Quick high level technical explanation outlining the advantages of SMART grids and BESS.

1. © ABB Inc.
Energy Storage Modules
Developing a smarter grid using battery energy storage
systems

2. A smart grid is an electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on
information about the behavior of all components in order to improve the
efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of electricity services.
Smart Grid Value
Concept

3.  Increased Capacity – increase power delivery using existing
infrastructure
 Improved Reliability – reduce number and duration of outages,
increase asset life
 Greater Efficiency – improve power factor, perform voltage
management, provide bidirectional power flow
 Sustainability – solutions for distributed generation as well as increased
usable life of assets through performance monitoring and analytics
 Interoperability and Integration of New Technologies: Storage,
Wireless communications, FDIR, VVM, Monitoring/Diagnostics
Smart Grid Value
Priorities based on Customer Value Drivers

4. Demand response is an established strategy for leveling load.
There is no question but that the cheapest way to level load is to persuade
electricity consumers to turn on and off their electrical appliances, whether
they be heavy machinery, air conditioners, or electric vehicles, at exactly
the right times
The objective of the electricity service is to provide consumers with safe,
reliable electricity on demand. Consumers should be free to use electricity
whenever they like. It must be the grid that accommodates the consumer.
Smart Grid Value
Let„s analyze the challenges of the grid

5. Network Challenges
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6. Network Challenges
Power Generation and Consumption
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Power distribution reliability will always be
concern and challenge for utilities,
industrials and consumer end users.
Minimize the Power Interruptions
Reduce the effect of Power Interruptions
Improve performance
Users
Utility
Power Flow

7. Network Challenges
Balance: Energy Generated = Energy Consumed
The electricity market requires that power
generation and consumption are perfectly
balanced.
The challenge is to maintain a near real-
time balance between generation and
consumption.
© ABB Inc
generation consumption

8. © ABB Inc
t
f / V
t
kW
Network Challenges
Power Generation and Consumption Ideal Scenario
Utility ideal users:
Flat Power Demand
Users ideal Power
Source:
Constant Voltage and
Frequency

9. Network Challenges
Reality Loads are not flat, Frequency shall be regulated
© ABB Inc
0
5
10
15
20
25
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Demand in MW
Time of the day
Typical Electrical Energy Consumption Pattern / Commercial

10. Network Challenges
Efficient electrical energy use = Deferral of Investments
© ABB Inc
If the demand peaks are
shaved > higher load
factors:
 Deferral of new
generation capacity
 Deferral of new
transformer
 Deferral of new
distribution and
transmission lines
 Reduce fuel use >
Increase
environmental
benefits
Demand in MW
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
7:00AM8:00AM9:00AM10:00AM11:00AM12:00PM1:00PM2:00PM3:00PM4:00PM5:00PM6:00PM7:00PM8:00PM9:00PM10:00PM11:00PM12:00AM

11. Network Challenges
Energy balance challenge
Balancing
generation and
load
instantaneously
and continuously
is difficult
because the
loads and
generator are
constantly
fluctuating
© ABB Inc
2350
2450
2550
2650
2750
2850
2950
3050
3150
3250
7:00
AM7:05
AM7:10
AM7:15
AM7:20
AM7:25
AM7:30
AM7:35
AM7:40
AM7:45
AM7:50
AM7:55
AM8:00
AM8:05
AM8:10
AM8:15
AM8:20
AM8:25
AM8:30
AM
Load in MW
Generation in MW

12. Network Challenges
Regulation key point in the energy balance
Regulation
helps to
balance the
generation
and load
within the
control area
© ABB Inc
Regulation in MW
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
7:00
AM
7:05
AM
7:10
AM
7:15
AM
7:20
AM
7:25
AM
7:30
AM
7:35
AM
7:40
AM
7:45
AM
7:50
AM
7:55
AM
8:00
AM
8:05
AM
8:10
AM
8:15
AM
8:20
AM
8:25
AM
8:30
AM

13. Network Challenges
Regulation requires fast response time
© ABB Inc
Match generation to load within the control range
Fast response time (<1 minute), Duration typically 10 minutes.
Users
Utility
Power
Flow
Regulation injection of Active
Power
Regulation kW

14. Network Challenges
Spinning reserve: injection of active power
© ABB Inc
The unused capacity which can be activated on the decision of the
system operator. Response time: seconds to 10 minutes. Duration from
10 to 120 minutes.
Users
Utility
Power
Flow
Spinning Reserve (Active
Power)
Spinning Reserve
kW

15. • Proliferation of intermittent
renewable energy around the
world such as wind and solar
energy
Network Challenges
Renewable source of energy = Variability
 "Courtesy of Dr Frank S Barnes - University of Colorado at Boulder"

