Nanotechnology is being used in textiles and cosmetics in the following ways: 1. In textiles, nanoparticles are being used to impart properties like water and stain resistance, UV protection, and antimicrobial effects. Nanofibers and nano coatings can also enhance fabric durability and breathability. 2. In cosmetics, nanoparticles are being used as delivery mechanisms for active ingredients and to provide UV protection. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are commonly used in sunscreens for their UV blocking abilities. 3. Both industries are researching applications of smart fabrics and warning displays that can monitor vital signs and send distress signals using sensors and flexible light displays integrated into fabrics.

1. 1
Dr. R. Balagurunathan
Professor & Head
Dept. of Microbiology
Periyar University
Salem – 11.
Unit III
Nanotechnology in textiles and
Cosmetics

2. Nano in Textiles

3. SMART TEXTILES
• 1980s : clothing that changed colors; pink
when cool; blue when warm
• 1990s : swimmers body suit to streamline
swimmers movement and reduce water on
the swimmers back
• 2000+ : electronics embedded within clothing;
the cooling jacket which prevents shivering;
clothing to monitor heat rate

4. History
• Nanotechnology has been used in the textile
industry ever since humans began dyeing fibers
and fabrics to impart color. This dates back to 2600
B.C. in China. Chemists surface chemistries to color
textiles, and to impart many different properties to
fibers and fabrics.
• Today, a nanotechnology spin is often used to
market textiles, which have been coated or dyed,
to the consumer.
• Nanotechnology changed the world of consumer
textiles. Manufacturers have created stain-resistant
and moisture-wicking fabrics by applying a
chemical finish containing nanoparticles to cloth.

5. FABRICATION OF NANOFIBERS
• Fibers with diameters of several hundred
nanometers or less
• Nanofibers fabrication is electrospinning
• Fibers are absorbent, breathable, and/or
water- repellent

6. • Nanosphere : a round particle with
nanoscale proportions
• Nanowhiskers - are ten nanometers long,
made out of carbon, and designed to be
flexible
• Nanofiber - are defined as fibers with
diameters less than 1000 nm
nanometers. They can be produced by
interfacial polymerization and
electrospinning

7. • Electrospinning : uses an electrical
charge to spin fibers into a
nonwoven pattern
• Polymer - is a large molecule
(macromolecule) composed of
repeating structural units;
encompasses a large class of natural
and synthetic materials with a wide
variety of properties.

8. Nano particle
Properties
• Dramatic change in properties of a substance
when particle size reduced to nanometer range
-Normal ceramic particle Brittle
-Nano ceramic particle Deformable, flexible
-Normal Gold Yellow
-Nano gold Red

9. Nanotechnology has real commercial
potential for the textile industry. Why?
• conventional methods used to impart different
properties to fabrics
-will lose their functions after several laundering
or wearing.
-Reduce breathability
- Comfort
• Nanotechnology can provide high durability for
fabrics because:
- nano-particles have a large surface area-to-
volume ratio
- high surface energy.
• Coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not
affect their breathability or hand feel.

10. 3 types of nanotechnology in textiles
• Nanotechnology in fibres and yarns (fabrics)
• Nanotechnology in coatings (textile finishing)
• E-textiles

11. What is a Nanofiber?
• A nanofiber is a continuous fiber which has a
diameter in the range of billionths of a meter.
The smallest Nano
fibers made today
are between 1.5
and 1.75
nanometers

12. • A nano fiber is a continuous fiber which
has diameter in range of billionths of a
meter
• The smallest nano fibers made today are
between 1.5 and 1.75 nanometers
• Nano scale materials cam be rationally
designed to exhibit novel and significant
improved physical, chemical and
biological properties , because of their
size

13. • Nanoscale materials can be rationally designed to
exhibit novel and significantly improved physical,
chemical and biological properties, because of
their size.
• Nonwoven fabrics composed of electro spun
nanofibres have :
• a large specific surface area,
• a high porosity
• a small pore size in comparison with commercial
textiles making them excellent candidates for use
in filtration, medical and membrane applications.

14. Nanoparticle structure
• Whiskers
• Net
• warp

15. Whiskers
• The whiskers get hooked on the fibers to alter
the fabric property.

17. Nano Whiskers can make the fabric
stain & water resistant…
• Nano whiskers can keep the fabric breathable
too unlike resins finishes!

