Hybridisatie van mijn machine - 07-06-2012_components-dc-example

Hybridisatie door energie-opslag in of
nabij de machine

seminarie 07-06-2012
Stephan.Masselis@sirris.be
Stijn.Goossens@fmtc.be

the collective centre of the Belgian technological industry

Content

• Energy storage components
• Inertial energy storage (flywheel)
• Hydro-pneumatic enrgy storage
• Electric energy storage
• Batteries
• Capacitors & supercaps
• Electric energy conversion
• DC/DC & active control
• Example

07-06-2012 2
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be

Kinetic energy storage
flywheels


Flywheels: Basics

Ekin/Ekin_max for nominal max speed wn=1000
• Kinetic Energy: 1
wn wn
0.9 2 2

0.8
• Acceleration ( 2> 1): energy stored in flywheel
0.7
• Deceleration ( 2< 1): energy is released

DOD
0.6
• Typical: min = design_max/2 2
Ekin ( )
2 0.5 0.50
I wn
• DOD = Depth of Discharge 0.4

SOC = State of Charge SOC (%)= 100 – DOD(%) 0.3
0.250
0.2

SOC
• evolution of flywheels: 0.1

• high speed 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

• smaller volume & lower mass
flywheel Low speed High speed
rpm <10000 15 000 – 100 000
technology mature recent
Rotor Steel (vmax≈300m/s) Composite fiber (vmax≈1000m/s)
Bearing Conventional (heat) ceramic ; magnetic
Surrounding Air (air resistance) Vacuum
Safety ! !!!

07-06-2012 4

Flywheels: evolution to higher speed and smaller sizes

CCM (center for concepts in mechatronics)
‘Autotram’ project (with Fraunhofer)

07-06-2012 5

Mechanical coupled flywheel

• Flywheel mechanical couped with drivetrain
• Outcoming shaft  maintain vacuum for
highspeed flywheels !!
• Brake energy recovery:
©FlybridSystems

rpmflywheel rpmdriveshaft

 CVT
• No conversion needed to/from other energy
sources
• Control of energy flows with mechanical
components (cvt/powersplit, clutches, …) is
challenging for efficiency & comfort (shocks,
response time… )
Test-setup for DriveTrain Control (DTC) testing (TU/e & mecHybrid)


Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) in F1

• regulation: max 60 kWatt , max 400kJoule/lap
(i.e. boost of 60kWatt during 6.7s)
• F1 KERS from FlybridSystems
• coupling to drivetrain via CVT (Torotrac)
• total volume 13 litres ©FlybridSystems
• weight 25 kg (Flywheel 5 kg)
• 30000-60000 rpm
• commercial mass production (Jaguar, end 2012/13)
• 530 kJ (147 Wh) , 60 kW, < 40 kg
• designed for 250000km lifetime
• project with Volvo & SKF
• others:
• Zytec, Xtrac
• Williams (electromechanical)

07-06-2012 7

DriveTrain Innovations (NL):
flywheel + ‘variomatic’ CVT+ planetary power split

• ‘Zero Inertia Driveline‘ (TU Eindhoven)
• from ‘ecodrive’ project (late 90’s);
goal: decreased fuel consumption + emission
• load levelling
 Engine operates at optimal point
 flywheel = peak power unit
• Stop and Go regimes:
 uncouple & Shut down ICE at low speed
• spin-off DriveTrain Innovations (dtinnovations.nl)
• Slower rpm, ‘classical’ technology

• mecHybrid project:
• DTI+CCM+SKF+TU/e+Bosch+PunchPowertrain
• develop lowcost flywheel system for small/medium cars
• ‘small’ size (150kJ;30kW braking/10kW motoring)
• Focus on energy management (DTC = DriveTrain Control)

07-06-2012 8

Electromechanical flywheel
‘mechanical capacitor’ , ’electromechanical battery’

• flywheel integrated with motor/generator unit (MGU)
• permanent magnet motor or reluctance motor
 size reduction at high rpm
• power electronics
• connection to electric supply
(grid or machine/vehicle DC-bus)
• mechanically uncoupled from machine/vehicle drivetrain
• can be mounted at any position
15 kW motor
• no shaft connection with exterior (© Rosseta Technik)
+ easier to maintain vacuum Top: 3000 rpm
- thermal equilibrium of MGU in vacuum asyncronous motor

• applications: Down: 35000rpm
permanent magnet
• UPS-systems motor (only rotor)
• automotive / transport

07-06-2012 9

Electromechanisch vliegwiel Rosseta Technik

Type T2 (orde 25 à 30 k€) Type T3  lowcost
Highpower (300-800W) Lowpower (3-5-10-15kW)
High energy: 4kWh (14.4 MJ) Low energy (~7sec @ max power)
New technology (25000rpm, vacuum) Classic technology (6000rpm),

07-06-2012 10

flywheel systems for UPS: Power-Thru
(= ex Pentadyne)
• powerrating: 12sec @ 200kW (29sec @100kWatt)  ~667Wh (805Wh)
• carbon fiber composite flywheel cylinder 24kg (cabinet 590kg)
28Wh/kg (only rotor)  1.13Wh/kg (complete cabinet)
• flywheel speed 52000 rpm; magnetic bearings
• 250Watt nominal power consumption

pentadyne.com

07-06-2012 11

flywheel systems for UPS: Vycon

• powerrating:
model VDC: 30sec @ 100kW (max 215kW)  ~833Wh
model VDC-XE: 19sec @ 160 kW (max 300kW)  idem
• high grade steel flywheel (? kg)
• flywheel speed 36000 rpm