16. Network Challenges
Faults in the system
 It is not practical to design and build electrical networks so as to completely
eliminate the possibility of failure in operation.
 A fault occurs when actual current flows from one phase conductor to
another (phase-to-phase) or alternatively from one phase conductor to earth
(phase-to-earth).
 Overloading - leading to overheating of insulation (deteriorating quality,
reduced life and ultimate failure).
 Overvoltage - stressing the insulation beyond its limits.
 Under frequency - causing plant to behave incorrectly.
 Power swings - generators going out-of-step or synchronism with each
other.
© ABB Inc

17. Network Challenges
Cost of Power Interruptions
 According to a 2004 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) study,
“understanding the Cost of Power Interruptions to U.S. Electricity
Consumers”, sustained and momentary interruptions on the grid system
cost the national economy $80 billion annually.
 The commercial and industrial (C&I) sectors, the engine of our national
economy, bear 98 of these costs.
© ABB Inc
Industrial
72%
Commercial
25%
Residential
3%
Total Loss due to Power Interruptions

18. What is Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)?
From DC to 3 phase Voltage
Network
Power Converter rectifies the AC
energy into DC to store in the
batteries and then invert the DC
energy into AC energy.

19. Components of BESS system
Some of the battery types are:
Lead-acid, Li-Ion, Ni-Cd, Zinc
Bromine, NaCl-Ni among others.
The BMS (Battery Management
System) measures the battery
parameters to control the operation
in order to extend the battery life
and increase the safety of the
system.
Inverters rectify the AC energy into
DC to store in the batteries and then
invert the DC energy into AC energy,
single or three phase at 50 or 60
Hertz .
The energy inverted into AC power
can be connected to the electrical
network at low (<1000 Volts) or
medium voltage(<40.5 kV).

20. BESS Improves the performance, capacity and
reliability of the grid
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 How?

21. BESS Contribution to the Network
Regulation Provider: Fast injection of active power
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 Users
 Utility
Power
Flow
Active Power for
Regulation
Battery Energy
Storage System

22. BESS Contribution to the Network
Reliability: stable and continuous power supply
regardless of the supply source status.
© ABB Inc
 Storage will allow loads to operate through outages
 Users
 Utility
Power
Flow
KW from the
Energy Storage
System
X
Failure in the
main line source
or transformer
X

23. BESS Contribution to the Network
Reliability: stable and continuous power supply
regardless of the supply source status.
© ABB Inc
 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) study found that 67%
of total economic losses are due to the frequency of short-term,
momentary interruptions of service of five minutes or less.
 With several hours of discharge capacity BESS reduce customer
vulnerability to grid events by:
 Provide a backup source of electricity during short-duration events
 Provide ride-through service during sustained interruptions greater than
five minutes and upward of a few hours in duration
 = Avoid customer economic losses due to power failure.

24. BESS Contribution to the Network
Improving the efficiency with which electrical energy is being used
© ABB Inc
Demand in MW
Other Loads
Cooling Load
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
7:00
AM
8:00
AM
9:00
AM10:00
AM11:00
AM12:00
PM
1:00
PM
2:00
PM
3:00
PM
4:00
PM
5:00
PM
6:00
PM
7:00
PM
Demand in MW
Other Loads
Cooling Load
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
7:00
AM
8:00
AM
9:00
AM10:00
AM11:00
AM12:00
PM
1:00
PM
2:00
PM
3:00
PM
4:00
PM
5:00
PM
6:00
PM
7:00
PM
 Area under the curve = energy consumed. Same energy consumed for profile 1 and 2
Demand profile 2 is more efficient, same energy consumed but lower peak demand.
Load Factor = Energy Used in KW-hr / Time (hours in billing period)
Maximum Demand in kW
Load Factor profile 2 >load factor profile 1
Demand profile 1 Demand profile 2

25. BESS Contribution to the Network
Allows the implementation of Demand Management actions to
achieve an efficient use of electrical energy
© ABB Inc
Benefits:
a) Commercial and Industrial customers reduce their energy charges by
improving their load factor
b) Utilities reduce the operational cost of generating power in peak
periods (reducing the need for peaking units)
c) Investment in infrastructure is delayed because the system has flatter
loads with smaller peaks.

