High performance textiles, Technical Textile

1. High performance textiles
High performance textiles are the one, which is to fulfill the modern requirements of
any industry. High performance fibers and their high tech products possess a wide range
of properties like high modulus; high strength and low density and they are also
capable of withstanding high temperatures.

3. Fiber and its properties are very important to the performance of the final textile
products. High-performance fibers are derived from their unique molecule and phase
structures. Besides high tensile strength and modulus, they may also have very high
levels of other properties such as operating temperature, heat resistance, flame
retardancy, and chemical resistance. The concept of high performance fiber came into
textile industries during 1950-1970’s. High performance fibers have been developed to
offer high strength, high modulus, thermal stability at high temperature, chemical
and solvent resistance and number of other properties for their own end use
application.
Types of High Performance Fibers
1. Carbon fiber
Carbon fiber was first developed in 1963 in the Royal Aircraft establishment. U.K
Carbon fiber may be defined as a fiber which contains 90% of carbon.
It is having high flexural rigidity and torsional rigidity.
Types of Carbon Fiber
i. Ultra-high modulus(500GPA)
ii. High modulus (300-500GPA)
iii. Intermediate modulus(300GPA)
iv. Low modulus (<100GPA)
v. High tenacity

4. Manufacturing Process of Carbon Fiber
Manufactured from precursors like PAN, cellulose fiber, pitch fiber & phenolic fiber.
It mainly includes 4 stages:
Precursor production
↓
Thermal stabilization between 100-4000C
↓
Carbonization between 700-15000C
↓
Graphitization between 1500-30000C
Properties of Carbon Fiber
Density: 1.8-1.96g/cc
Tenacity: 22gpd
Elongation: 0.38-1.8%
Modulus: 1500-3000gpd
High fatigue resistance
Good vibration damping
Good electrical conductivity
High resistance to chemical
High brittle
Low impact resistance
Low abrasion resistance

5. Applications of Carbon Fiber
Aerospace
Road & marine transport
Automobile hood
Air craft brakes
Nuclear field
Textile machinery
Medical application
2. Aramid Fiber
i. It is an aromatic nylon Having benzene ring in the molecules
ii. DuPont has introduced this aramid fiber in order to develop strong high temp
resistance fiber
iii. Nomex first aramid fiber introduced in 1960
Commercially Available Fibers
1. DuPont USA
•Nomex® fiber
•Kevlar® fiber
2. Teijin co Japan
•Technora® fiber
•Teijin conex® fiber
•Twaran® fiber

6. 3. KEVLAR fiber
i. It is a synthetic fiber of DuPont corporation that was first created in 1965.
ii. It contains both aromatic and amide molecular groups.
iii. Amide groups form a hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains holding them
together like a glue.
iv. Aromatic component has radial orientation, which provides an even higher degree
of symmetry and strength to internal structure of fibers
v. Spun fibers exhibit a crystalline arrangement with the polymer chains oriented
parallel to fiber axis.
Manufacturing Process of Kevlar Fiber:
i. p-phenylene diamine & terephthaloyl chloride are raw materials.
ii. Undergo low temperature polycondensation reaction.
iii. The polymer is isolated, neutralized, washed & dried.
iv. Then subjected to dry jet wet spinning to obtain Kevlar.
v. LCP with 90% orientation.

7. Properties of Kevlar Fiber:
i. Tenacity: 23gpd
ii. Tg: 300 ºC
iii. Melting point: 540ºC
iv. Low creep
v. Excellent dimensional stability
vi. High specific strength and modulus
vii. High kinetic energy
viii. Good environment stability in sea water, oil, solvent
ix. Good thermal insulation
x. Poor abrasion resistance
xi. Poor resistance to UV rays
Applications of Kevlar Fiber
Armor system
Rubber reinforcement
Ropes and cables
Composites
Bio-medical and Electronic applications

8. High Performance Polyethylene
•It is a thermo plastic fiber.
•It has extremely long chains, with molecular
weight numbering in the millions, usually between
3.1 and 5.67 million
Fig: High performance yarn
•Produced by gel spinning technique
•UHMWPE is synthesized from monomers of ethylene
bonded together to form ultra-high molecular weight
polyethylene.
•UHWMPE molecules tend to have 100,000-250,000
monomers each.
Trade mark ………………. Company
Dyneema ………………………………Toyobo
Spectra ………………………………….Honywell
Structure And Properties:
•Weak Vander Waals bonds between its molecules.
•Appearance circular and smooth.
•Tensile properties 25-35 gpd 10-15 times more than
steel
•Density-0.91g/cc so specific strength is more
•Breaking length is very high (400 km)
•Good Kinetic energy absorption.

9. Applications of High-Performance Fibers:
High performance fiber can be used for innovative diversified high tech applications
because of its high strength and temperature stability. Applications of high performance
fibers include uses in the aerospace textile, biomedical, civil engineering,
construction, protective clothing, geotextiles and electronic areas. The resistance to
heat and flame is one of the main properties of interest for determining the working
conditions of these fibers.
Fig: Applications of high performance fiber

10. High performance fibers are used for the following reason:
1. Ballistic protection-resistance to impact, high sonic velocity, mechanism of energy
absorption
2. Gloves, twines, nets-cut resistance, reduced drag resistance
3. Heavy duty ropes-reduced backlash on breaking, low elongation
Forecast of Carbon Fiber Demand:

11. History of technical and functional textile
Technical textile sector started growing with the production of synthetic yarn in the
early 1900s. Before that, chemically treated natural fibers were used to achieve desired
properties of the technical fabric.
Manufacturers also developed special technologies such as various weaving and
nonwoven techniques. It resulted into fast growth of high performance fibers/yarn.
Production proceeded with notable characteristics such as 1) High resistance to
temperature and chemicals and 2) Enhanced mechanical properties.
Raw material for technical and functional textiles
The most desirable form of raw material is fiber, yarn or fabric. At present, most of
the technical textiles are made of high-performance synthetic fiber that gives an
advantage to technical textiles in many ways for e.g. cost, performance and
durability. However, Raw materials have changed over the time according to the
application.
Natural staple fiber Synthetic filament yarn
•Cotton yarn
•Jute yarn
•Flax yarn
•Coir yarn or rope
•Polyester & Polypropylene
•Aramid, Glass and Carbon
•HDPE (High Density PolyEthylene) &
UHMWPE (Ultra high molecular weight
polyethylene)
•PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
•PBI (poly benzimidazole)
•PBO (polyphenylene benzo isoxazole)

12. Technology used for manufacturing of technical and functional textile:
Out of diversified operations, prominent processes used for technical textiles are:
i. Knitting
ii. Weaving
iii. Braiding
iv. Nonwoven
v. Tufting
Other than this, new manufacturing techniques to produce technical textile are as listed
below. Most of these processes are used in combination to produce different fabrics.
i. Thermo-forming
ii. 3D (Three Dimensional) Weaving
iii. 3D Knitting
iv. Fabrics Produced Using Nanotechnology
v. Heat-set Synthetics
vi. Finishing Treatments (Coating and lamination)
vii. Handmade elements such as Stitch/Appliqué

13. Recent development and market of technical textile:
According to techtextil, the technical textiles market is expected to hit 175 billion US-
Dollars by 2020, almost doubling from 93 billion US-Dollars in 2000. Technical
textiles account for 27% of worldwide fabric production.

15. Some example of modern textile fiber & fabrics are:
i. Breathable artificial fabrics
ii. Ultra-lightweight & high-stretch synthetic fibers,
iii. Thin & light reflective fabrics,
iv. Hollow fibers
v. Blended fibers
vi. Ultra micro fibers.
vii. 3-D structured fabrics.
viii. Metallic textiles
ix. Extreme Sportswear
x. This exquisite fabric.
xi. Phase change materials.
Electronic textiles are normally known as the e-textiles or smart textiles. Here are
some examples of this type of textile:
Sports shoes
Wearable computer jackets
Warning vests
Photonic textiles for innovative lighting solutions
Wearable E-Health system
Electronic Textiles to Help Battlefield Medics
Global positioning system (GPS) jackets.

16. One of the most important fields in the textile industry and textile materials science is
functional textiles. Fabrics with a set of integrated features for controlling or
changing according to their application are known as functional textiles. Textiles of
this type are typically made with a focus on functionality rather than aesthetics.
Functionality, versatility, compatibility, flexibility, and interactivity are all
characteristics of smart textiles. Temperature management, humidity control,
health monitoring, sports training, position tracking, protective clothing,
abrasion resistance, anti-bacterial characteristics, moisture absorption, quick-
drying functions, and many other functions might be included.
Fig: Various functional textiles

17. Based on the type of garment
•Active wear
•Performance wear
•Ready to wear
•Seamless wear
Based on the type of fibre
•Polyester
•Viscose
Based on the type of functions
•Anti-microbial
•UV cut
•Temperature regulating
•Water and oil repellent
Based on the application area
•Geotextiles
•Personal protection
•Medical
•Hygiene
•Sports and leisure
•Military/war
Classification of Functional Textiles:

18. Protective clothing
Protective-functional clothing is the most common and versatile type of functional
clothing. In this scenario, clothing functionality can mean the difference between life
and death for the user; at the very least, it can allow people to work in and around
dangerous areas, improve their quality of life, and prevent or decrease injuries. Based
on the type of the threat against which protection is necessary, protective functionality
can be divided into three groups. In each situation, the technical requirements are highly
particular and diverse.
Excessive environmental conditions (natural or man-made), such as extreme heat or
cold, fire, rain, snow, dust, wind, or other threats, are the nature of the threat in this
scenario. The primary design requirement here is to protect the body from exposure to
harsh environmental elements (such as temperature) while also facilitating the passage
of metabolic heat and moisture away from the body. Scuba diving suits, climbing suits,
and firefighter costumes, for example, would require strong insulation with minimal
weight and bulk, as well as ergonomic design to meet the mobility requirements of the
application.

