This document discusses inheritance in C++. It defines inheritance as deriving a new class from an existing class, called the base class. The derived class inherits properties from the base class. There are different types of inheritance including single inheritance with one base class, multiple inheritance with multiple base classes, hierarchical inheritance where one base class has multiple derived classes, and multilevel inheritance where a class derives from another derived class. The document also explains how to define a derived class and the visibility of inherited members depending on whether the inheritance is public, private, or protected.
This document discusses control structures in visual basic, including decision-making statements like if/else statements and select case statements, as well as looping statements like while, do, for, and foreach loops. It provides examples and syntax for each type of statement. Decision-making statements allow conditional execution of code blocks based on conditions, while looping statements repeatedly execute code for a set number of iterations or until a condition is met.
This document discusses inheritance in C++. It defines inheritance as deriving a new class from an existing class, called the base class. The derived class inherits properties from the base class. There are different types of inheritance including single inheritance with one base class, multiple inheritance with multiple base classes, hierarchical inheritance where one base class has multiple derived classes, and multilevel inheritance where a class derives from another derived class. The document also explains how to define a derived class and the visibility of inherited members depending on whether the inheritance is public, private, or protected.
This document discusses control structures in visual basic, including decision-making statements like if/else statements and select case statements, as well as looping statements like while, do, for, and foreach loops. It provides examples and syntax for each type of statement. Decision-making statements allow conditional execution of code blocks based on conditions, while looping statements repeatedly execute code for a set number of iterations or until a condition is met.
Operators perform calculations and comparisons on values in Visual Basic code. There are several types of operators including arithmetic, string, comparison, and logical operators. Arithmetic operators perform math operations like addition and subtraction. String operators concatenate strings. Comparison operators compare values and return Boolean results. Logical operators also return Boolean values and are used to make decisions in code using AND, OR, and NOT operations.
Tally is an accounting software that allows users to create and manage company accounts, including cash books, purchase and sales registers, balance sheets, and more. It also offers inventory management. To get started, users create a company profile by entering details like the company name, address, and whether it will use inventory tracking. Key functions in Tally include making contra entries (F4), payments (F5), receipts (F6), journal entries (F7), sales (F8), and purchases (F9).
This document discusses different types of computer networks:
- Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers within a building or organization at speeds up to 100 mb/s.
- Wide Area Network (WAN) connects computers over long distances from miles to thousands of miles using telephone lines, microwave, or satellite.
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is between LAN and WAN, connecting over 75 km at speeds above 200 mb/s.
Visual Basic is a programming language and tool used to develop graphical user interface applications for Windows. It allows for rapid application development through features like visual design tools, wizards, and event-driven programming. Visual Basic has evolved from the original BASIC language and is now available in different editions and versions with additional features. It provides advantages like an easy to use language and GUI support, but also has disadvantages like slower performance and limited portability compared to other languages.
This document provides an introduction to e-commerce, including definitions and a brief history. It describes the basic process of an e-commerce transaction from the consumer's perspective, including browsing products, adding items to a cart, providing payment and shipping details, and receiving an order confirmation. The key advantages of e-commerce are convenient access anytime and low costs, while disadvantages include the inability to physically examine products and risks of credit card theft or technical failures.
This document provides an overview of entity-relationship (ER) modeling. It defines ER modeling as a high-level data model used to define the data elements and relationships for a specified system. The document then discusses key concepts in ER modeling including entities, attributes, different types of attributes (single-value/multi-value, simple/composite, base/derived, null value), and relationships between entities.
This document discusses electronic data interchange (EDI) in e-commerce. It covers the basics of EDI including its three main components: trading partners, transaction software, and communication networks. Benefits of EDI include improved customer service, financial management, and inventory control. Examples of EDI applications include finance/accounting, insurance, inventory management, marketing, and purchasing. EDI allows businesses to exchange standard electronic documents and data related to these applications.
This document provides an overview of control structures in Visual Basic, including versions of Visual Basic, hardware requirements, starting Visual Basic, types of projects, tools, containers, interfaces, properties, form load events, and saving work. It discusses features of Visual Basic like event-driven programming and ActiveX controls. It also describes common controls in the toolbox like labels, text boxes, command buttons, and scroll bars.