07-06-2012 12

Beaconpower : flywheel system for UPS & load
levelling on grid
• model ‘Smart Energy 25 Flywheel’
• powerrating: 25kWh (15minutes @ 100kW)
• composite rotor (glass & carbon)
?kg (~2m high ! ) powerplant NY: 15’ @ 20MWatt
(consists of 200 Flywheel units)
• flywheel speed 16000 rpm
• unit contained in concrete bunker

07-06-2012 13

Transport: electromechanical flywheel for
trams (Citadis, NL)
• load leveling
• load flywheel during braking & low power periods
• unload during peak power requirements
• autonomy
• No power supply over Erasmus bridge (Rotterdam)
• specs:

CCM (center for concepts in mechatronics)

07-06-2012 14

automotive electromechanical flywheels

• Williams F1:
• 50000-100000 rpm; 40kg unit;
• MLC Magnetically Loaded Composite
 technology from Urenco (nuclear power)
 efficiency load/unload: 97-99%
• Technical Center (Qatar) for development &
commercialisation of flywheel technology
• prototype Porche911-GT3-R-hybrid
• flywheel 6à8sec@120kW; 40000 rpm
• 2x60kW motors on front axle

• KINERSTOR PROJECT
(UK):
(William Hybrid Power, SKF,
Torotrac, landrover, e.o.)
Goal:
 Mass market high speed
flywheel
 Cost of less than £1,000
 Development of both electric
and mechanic 07-06-2012
flywheel 15

automotive electromechanical flywheels
• Bosch (Motorsport) / Dynastore
• Flybrid & Magneti Marelli
• 160000 rpm !!
• 530 kJ, 60 kW
• allways dual contraspinning units
• System weight: 27 kg
• 750kJoule (208Wh) (set of 4)
• MGU 60kW (8kg)

MGU

Control unit
water cooled

07-06-2012 16

Flywheels: + and -

+ -
• State of Charge (SoC) • Purchase cost
• high energy & power density • Dedicated designs
• 3-10 Wh/kg (w.r.t. total weight) • limited combinations of power
• 1000-3000 W/kg & energy
• Low maintenance cost
• not sold/available as such
• Lifetime (order > 20 year) for big non-
• Standing losses
mobile systems;
automobile ? not proven yet • Safety issues
• Performance not influenced by: • (Gyroscopic effect)
• Amount of cycles • for mobile applications
• Depth of discharge • solve with 2 flywheels spinning in
• Temperature or environment opposite direction
• high round-trip-efficiency (load/unload)

07-06-2012 17

Hydraulic energy storage


Hydraulic energy storage: basic
(‘hydro-pneumatic’ energy storage)
• Energy stored in accumulator
•Most used: Piston and Bladder
•Max press 350- 400 bar…500bar
•preload pressure:
100 … 200 bar

•More energy/power needed ?
 accumulators in parallel

• Flow rates 5000- 45000 l/min 900 l/min
(order of magnitude)

07-06-2012 19

Hydraulic energy storage
advantages & disadvantages
low energy density
high power density
lifetime Size & weight for mobile
maintenance applications (passenger cars)
lower cost (ROI) ? thermal effects gas chamber
( 1700 €, 20 liter bladdertype) (piston type -> standing losses)
mature technology
(Leakage)
- no really new technology
Cost/efficiency of aggregates
- but: new applications

Light-weight carbon fibre
reinforced accumulators

07-06-2012 20

Hydraulic energy storage: thermal aspect
(example Hydac)

07-06-2012 21

Hydraulic energy storage Example: HyDrid

• Series hybrid
• regeneration
• load leveling

• Standard Car: 1450 kg
• Accumulator: 20 liter

http://www.innas.com/

07-06-2012 22

Hydraulic energy storage Example: HyDrid

• Goal: work in optimal operational condition of ICE
• Also effective on highway !

07-06-2012 23

Hydraulic energy storage: UPS-van

•series hybrid
• power density ~3000W/kg
• energy density ~2Wh/kg

07-06-2012 24

Hydraulic energy storage: commercial truck

• Bosch-Rexroth
• parallel hydr.system:
• 500kg
• 2 x32liter bladder
accumulator (210-330bar)
• 250kWatt  500W/kg
• 550kJoule(153Wh ) 0.3Wh/kg
(= Ekin of vehicle ~16ton @30km/h)
• fuel reduction 25%

07-06-2012 25

Hydraulic energy storage :
suppliers in automotive/transport sector

• Bosch-Rexroth HRB (Hydraulic Regenerative Braking)
• Eaton Corp: Hydraulic Launch Assist (HLA)
• Parker Hannifin: RunWise Advanced Series
• Hydraulic Hybrid Systems,LLC (HHS)
• light-duty vehicles
• average price parallel system: $12,900
• Artemis Intelligent Power (Digital Displacement © system)
• Hydac  accumulators (+ calculator)

07-06-2012 26

Electric energy storage:

 batteries
 capacitors
 supercaps (ultracaps)


batteries
lead acid
nickel based
lithium based
…


Lead-acid batteries
• simpel ‘vented’  VRLA  advanced VRLA
(VRLA = valve-regulated lead-acid)
• Specs
• Low Energydensity (30-40 Wh / kg)
• Self discharge 2 % / month
• Small lifetime
• VRLA: 500-800 cycle
• Vented: 1000-1500 cycles
• Efficiency 70-85 %
• cheap (1kWh ~$250)

• Advanced VRLA (longer lifetime, higher power)
• micro/mild hybrid (start-stop function in cars)
• The Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (http://www.alabc.org)

07-06-2012 29

Ni-based batteries  NiMH

• Used in hybrids
• Toyota prius, Honda Insight, …
• Specs
• E 80 Wh/kg
• P 170-1000 W/kg
• