररत मेमोरी ड
र ाइव है।
4. कॉम्पेक्ट द्विस्क (Compact Disk) :- यह एक जवशेष प्रकार की जडस्क होती है जिन पर डाटा एक
बार ही जलखा िाता है और जफर उसे जकतनी भी बार पढ सकते हैं।
मेमोरी की पररभाषा (Definition of Memory in Hindi)
क
ं प्यूटर में डेटा को याद रखने या स्टोर करने क
े जलए मेमोरी का प्रयोग जकया िाता है जिसे
Computer Memory कहते हैं .
क
ं प्यूटर मेमोरी क
े प्रकार (Type of Computer Memory In Hindi)
क
ं प्यूटर मेमोरी मुख्यतः तीन प्रकार की होती हैं –
6. प्राइमरी मेमोरी (Primary Memory)
जितीयक मेमोरी (Secondary Memory)
क
ै श मेमोरी (Cache Memory)
अब इन तीनों को एक – एक कर समझते हैं –
#1 प्राइमरी मेमोरी (Primary Memory In Hindi)
प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की Main Memory होती है, िो CPU का भाग होती है. CPU में लगे होने क
े
कारण इस मेमोरी को Internal Memory भी कहा िाता है.
Primary Memory को Semiconductor (अधडचालक पदाथड) से बनाया िाता है.
क
ं प्यूटर में चल रहे Current Work इस Memory में ही स्टोर होते हैं. Primary Memory को क
ं प्यूटर
की Working Memory भी कहते हैं.
अब इन तीनों को एक – एक कर समझते हैं –
#1 प्राइमरी मेमोरी (Primary Memory In Hindi)
प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की Main Memory होती है, िो CPU का भाग होती है.
CPU में लगे होने क
े कारण इस मेमोरी को Internal Memory भी कहा िाता है.
Primary Memory को Semiconductor (अधडचालक पदाथड) से बनाया िाता है.
क
ं प्यूटर में चल रहे Current Work इस Memory में ही स्टोर होते हैं. Primary
Memory को क
ं प्यूटर की Working Memory भी कहते हैं.
कोई भी इलेक्ट्र ोजनक जडवाइस प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
े जबना नहीं चल सकता है.
प्राइमरी मेमोरी की स्टोरेि िमता सीजमत होती है, इसमें वही डेटा स्टोर होता है
िो बहुत काम का होता है.
7. प्राइमरी मेमोरी की द्ववशेषताएं (Feature Of Primary Memory)
प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की मुख्य मेमोरी होती है.
क
ं प्यूटर को On करने में और इसमें Program को Run करने क
े जलए इस्ेमाल होती है.
इसकी स्टोरेि िमता जलजमटेड होती है.
यह जडवाइस क
े अन्दर ही लगी होती है.
प्राइमरी मेमोरी CPU क
े िारा इस्ेमाल की िाती है.
सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी की तुलना में प्राइमरी मेमोरी Fast होती है.
यह Semiconductor (अधडचालक पदाथड) से बनी होती है.
प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
े प्रकार (Type Of Primary Memory In Hindi)
प्राइमरी मेमोरी मुख्य रूप से 2 प्रकार की होती है –
RAM
ROM
RAM (Random Access Memory) – RAM एक Temporary Memory होती है, िो क
ं प्यूटर में
चल रहे Current Work को Temporary Base पर स्टोर करक
े रखता है और Electricity Off हो
िाने क
े बाद इसमें स्टोर सारा डेटा Erase हो िाता है.
RAM एक Volatile Memory होती है. और क
ं प्यूटर में चल रहे सारे Program RAM में ही Run
होते हैं. RAM क
ं प्यूटर Memory का एक महत्वपूणड भाग होता है.
RAM भी 2 प्रकार क
े होते हैं
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory) – ROM क
ं प्यूटर की Permanent Memory होती है, जिसमें
क
ं प्यूटर क
े Main Instruction स्टोर रहते हैं. िो क
ं प्यूटर क
े On होने में मदद करते हैं.
ROM में डेटा Permanent Base पर स्टोर रहता है , Electricity Off हो िाने क
े बाद भी ROM में
स्टोर डेटा सुरजित रहता है.
8. ROM में डेटा पहले से ही Manufacture Company क
े िारा जफक्स कर जदया िाता है हम इसमें
उपस्टथथत डेटा को हम बदल नहीं सकते हैं. ROM में उपस्टथथत डेटा को क
े वल Read जकया िा
सकता है इसे Write नहीं कर सकते हैं.
ROM चार प्रकार क
े होते हैं
MROM (Masked Read Only Memory)
PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)
EPROM (Erasable And Programmable Read-Only Memory)
EEPROM (Electricity Erasable And Programmable Read-Only Memory)
#2 सेक
ें िरी मेमोरी (Secondary Memory In Hindi)
सेक
ें िरी मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की दू सरी मेमोरी होती है, इसे बाहर से क
ं प्यूटर क
े साथ िोडा िाता है,
यह मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर जसजक
ड ट से नहीं िुडी रहती है, इसजलए इस मेमोरी को External Memory
(जितीय मेमोरी) कहा िाता है.
सामान्यतः सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी की स्टोरेि िमता Primary से अजधक होती है और िरुरत पडने पर
इसक
े स्टोरेि को बढाया िा सकता है.
सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी Non- Volatile Memory होती है इसमें डेटा को Permanent लम्बे समय क
े जलए
सुरजित रखा िा सकता है.
9. सेक
ें िरी मेमोरी की द्ववशेषताएं (Feature Of Secondary Memory In Hindi)
यह एक थथाई मेमोरी होती है.
सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी में डाटा को लम्बे समय तक सुरजित रखा िा सकता है.
इसमें स्टोर जकये गए डेटा को आसानी से एक क
ं प्यूटर से दुसरे क
ं प्यूटर में कॉपी जकया िा सकता
है.
ये बैकअप मेमोरी होती है.
जबना सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी क
े भी क
ं प्यूटर चल सकता है.
इनकी Speed प्राइमरी मेमोरी की तुलना में कम होती है.
Electricity Off या क
ं प्यूटर Shut Down होने क
े बाद भी इसमें स्टोर डाटा सुरजित रहता है.
सेक
ें िरी मेमोरी क
े प्रकार (Type Of Secondary Memory In Hindi)
हम डेटा को स्टोर करने क
े जलए जिनती भी मेमोरी को क
ं प्यूटर में बाहर से लगते हैं वे सभी
सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी कहलाती है.
िैसे – Memory Card, Hard Disk, Pen Drive, DVD, CD इत्याजद.
10. लेजकन संरचना और कायडपद्धजत क
े आधार पर Secondary Memory चार प्रकार की होती
है –
Magnetic Tap
Magnetic Disk
Optical Disk
Flash Memory
Magnetic Tap Memory – इनका उपयोग अब नहीं होता है, पुराने समय में इनका बहुत
अजधक उपयोग जकया िाता था. इस प्रकार की मेमोरी में एक प्लास्टस्टक की ररबन होती है
जिसक
े दोनों तरफ आयरन ऑक्साइड की कोजटंग की िाती है. आयरन ऑक्साइड एक
चुम्बकीय पदाथड होता है. Magnetic Tap Memory में डेटा को जमटा कर पुनः स्टोर जकया
िा सकता है. उदाहरण – ऑजडयो क
ै जसट, टेप ररकॉडडर.
Magnetic Disk Memory – यह एक उपयोगी मेमोरी होती है. इसमें डेटा Track, Spot और
Sector एररया में स्टोर होता है और ये एररया मैग्नेजटक कोजटंग से कवर रहती है. उदाहरण –
हाडड जडस्क, फ्लोपी द्विस्क.
Optical Disk – यह गोल फ्लैट सतह की एक सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी होती है जिसमें डाटा को स्टोर
करने क
े जलए Laser का उपयोग जकया िाता है. इसमें डेटा Pits क
े रूप में स्टोर रहता
है. उदाहरण – CD (Compact Disk), DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
Flash Memory – सारे USB Drive Flash Memory क
े अंतगडत आते हैं. इनका आकर छोटा
होने क
े बाविूद भी इनकी डेटा स्टोर करने की िमता दुसरे जडस्क से अजधक होती है. इस
प्रकार की मेमोरी िल्दी ख़राब नही होती है और इसमें डेटा को Read और Write जकया िा
सकता है. आिकल लगभग सभी क
ं प्यूटर में डेटा को स्टोर करने क
े जलए Flash Memory
का इस्ेमाल जकया िाता है. उदाहरण – Memory Card, Pen Drive, SSD (Solid State
Drive)
11. #3 क
ै श मेमोरी (Cache Memory In Hindi)
क
ै श मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की सबसे फास्ट मेमोरी होती है. CPU और RAM क
े बीच में डेटा को Fast
Transfer करने क
े जलए इस मेमोरी का इस्ेमाल होता है.
Cache Memory में Frequently इस्ेमाल होने वाले Program और Instruction को स्टोर जकया िाता
है जिससे CPU तेिी से काम कर सक
ें .
Cache मेमोरी को CPU और RAM क
े बीच में लगा देते हैं, जिससे CPU िो भी डेटा Process करता है
वह Cache Memory में स्टोर हो िाता है. CPU Cache Memory से डेटा प्राप्त करने की कोजशस
करता है, अगर उसे डेटा जमल िाता है तो वह तुरंत Access कर देता है.
12. अगर Cache Memory में CPU को डेटा नही जमलता है तो वह RAM से डेटा को प्राप्त करता है और
जफर Access करता है.
क
ै श मेमोरी की द्ववशेषताएं (Feature Of Cache Memory In Hindi)
Cache Memory प्राइमरी मेमोरी से भी अजधक Fast होती है.
इसमें डेटा Temporary स्टोर रहता है.
इसकी िमता सीजमत होती है, RAM और ROM से भी कम.
यह क
े वल उसी डेटा को स्टोर करती है जिसे कम समय में Process करना होता है.
जलजमटेड डेटा स्टोरेि होने क
े बाद भी ये Costly होती है.
क
ै श मेमोरी क
े प्रकार (Type Of Cache Memory In Hindi)
क
ै श मेमोरी दो प्रकार की होती है –
L 1 Cache Memory ( Internal )
L 2 Cache Memory ( External )
Guided by google web pages