19. Biosensing functional textile
Wearable sensors provide personalized healthcare by monitoring the wearer in their
natural environment, which provides a much more realistic perspective than a clinical
setting. One of the most significant advantages is that the user becomes more aware of
their own health status, which has a significant impact on preventative healthcare. Many
research groups have used wearable sensors in healthcare for a variety of purposes,
including cardiovascular disease and senior ambulatory monitoring. Physiological
signals such as respiration rate, heart rate, ECG, and temperature are routinely
monitored by such applications. Physical sensors are those that translate physical
qualities into electrical impulses. Chemical sensing has yet to be used in these
applications, despite the fact that it has the potential to provide a wealth of information
on the wearer’s health. Chemical biosensors have a wide range of uses in clinical
research and may provide additional information to physical sensors.

20. Sportswear
The most adaptable and fastest-growing section of the performance gear market is
sportswear. A tremendous need for functional sports apparel has arisen as a result of
dramatic lifestyle changes, a rapidly ageing population, increased sports engagement,
and increased health consciousness. As a result, for everyday sportswear, a variety of
value-added apparel with features such as temperature regulation, moisture
management, stretch, odor reduction, and light weight is available on the market. While
these garments may have multiple functions, they do not qualify as functional clothing.
As a category, sports-functional clothing refers to clothing that improves performance
and allows athletes to compete at the top of their game. The design and engineering of
these sportswear is generally guided by two principles: the use of compression on
certain muscles to improve blood flow and the application of aerodynamic principles to
reduce wind or air resistance in high-speed sports. Depending on the case, both
concepts can be employed together or separately. Unlike the other categories of
practical clothing, this one includes aesthetics as a design consideration.

21. Nature Functions of the Application
Water
Absorbent, water, moisture, water repellent, waterproof, anti-
fouling.
Fire Flame retardant, heat-resistant, flame.
Thermal
Insulation, thermal break, fever, exothermic, fast fitness, anti-
financial, adhesion.
Electronic
Conductive, electrostatic, electromagnetic wave reflection or
absorption, microwave, dielectric.
Mechanical
High strength, high strength and resistance rate, the rubber elastic
modulus, extended, telescopic, shrinkage.
Biological Antibacterial, deodorizing, aroma, pest control.
Chemical and other
Contraction in swelling, dissolving, decomposition, naturally
crimped potential crimping, dividing, splitting.
High durable
Light resistance, weather resistance, heat resistance, chemical
resistance, abrasion resistance, fatigue life.
Ultra-high performance
Ultra-high-strength, high elasticity, ultra heat-resistant, flame
retardant, ultra-high absorbent.
Special function
Light conduction, light gathering, dialysis, reverse osmosis, ion
exchange, gas exchange, photo catalyst form.
Application of Functional Textiles Based on Function:

22. Functional Textiles Market
The growing demand for functional textiles in applications such as sportswear is driving
the market (cycling, ski sports, swimming). The global functional textile market is
being driven by spontaneous technological developments in the textile and garment
industries, as well as rising customer demands. Functional fabrics, on the other hand,
are relatively expensive and belong to the luxury category of textiles, attracting the
attention of selective consumers. As a result, the cost structure may limit the worldwide
functional textile market’s growth.
North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Middle East and
Africa are the five primary regions that make up the worldwide functional textile
market. In terms of output, Europe has the largest proportion of the functional textile
market. This is attributed to the massive rise of the textile and garment industries in
Germany, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom, as well as high-tech innovations.
In addition, in comparison to Europe, North America has a solid market for functional
textile manufacture.
Between 2015 and 2020, the functional textiles market is expected to increase at a
healthy 33.58 percent. By 2020, the worldwide functional textile market will have
grown to $4.72 billion USD. India is a leading garment and textile manufacturer, as
well as the fourth-largest exporter in the international market. Due to strong automotive,
fitness, fashion, healthcare, military, and sports textiles, the functional textile sector has
experienced a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30% from 2015 to 2020.

23. Attributes Details
Report Title Functional Textile Market – Global Industry Analysis,
Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast
Base Year 2021
Historic Data 2015–2020
Forecast Period 2022–2030
Segmentation Garments (Active Wear, Performance Wear, Ready-to-
wear, Seamless Wear), Fibers (Polyester,
Viscose), Function (Anti-microbial & Anti-Bacterial,
Flame-Retardant, Temperature Regulation, Durable
Press/Wrinkle Resistance, Repellent & Release,
Others), Application (Geotextiles, Personal Protection,
Hygiene, Medical, Military/War)
Regional Scope Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America, Europe, and
Middle East & Africa
Report Coverage Company Share, Market Analysis and Size, Competitive
Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends, and Revenue
Forecast
Key Players Covered DYNTEX, Fone Tai Enterprise Co., Ltd, Kelheim Fibres
Scope of Functional Textile Market Report
The report on the Global Functional Textile market includes an assessment of the
market, trends, segments, and regional markets. Overview and dynamics have also been
included in the report.