18. Value addition due to Nano Whiskers…
• Water and oil repellency
• Superior durability
• Breathable
• Fabric remains soft, natural
• Wrinkle resistance

19. Net
• Three Dimensional Molecular Nano Net covers
the core fiber Completely.

20. Value addition due to Nano Net…
• Alters the property of synthetic fibers like
Polyester to give a feel of cotton & linen.
• Wicks body moisture fast
• Dries quickly & gives the cooling effect.

21. Wrap
• Nano sheet wraps the fiber completely to
cover it & alter its property.

22. Nano wraps can enhance the fabric
Wash fastness…
• Normal fabric trouser
with out nano wrap
on the fibers after 50
washes!
• Trouser made up fabric
with nano wrap fibers
after 50 washes!

23. Value addition due to Nano Wrap
• Strength and Durability
• Improvement in colorfastness
• Crease Retention
• Static Resistance

24. Nano Finishes
• Nano finished textiles are those that a paly a
Nano scale property added after the base
textile has been fabricated. This includes post-
manufacture treatments andcoatings to apply
nanomaterial's or create nanostructured
surfaces on fiber media.

25. Present Scenario In Textile Finishing
Innovation
• Luke worm in spite of fast changing fashion cycle .
• Technical advancement and art of finishing
technology is quit old
• Fabric and garment finishing basically by covering
the texture of the fabric by resins
• Common problems like spills ,strains ,wear and
tear remains and salts.
• Lack of innovation to texturize the fabric on the
molecular level.

26. Integration of nanoparticles in textiles
• Nanoparticles can be introduced in the textile
production process at two levels :
-during the melt extrusion of yarns
(nanoparticles based on clay, metal oxides or
carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be mixed in the
polymer before the extrusion step)
-This allows new functionalities to be
incorporated
-during the coating.

27. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILE
• It can define nanotechnology in textile as the
understanding, manipulation, and control of matter at
the nano level, such that the physical, chemical, and
biological properties of the materials (individual
atoms, molecules, and bulk matter) can be
engineered, synthesized, and altered to develop the
next generation of improved materials, devices,
structures, and systems.
• It is used to develop desired textile characteristics,
such as high tensile strength, unique surface structure,
soft hand, durability, water repellency, fire retardancy,
antimicrobial properties, etc

28. TEXTILE APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nano
Textile
Climate
control
garments Military and
combat
outfit
Sports wear
Electronic
textiles
Camouflage
and tents
Medical
fabrics
Protective
clothing
(uv, static)
Under
garment
Composite
fabrics and
amterials
Casual
wear
dresses
Jacket,
gloves
,capes etc.

29. Types Of Nano Textiles
I. Nano finished textiles
II. Nano composite textiles
III. Nano fibrous textiles
IV. Nano enabled non woven

30. Nano-enabled properties
Properties associated with current nanotechnology research
for use in textiles include:
• Antimicrobial
• Electrical conductivity
• Fire resistance
• Fragrance release
• High strength
• Moisture management
• Shrink resistance
• Stain resistance
• Static protection
• UV protection
• Water repellent (hydrophobic)
• Wrinkle resistance
• Self-cleaning

31. NANO TEXTILE - Properties
Nano
Treated
Textile
FUNCTIONAL
water
repellent
FUNCTIONAL
PROTECTION
self-cleaning
FUNCTIONAL
PROTECTION
Controlled release
of additives
FUNCTIONAL
HYGIENE Anti-
microbial
SAFETY fire
retardancy
DURABILITY
abrasion
DURABILITY
color fastness
PROTECTION
UV
absorption

32. Application
• The fabric is padded and dried.
• During drying water evaporates.
• During subsequent curing operation the
polymers melt and spread giving uniform
coating of fibres due to nano size of the
finishing agent.

33. SOME USEFUL NANOPARTICALS IN TEXTILE
• Clay nano particles
• ZnO nano particles
• TiO2 nano particls
• MgO nano particles
• Silver nano particles

34. Clay Nano Particles- Uv Protection
• Clay nano particles (e.g. clay nano particles of
montmoriblonite) or nano flakes are used for the
purpose.
• These types of substances contain hydrogen
aluminosilicates, having difference in the
chemical composition & crystal structures. The
clay nano particles have a property of locking UV
light. It also has electrical, chemical & heat
resistance.
• Hence the UV rays can be removed by the fabric
having a finish of clay nano particles.