This document provides an introduction to data structures, including definitions, types, and operations. It defines a data structure as a particular way of organizing data in computer memory for effective use and retrieval. Data structures are classified as primitive (directly manipulated by machine instructions) and non-primitive (requiring machine instructions to manipulate). Non-primitive structures include linear (ordered sequences like arrays and lists) and non-linear (graphs and trees) types. Common operations on data structures include traversing, inserting, deleting, updating, searching, and sorting. The performance of algorithms that use these structures depends on their time complexity (computation time) and space complexity (memory usage). Lists and arrays are introduced as examples of linear data structures.
This document discusses the importance of saving water and saving life. It notes that while water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, only 3% is freshwater, and water is essential for sustaining all life. The document outlines various sources of water pollution including domestic sources like open defecation and drainage, as well as agricultural pollution from pesticides, fertilizers, and overextraction of groundwater. It also discusses how water is vital for human health, and how our environments are impacted by improper waste disposal near water sources. Charts are included showing how household water is commonly used.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft Office. It discusses the history and initial applications included in Office. It also compares PowerPoint and Excel, showing their different uses for presentations versus data. Tables and charts created in Excel are displayed as examples. The document also briefly discusses hyperlinks, themes, transitions, and embedding video clips in Office presentations. It concludes with background on Microsoft Corporation's financial growth in recent years.
The document discusses multimedia and provides definitions, history, categorization, types, features, platforms, visuals used, advantages, and disadvantages. Multimedia is defined as media that uses a combination of different content forms like text, audio, images, videos and interactivity. It briefly outlines the history of the term and how it has evolved over time to include digital media. It also categorizes multimedia as linear or non-linear and lists common file types used like MOV, MP4 and JPG. The key features of multimedia are also identified as text, audio, images, video, animation and interactivity.
This document discusses the importance of saving water and saving life. It notes that while water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, only 3% is freshwater, and water is essential for sustaining all life. The document outlines various sources of water pollution including domestic sources like open defecation and drainage, as well as agricultural pollution from pesticides, fertilizers, and overextraction of groundwater. It also discusses how water is vital for human health, and how our environments are impacted by improper waste disposal near water sources. Charts are included showing how household water is commonly used.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft Office. It discusses the history and initial applications included in Office. It also compares PowerPoint and Excel, showing their different uses for presentations versus data. Tables and charts created in Excel are displayed as examples. The document also briefly discusses hyperlinks, themes, transitions, and embedding video clips in Office presentations. It concludes with comments on Microsoft Corporation's financial growth in recent years.
The document discusses multimedia and provides definitions, history, categorization, types, features, platforms, visuals used, advantages, and disadvantages. Multimedia is defined as media that uses a combination of different content forms like text, audio, images, videos and interactivity. It briefly outlines the history of the term and how it has evolved over time to include digital media. It also categorizes multimedia as linear or non-linear and lists common file types used like MOV, MP4 and JPG. The key features of multimedia are also identified as text, audio, images, video, animation and interactivity.
This document provides an introduction to data structures, including definitions, types, and operations. It defines a data structure as a particular way of organizing data in computer memory for effective use and retrieval. Data structures are classified as primitive (directly manipulated by machine instructions) and non-primitive (requiring machine instructions). Non-primitive structures include linear (ordered sequences like arrays and lists) and non-linear (graphs and trees). Common operations on data structures include traversing, inserting, deleting, updating, searching, and sorting. The document also discusses abstract data structures, algorithm analysis and complexity measures like time and space complexity, and defines lists and arrays.
The document provides information on building a personal computer, including the essential components and steps for assembly. It discusses the motherboard, processor, memory, storage, case, power supply, and other internal and external components. Troubleshooting tips are also provided for common issues like computers not powering on or freezing. The assembly process involves opening the case, installing the power supply and motherboard, adding drives and expansion cards, connecting cables, and booting the computer for the first time. Proper installation and cable management are emphasized.
This document discusses expressions in the C programming language. It covers arithmetic, relational, logical, and conditional expressions. Arithmetic expressions perform calculations with operands and operators. Relational expressions compare two operands. Logical expressions evaluate to 0 or 1 based on multiple conditions. Conditional expressions use a ternary operator to return one value if a condition is true and another value if false. Operator precedence and associativity determine the order of operations in an expression. Examples of each expression type are provided.