26. BESS Contribution to the Network
Efficient use of electrical energy, Smart Grid
© ABB Inc
 For utilities this means lowering the generation cost and maximize the
assets of the network such as transformers and the power grids
 For users is to lower the electrical bills through the management of
the energy consumption and demand
Demand in MW
Other Loads
Cooling Load
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
7:00
AM
8:00
AM
9:00
AM10:00AM11:00AM12:00PM
1:00
PM
2:00
PM
3:00
PM
4:00
PM
5:00
PM
6:00
PM
7:00
PM
Demand in MW
Other Loads
Cooling Load
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
7:00
AM
8:00
AM
9:00
AM10:00
AM11:00
AM12:00
PM
1:00
PM
2:00
PM
3:00
PM
4:00
PM
5:00
PM
6:00
PM
7:00
PM

27. BESS Contribution to the Network
Efficient electrical energy use = Deferral of Investments
© ABB Inc
If the demand peaks are
shaved > higher load
factors:
 Deferral of new
generation
capacity
 Deferral of new
transformer
 Deferral of new
distribution and
transmission lines
 Reduce fuel use >
Increase
environmental
benefits
Demand in MW
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
7:00AM8:00AM9:00AM10:00AM11:00AM12:00PM1:00PM2:00PM3:00PM4:00PM5:00PM6:00PM7:00PM8:00PM9:00PM10:00PM11:00PM12:00AM
Demand
provided by
BESS

28. © ABB Group
Why is Energy Storage needed in the Wind and Solar
energy Sources?
 Renewable energy sources like wind and solar may be part of the solution to
improve the environment, but they come at cost, They are sporadic and erratic.
 Wind and Solar energy is identified as a not dispatchable. In the other hand
Thermal and hydro generation are design to operate continuously , delivering
power to the load. This is call dispatchable power, meaning the generator can be
turned on and off as needed.
 Without energy storage renewable power can not replace coal, natural gas
and nuclear generation on a megawatt-for-megawatt basis.
 “The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that, for every gigawatt (GW)
of wind capacity added, 17 megawatts (MW) of spinning reserves must also
be built to account for the system’s variability. Also, utilities are building
capacity to meet so-called needle peaks in electricity usage that occur for only a
few hours per year. It is expensive and inefficient to size capacity to these peaks
and energy storage technologies can play a large role in supplanting
peaking generation”

29. •Solar generation peak is not aligned with load‟s demand peak
BESS Contribution to the Network
Solar generation‟s capacity peak
Load
Solar
Generation
 "Courtesy of George Gurlaskie – Progress Energy"

30. BESS Contribution to the Network
Renewable Energy Capacity Firming Reducing
intermittency of renewable sources
 Reduce the intermittency of the renewable generation, by discharging or charging
active power, making easier the integration of renewable sources to the grid.
 Distributed Energy Storage (DES) is smoothing the slope of the solar farm power
generation variability. The solar farm power is showed in blue, the DES system
power in green and the smoothed output is showed in red.
 " Courtesy of Sandia National Lab"

31. BESS Contribution to the Network
Injection of reactive power
© ABB Inc
 Power Factor (PF) = KW/ KVA
 Lagging power factors of less than 1.0 are caused by inductive load devices
which requires reactive power to supply the magnetizing currents.
 Without corrective measures, this reactive power flows back and forth
between the loads and power source, requiring greater generating
capacity and larger infrastructure.

32. BESS Contribution to the Network
Injection of reactive power
© ABB Inc
Loads
Source
Power Flow
VARs for
Reactive
compensation
Battery Energy
Storage System

33. BESS Contribution to the Network
Injection of reactive power
© ABB Inc
Load= 94 kW
Source
Power Flow
PF1 =0.6
KVA1 =157

34. BESS Contribution to the Network
Injection of reactive power
© ABB Inc
Load= 94 kW
Source
Power Flow
PF1 =0.6
PF2=0.85
KVA1 =157
KVA2=111
Source
VARs for
Reactive
compensation
Battery Energy
Storage System

35. Why BESS makes the grid smarter?
© ABB Inc
 Users
 Utility
• Frequency Regulation
• Efficient use of electrical Energy
by shaving the demand peaks
and load shifting
• Continuous Power
• Integration of the renewable
sources of energy
• Control of line congestion caused by temporary
overloads or the increasing demand of electrical
vehicles
 The additional electrical power provided by BESS helps the network to
overcome the operational issues and enhance its performance.

36. Summary
BESS is a technology which contributes to raise the efficiency at every stage of the
energy chain by:
− Increasing the capacity factor of generation, transmission and distributions assets
− Improving the uniformity and efficiency with which electrical energy is being used
− Raising Power Quality with better voltage and frequency regulation as well as
minimum interruptions
− Increasing the capacity factor of renewable energy sources in order to make clean
energy available for longer periods
− Providing a reliable source of energy to communities
− The electrical energy stored is used for minutes up to several hours, when electric
power is most needed or most valuable for the network.
− BESS makes the grid smarter by giving the option to use the electrical
power when it has the biggest impact in the network’s performance.

37. © ABB Group
May 31, 2012 | Slide 39