35. ZnO Nano Particles
• Can impart UV Shielding in fabrics & can
reduce static electricity of Nylon fibers.

36. The antimony pent oxide nano
particles - Flame retardant finishing
• The antimony pent oxide nano particles along
with Halogenated flame-retardants are used
for the flame retardant finishing.
• The antimony has a characteristic of flame
retardency.
• Hence the presence of antimony particles
along with halogenated flame retardant in the
fabric increases a flame retardant property of
the fabric.

37. Antibacterial and Deodorant finishes
based on nanotechnology
'Ag fresh‘
• Typical example: when human body perspire the
clothing in contact with skin such as socks, shirts
etc smell due to growth of bacteria.
• This drawback is eliminated by Ag fresh finish
• incorporate silver particles in a size of around
4nm into fiber
• A material of superior antibacterial, deodorant
properties with good laundering fastness has
been brought about by letting silver particles
penetrate into the fiber itself.

38. Ag nanoparticle penetration in fibre

39. 'Ag fresh'
• The 'Ag fresh' antibacterial, deodorant finish
has been developed for use mainly in
• garments worn close to the skin,
• Further applications of this technology are
being planned for use in uniforms, casual
wear, shirts, bedding, nightwear, underwear,
polo shirts.

40. Self cleaning clothes
• Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are catalysts
that help break down carbonbased
molecules,
• Require only sunlight to trigger the reaction
• The inventors believe that these fabrics could
be made into self-cleaning clothes that tackle
dirt, environmental pollutants and harmful
microorganisms

41. The titanium dioxide particles covering the fibres
are 20 nm size

42. Water Repellent and Self Cleaning
• Hydrophobic finishes lower the surface energy
and can give a maximum water contact angle
of roughly 120 degree.
• To get higher contact angle and to have the
self-cleaning ability, Surfaces with contact
angle between 150 to 180 degree are required

43. SiO2, Al2O3 nanoparticles are mainly
used for super water repellent finishes.

45. E-Textiles
• Smart/interactive textiles (SIT) are materials
and structures that sense and react to
environmental conditions or stimuli, such as
those from mechanical, thermal, chemical,
electrical, magnetic or other sources.

47. Applications of Nanotechnology In Military Science:
• Military uniforms that change color to match
the environment
• Light weight bullet-proof vests

48. Military uses socks that can
be worn for two weeks
between washing
Military has invested in
fabrics reinforced with
nanofibers for high
performance, lightweight
tents, and awnings that can
better endure heavy wear and
tear

49. • Hunting clothes use nanotechnology to cover
scent

51. Future technology

52. Global Positioning System-GPS
• Textiles integrated with sensory devices driven
by a GPS can detect a user’s exact location
anytime and in any weather.
• Interactive electronic textiles with integrated
GPS enhance safety by quickly locating the
wearer and allowing the suit to be heated.
• GPS can provide added safety for firefighters
and emergency personnel by facilitating
offsite monitoring of vitals.

53. • GPS can provide added safety for firefighters
and emergency personnel by facilitating
offsite monitoring of vitals.

54. Warning Signaling
• A combination of sensors and small flexible light
emitting displays (FLED) can receive and
respond to stimuli from the body, enabling a
warning signal to be displayed or sent.
• The sensors can monitor heart rate, respiration,
and temperature.
• If vital signals were below critical values, a FLED
would automatically display, for example, a
lashing red light, and a wireless communication
system could send a distress signal to a remote
location.

55. • If vital signals were below critical values, a
FLED would automatically display, for
example, a lashing red light, and a wireless
communication system could send a distress
signal to a remote location.

65. ADVANTAGES OF NANO FINISHING IN GARMENTS
• Nano – processed garments have protective coating,
which is water and beverage repellent.
• Saving time and laundering cost.
• This technology is environmental friendly.
• Nano-materials allows good ventilation and reduces
moisture absorption, resulting in enhanced breathability
while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary
material.
• The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
• Garments stay bright, fresh looking and are more
durable than ordinary materials.
• Manufacturing cost is low, adding value to the products.

66. Nano in Cosmetics

67. Definition
• ’Cosmetic product’ means any substance or
mixture intended to be placed in contact with
the external parts of the human body
(epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and
external genital organs) or with the teeth and
the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with
a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them,
perfuming them, changing their appearance,
protecting them, keeping them in good
condition or correcting body odours.

68. Cosmetic
• Many cosmetic products include particulate
material or emulsions.
• Some examples of cosmetic products
consisting of or including particulates include
facial powders, moisturizers, lipstick etc.

70. Nanopowder
• Nanopowder are solid particles that measure
on the nanoscale, usually comprised of three
to five molecules together.
• Nanopowder have been of extreme interest in
the Cosmetic field.
• Smaller particles mean better absorption by
the body therefore less drug is needed.
• Because of a combination of these, side
effects are lessened due to better use of
cosmetics.

71. Nanopowder

72. Nanotechnology Based Cosmetic
Product
• Moisturisers
• Hair care products
• Make up and sunscreen

73. Nanomaterials in cosmetics
• Nanomaterials used in cosmetics differ from
nanomaterials used by other industries.
• They differ by their shape, their molecular
structure, their mode of use and their specific
interactions with the living world and the
environment.
• Nanomaterials in cosmetics are nanoemulsions ,
nanosomes and nanopigments.
• These nanomaterials are used for example in
sunscreens, skin creams and oral hygiene
products.

74. Use of nanoparticles as UV filters
• Titanium dioxide (Tio2) and zinc oxide (Zno)
are the main compounds used in these
applications.
• Organic alternative to these have also been
developed

75. Use of nanotechnology for delivery
• Nanoliposomes and Nanoniosomes are used in
the cosmetic industry as delivery vehicles.
• Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and
nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been
found to be better performers than liposomes
• NLCs have been identified as a potential next
generation cosmetic delivery agent that can
provide enhanced skin hydration, bioavailability,
stability of the agent and controlled occlusion

76. Vesicular Delivery Systems
• Nanoliposomes
• Nanoniosomes

77. Nanoliposomes
• Liposomes are vesicular structures with an
aqueous core surrounded by a hydrophobic lipid
bilayer, created by the extrusion of phospholipids.
• Phospholipids are GRAS (generally recognised as
safe) ingredients, therefore minimising the
potential for adverse effects.
• The first liposomal cosmetic product to appear on
the market was the anti-ageing cream ‘Capture’
launched by Dior in 1986.

78. Nanoniosomes
• Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant based
vesicles that have a similar structure to that of
phospholipid vesicles like liposomes.
• They can be used to encapsulate aqueous
solutes and act as drug and cosmetic carriers.
• They are formed by the self-assembly of non-
ionic surfactants in aqueous media.
• The first product ‘Niosome’ was introduced in
1987 by L’Oréal company.

79. Nanotechnology for UV protection
• Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)
particles have been widely used for many years
as UV filters in sunscreens.
• Products using nanoparticles of ZnO or TiO2 are
transparent so have increased aesthetic appeal,
are less smelly, less greasy and more absorbable
by the skin.
• Many sunscreens and moisturisers available now
use these nanoparticles, including products from
Boots, Avon, The Body Shop, L’Oréal, Nivea and
Unilever

82. • Nanoemulsions are macroscopic preparations
which contain droplets of water and oil reduced
to the nanometric size to increase the content of
nourishing oil, and to preserve the transparency
and the lightness of the formula.
• Sometimes active ingredients that are fragile in
air ― such as vitamins ― are protected and kept
fresh inside nanometric bubbles (capsules) or
nanosomes (liposomes).
• The active ingredients are released upon contact
with the skin at the time of the application where
the nanoemulsions and nanosomes open.
• Nanoemulsions and nanosomes are not included
in the legal definition of a nanomaterial for
cosmetics.

83. Nanoemulsions, Nanosomes & Nanocapsules

84. Nanopigments
• Nanopigments are minerals already present in
our natural environment, in the form of clay and
sand for example.
• Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the best known.
It is a totally insoluble, inert material. It is a
reference of non toxicity which is why we find it
used widely in foodstuffs (colouring agent E171)
as well as dental/oral hygiene products including
toothpaste.
• Another well known is zinc oxide (ZnO).
• Both TiO2 and ZnO are used in sunscreens
because they are known to reflect and scatter UV
light, and protect skin against adverse effects of
UV light, including skin cancers.