Operators perform calculations and comparisons on values in Visual Basic code. There are several types of operators including arithmetic, string, comparison, and logical operators. Arithmetic operators perform math operations like addition and subtraction. String operators concatenate strings. Comparison operators compare values and return Boolean results. Logical operators also return Boolean values and are used to make decisions in code using AND, OR, and NOT operations.
Tally is an accounting software that allows users to create and manage company accounts, including cash books, purchase and sales registers, balance sheets, and more. It also offers inventory management. To get started, users create a company profile by entering details like the company name, address, and whether it will use inventory tracking. Key functions in Tally include making contra entries (F4), payments (F5), receipts (F6), journal entries (F7), sales (F8), and purchases (F9).
This document discusses different types of computer networks:
- Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers within a building or organization at speeds up to 100 mb/s.
- Wide Area Network (WAN) connects computers over long distances from miles to thousands of miles using telephone lines, microwave, or satellite.
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is between LAN and WAN, connecting over 75 km at speeds above 200 mb/s.
Visual Basic is a programming language and tool used to develop graphical user interface applications for Windows. It allows for rapid application development through features like visual design tools, wizards, and event-driven programming. Visual Basic has evolved from the original BASIC language and is now available in different editions and versions with additional features. It provides advantages like an easy to use language and GUI support, but also has disadvantages like slower performance and limited portability compared to other languages.
This document provides an introduction to e-commerce, including definitions and a brief history. It describes the basic process of an e-commerce transaction from the consumer's perspective, including browsing products, adding items to a cart, providing payment and shipping details, and receiving an order confirmation. The key advantages of e-commerce are convenient access anytime and low costs, while disadvantages include the inability to physically examine products and risks of credit card theft or technical failures.
This document provides an overview of entity-relationship (ER) modeling. It defines ER modeling as a high-level data model used to define the data elements and relationships for a specified system. The document then discusses key concepts in ER modeling including entities, attributes, different types of attributes (single-value/multi-value, simple/composite, base/derived, null value), and relationships between entities.
This document discusses electronic data interchange (EDI) in e-commerce. It covers the basics of EDI including its three main components: trading partners, transaction software, and communication networks. Benefits of EDI include improved customer service, financial management, and inventory control. Examples of EDI applications include finance/accounting, insurance, inventory management, marketing, and purchasing. EDI allows businesses to exchange standard electronic documents and data related to these applications.
This document provides an overview of control structures in Visual Basic, including versions of Visual Basic, hardware requirements, starting Visual Basic, types of projects, tools, containers, interfaces, properties, form load events, and saving work. It discusses features of Visual Basic like event-driven programming and ActiveX controls. It also describes common controls in the toolbox like labels, text boxes, command buttons, and scroll bars.
This document provides an introduction to data structures, including definitions, types, and operations. It defines a data structure as a particular way of organizing data in computer memory for effective use and retrieval. Data structures are classified as primitive (directly manipulated by machine instructions) and non-primitive (requiring machine instructions to manipulate). Non-primitive structures include linear (ordered sequences like arrays and lists) and non-linear (graphs and trees) types. Common operations on data structures include traversing, inserting, deleting, updating, searching, and sorting. The performance of algorithms that use these structures depends on their time complexity (computation time) and space complexity (memory usage). Lists and arrays are introduced as examples of linear data structures.
This document discusses the importance of saving water and saving life. It notes that while water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, only 3% is freshwater, and water is essential for sustaining all life. The document outlines various sources of water pollution including domestic sources like open defecation and drainage, as well as agricultural pollution from pesticides, fertilizers, and overextraction of groundwater. It also discusses how water is vital for human health, and how our environments are impacted by improper waste disposal near water sources. Charts are included showing how household water is commonly used.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft Office. It discusses the history and initial applications included in Office. It also compares PowerPoint and Excel, showing their different uses for presentations versus data. Tables and charts created in Excel are displayed as examples. The document also briefly discusses hyperlinks, themes, transitions, and embedding video clips in Office presentations. It concludes with background on Microsoft Corporation's financial growth in recent years.
The document discusses multimedia and provides definitions, history, categorization, types, features, platforms, visuals used, advantages, and disadvantages. Multimedia is defined as media that uses a combination of different content forms like text, audio, images, videos and interactivity. It briefly outlines the history of the term and how it has evolved over time to include digital media. It also categorizes multimedia as linear or non-linear and lists common file types used like MOV, MP4 and JPG. The key features of multimedia are also identified as text, audio, images, video, animation and interactivity.
This document discusses the importance of saving water and saving life. It notes that while water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, only 3% is freshwater, and water is essential for sustaining all life. The document outlines various sources of water pollution including domestic sources like open defecation and drainage, as well as agricultural pollution from pesticides, fertilizers, and overextraction of groundwater. It also discusses how water is vital for human health, and how our environments are impacted by improper waste disposal near water sources. Charts are included showing how household water is commonly used.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft Office. It discusses the history and initial applications included in Office. It also compares PowerPoint and Excel, showing their different uses for presentations versus data. Tables and charts created in Excel are displayed as examples. The document also briefly discusses hyperlinks, themes, transitions, and embedding video clips in Office presentations. It concludes with comments on Microsoft Corporation's financial growth in recent years.
The document discusses multimedia and provides definitions, history, categorization, types, features, platforms, visuals used, advantages, and disadvantages. Multimedia is defined as media that uses a combination of different content forms like text, audio, images, videos and interactivity. It briefly outlines the history of the term and how it has evolved over time to include digital media. It also categorizes multimedia as linear or non-linear and lists common file types used like MOV, MP4 and JPG. The key features of multimedia are also identified as text, audio, images, video, animation and interactivity.
This document provides an introduction to data structures, including definitions, types, and operations. It defines a data structure as a particular way of organizing data in computer memory for effective use and retrieval. Data structures are classified as primitive (directly manipulated by machine instructions) and non-primitive (requiring machine instructions). Non-primitive structures include linear (ordered sequences like arrays and lists) and non-linear (graphs and trees). Common operations on data structures include traversing, inserting, deleting, updating, searching, and sorting. The document also discusses abstract data structures, algorithm analysis and complexity measures like time and space complexity, and defines lists and arrays.
The document provides information on building a personal computer, including the essential components and steps for assembly. It discusses the motherboard, processor, memory, storage, case, power supply, and other internal and external components. Troubleshooting tips are also provided for common issues like computers not powering on or freezing. The assembly process involves opening the case, installing the power supply and motherboard, adding drives and expansion cards, connecting cables, and booting the computer for the first time. Proper installation and cable management are emphasized.
This document discusses expressions in the C programming language. It covers arithmetic, relational, logical, and conditional expressions. Arithmetic expressions perform calculations with operands and operators. Relational expressions compare two operands. Logical expressions evaluate to 0 or 1 based on multiple conditions. Conditional expressions use a ternary operator to return one value if a condition is true and another value if false. Operator precedence and associativity determine the order of operations in an expression. Examples of each expression type are provided.
2. क
ं प्यूटर मेमोरी (Computer Memory in Hindi)
– मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर का वह भाग है जिसमें सभी डाटा और प्रोग्राम स्टोर जकए िाते हैं।
– मेमोरी दो प्रकार की होती है –
1.मुख्य मेमोरी , सहायक मेमोरी (primary memory)
इसे आंतररक मेमोरी भी कहा िाता है। यह सीपीयू का ही भाग होती है।
– इसे प्राथजमक मेमोरी या मुख्य मेमोरी कहते हैं
– क
ं प्यूटर की प्राथजमक मेमोरी को दो भागों में बांटा िा सकता है –
RAM (रैण्डम एक्सेस मेमोरी)
ROM (रीड ओनली मैमोरी)
मेमोरी मापन की इकाइयां
(1) जबट
(2) जनबल – जनबल में 4 जबट होती है
(3) बाइट – 8 जबट
(4) जकलोबाइट – 1024 बाइट
(5) मेगाबाइट – 1024 जकलोबाइट
(6) गीगाबाइट – 1024 मेगाबाइट
(7) टेराबाइट – 1024 गीगाबाइट
(8) पेटाबाइट – 1024 टेराबाइट
(9) एक्साबाइट – 1024 पेटाबाइट
(10) िेटाबाइट – 1024 एक्साबाइट
3.
4. 2. द्वितीयक मेमोरी (Secondary Memory)
मैग्नेद्वटक द्विस्क – हाडड जडस्क डर ाइव, फ्लॉपी जडस्क, मेमोरी जडस्क।
ऑद्विकल द्विस्क – ऑजिकल जडस्क (Optical Disk) में पॉली काबोनेट की गोल जडस्कl होती है, जिस
पर एक रासायजनक पदाथड का लेप रहता है ऑजिकल जडस्क (Optical Disk) डेटा जडजिटली रूप में
सुरजित रहता है ऑजिकल जडस्क (Optical Disk) तीन प्रकार की होती है – सीडी, डीवीडी, ब्लू-रे
जडस्क
सॉद्वलि स्टेट द्विस्क – पेन / फ्लैश ड
र ाइव
इन्हें बाह्य मेमोरी भी कहा िाता है क्ोंजक यह सीपीयू क
े बाहर होती है। उदाहरण –
क
ै श मैमोरी (Cache Memory)
– क
ै श मैमोरी प्रोसेसर और मानक डीरैम (DRAM) मॉड्यूलों क
े बीच एक बफर क
े रूप में रहती है।
– नवीनतम जनदेश और उसक
े डेटा को क
ै श मैमोरी में रखा िाता है।
– इसे सीपीयू की मैमोरी भी कहा िाता है जिन प्रोग्राम और जनदेशों का बार-बार इस्ेे्माल जकया
िाता है उनको क
ै श मेमोरी (Cache Memory) अपने अंदर सुरजित कर लेती है
5. क
ु छ महत्वपूर्ण द्वितीयक स्टोरेज द्विवाइस
1. फ्लॉपी द्विस्क (Floppy Disk) :- फ्लॉपी जडस्क माइलर की बनी हुई एक वृत्ताकार जडस्क होती
है जिसक
े दोनों ओर एक चुंबकीय पदाथड का लेप चढा होता है।
2. हािण द्विस्क (Hard Disk) :- इन्हें जफक्स्ड जडस्क भी कहा िाता है।
3. मेमोरी स्टस्टक (Memory Stick) :- मेमोरी स्टस्टक एक प्रकार का मैमोरी काडड होता है ये एक
यूएसबी आधाररत मेमोरी ड
र ाइव है।
4. कॉम्पेक्ट द्विस्क (Compact Disk) :- यह एक जवशेष प्रकार की जडस्क होती है जिन पर डाटा एक
बार ही जलखा िाता है और जफर उसे जकतनी भी बार पढ सकते हैं।
मेमोरी की पररभाषा (Definition of Memory in Hindi)
क
ं प्यूटर में डेटा को याद रखने या स्टोर करने क
े जलए मेमोरी का प्रयोग जकया िाता है जिसे
Computer Memory कहते हैं .
क
ं प्यूटर मेमोरी क
े प्रकार (Type of Computer Memory In Hindi)
क
ं प्यूटर मेमोरी मुख्यतः तीन प्रकार की होती हैं –
6. प्राइमरी मेमोरी (Primary Memory)
जितीयक मेमोरी (Secondary Memory)
क
ै श मेमोरी (Cache Memory)
अब इन तीनों को एक – एक कर समझते हैं –
#1 प्राइमरी मेमोरी (Primary Memory In Hindi)
प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की Main Memory होती है, िो CPU का भाग होती है. CPU में लगे होने क
े
कारण इस मेमोरी को Internal Memory भी कहा िाता है.
Primary Memory को Semiconductor (अधडचालक पदाथड) से बनाया िाता है.
क
ं प्यूटर में चल रहे Current Work इस Memory में ही स्टोर होते हैं. Primary Memory को क
ं प्यूटर
की Working Memory भी कहते हैं.
अब इन तीनों को एक – एक कर समझते हैं –
#1 प्राइमरी मेमोरी (Primary Memory In Hindi)
प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की Main Memory होती है, िो CPU का भाग होती है.
CPU में लगे होने क
े कारण इस मेमोरी को Internal Memory भी कहा िाता है.
Primary Memory को Semiconductor (अधडचालक पदाथड) से बनाया िाता है.
क
ं प्यूटर में चल रहे Current Work इस Memory में ही स्टोर होते हैं. Primary
Memory को क
ं प्यूटर की Working Memory भी कहते हैं.
कोई भी इलेक्ट्र ोजनक जडवाइस प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
े जबना नहीं चल सकता है.
प्राइमरी मेमोरी की स्टोरेि िमता सीजमत होती है, इसमें वही डेटा स्टोर होता है
िो बहुत काम का होता है.
7. प्राइमरी मेमोरी की द्ववशेषताएं (Feature Of Primary Memory)
प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की मुख्य मेमोरी होती है.
क
ं प्यूटर को On करने में और इसमें Program को Run करने क
े जलए इस्ेमाल होती है.
इसकी स्टोरेि िमता जलजमटेड होती है.
यह जडवाइस क
े अन्दर ही लगी होती है.
प्राइमरी मेमोरी CPU क
े िारा इस्ेमाल की िाती है.
सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी की तुलना में प्राइमरी मेमोरी Fast होती है.
यह Semiconductor (अधडचालक पदाथड) से बनी होती है.
प्राइमरी मेमोरी क
े प्रकार (Type Of Primary Memory In Hindi)
प्राइमरी मेमोरी मुख्य रूप से 2 प्रकार की होती है –
RAM
ROM
RAM (Random Access Memory) – RAM एक Temporary Memory होती है, िो क
ं प्यूटर में
चल रहे Current Work को Temporary Base पर स्टोर करक
े रखता है और Electricity Off हो
िाने क
े बाद इसमें स्टोर सारा डेटा Erase हो िाता है.
RAM एक Volatile Memory होती है. और क
ं प्यूटर में चल रहे सारे Program RAM में ही Run
होते हैं. RAM क
ं प्यूटर Memory का एक महत्वपूणड भाग होता है.
RAM भी 2 प्रकार क
े होते हैं
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory) – ROM क
ं प्यूटर की Permanent Memory होती है, जिसमें
क
ं प्यूटर क
े Main Instruction स्टोर रहते हैं. िो क
ं प्यूटर क
े On होने में मदद करते हैं.
ROM में डेटा Permanent Base पर स्टोर रहता है , Electricity Off हो िाने क
े बाद भी ROM में
स्टोर डेटा सुरजित रहता है.
8. ROM में डेटा पहले से ही Manufacture Company क
े िारा जफक्स कर जदया िाता है हम इसमें
उपस्टथथत डेटा को हम बदल नहीं सकते हैं. ROM में उपस्टथथत डेटा को क
े वल Read जकया िा
सकता है इसे Write नहीं कर सकते हैं.
ROM चार प्रकार क
े होते हैं
MROM (Masked Read Only Memory)
PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)
EPROM (Erasable And Programmable Read-Only Memory)
EEPROM (Electricity Erasable And Programmable Read-Only Memory)
#2 सेक
ें िरी मेमोरी (Secondary Memory In Hindi)
सेक
ें िरी मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की दू सरी मेमोरी होती है, इसे बाहर से क
ं प्यूटर क
े साथ िोडा िाता है,
यह मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर जसजक
ड ट से नहीं िुडी रहती है, इसजलए इस मेमोरी को External Memory
(जितीय मेमोरी) कहा िाता है.
सामान्यतः सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी की स्टोरेि िमता Primary से अजधक होती है और िरुरत पडने पर
इसक
े स्टोरेि को बढाया िा सकता है.
सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी Non- Volatile Memory होती है इसमें डेटा को Permanent लम्बे समय क
े जलए
सुरजित रखा िा सकता है.
9. सेक
ें िरी मेमोरी की द्ववशेषताएं (Feature Of Secondary Memory In Hindi)
यह एक थथाई मेमोरी होती है.
सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी में डाटा को लम्बे समय तक सुरजित रखा िा सकता है.
इसमें स्टोर जकये गए डेटा को आसानी से एक क
ं प्यूटर से दुसरे क
ं प्यूटर में कॉपी जकया िा सकता
है.
ये बैकअप मेमोरी होती है.
जबना सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी क
े भी क
ं प्यूटर चल सकता है.
इनकी Speed प्राइमरी मेमोरी की तुलना में कम होती है.
Electricity Off या क
ं प्यूटर Shut Down होने क
े बाद भी इसमें स्टोर डाटा सुरजित रहता है.
सेक
ें िरी मेमोरी क
े प्रकार (Type Of Secondary Memory In Hindi)
हम डेटा को स्टोर करने क
े जलए जिनती भी मेमोरी को क
ं प्यूटर में बाहर से लगते हैं वे सभी
सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी कहलाती है.
िैसे – Memory Card, Hard Disk, Pen Drive, DVD, CD इत्याजद.
10. लेजकन संरचना और कायडपद्धजत क
े आधार पर Secondary Memory चार प्रकार की होती
है –
Magnetic Tap
Magnetic Disk
Optical Disk
Flash Memory
Magnetic Tap Memory – इनका उपयोग अब नहीं होता है, पुराने समय में इनका बहुत
अजधक उपयोग जकया िाता था. इस प्रकार की मेमोरी में एक प्लास्टस्टक की ररबन होती है
जिसक
े दोनों तरफ आयरन ऑक्साइड की कोजटंग की िाती है. आयरन ऑक्साइड एक
चुम्बकीय पदाथड होता है. Magnetic Tap Memory में डेटा को जमटा कर पुनः स्टोर जकया
िा सकता है. उदाहरण – ऑजडयो क
ै जसट, टेप ररकॉडडर.
Magnetic Disk Memory – यह एक उपयोगी मेमोरी होती है. इसमें डेटा Track, Spot और
Sector एररया में स्टोर होता है और ये एररया मैग्नेजटक कोजटंग से कवर रहती है. उदाहरण –
हाडड जडस्क, फ्लोपी द्विस्क.
Optical Disk – यह गोल फ्लैट सतह की एक सेक
ें डरी मेमोरी होती है जिसमें डाटा को स्टोर
करने क
े जलए Laser का उपयोग जकया िाता है. इसमें डेटा Pits क
े रूप में स्टोर रहता
है. उदाहरण – CD (Compact Disk), DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
Flash Memory – सारे USB Drive Flash Memory क
े अंतगडत आते हैं. इनका आकर छोटा
होने क
े बाविूद भी इनकी डेटा स्टोर करने की िमता दुसरे जडस्क से अजधक होती है. इस
प्रकार की मेमोरी िल्दी ख़राब नही होती है और इसमें डेटा को Read और Write जकया िा
सकता है. आिकल लगभग सभी क
ं प्यूटर में डेटा को स्टोर करने क
े जलए Flash Memory
का इस्ेमाल जकया िाता है. उदाहरण – Memory Card, Pen Drive, SSD (Solid State
Drive)
11. #3 क
ै श मेमोरी (Cache Memory In Hindi)
क
ै श मेमोरी क
ं प्यूटर की सबसे फास्ट मेमोरी होती है. CPU और RAM क
े बीच में डेटा को Fast
Transfer करने क
े जलए इस मेमोरी का इस्ेमाल होता है.
Cache Memory में Frequently इस्ेमाल होने वाले Program और Instruction को स्टोर जकया िाता
है जिससे CPU तेिी से काम कर सक
ें .
Cache मेमोरी को CPU और RAM क
े बीच में लगा देते हैं, जिससे CPU िो भी डेटा Process करता है
वह Cache Memory में स्टोर हो िाता है. CPU Cache Memory से डेटा प्राप्त करने की कोजशस
करता है, अगर उसे डेटा जमल िाता है तो वह तुरंत Access कर देता है.
12. अगर Cache Memory में CPU को डेटा नही जमलता है तो वह RAM से डेटा को प्राप्त करता है और
जफर Access करता है.
क
ै श मेमोरी की द्ववशेषताएं (Feature Of Cache Memory In Hindi)
Cache Memory प्राइमरी मेमोरी से भी अजधक Fast होती है.
इसमें डेटा Temporary स्टोर रहता है.
इसकी िमता सीजमत होती है, RAM और ROM से भी कम.
यह क
े वल उसी डेटा को स्टोर करती है जिसे कम समय में Process करना होता है.
जलजमटेड डेटा स्टोरेि होने क
े बाद भी ये Costly होती है.
क
ै श मेमोरी क
े प्रकार (Type Of Cache Memory In Hindi)
क
ै श मेमोरी दो प्रकार की होती है –
L 1 Cache Memory ( Internal )
L 2 Cache Memory ( External )
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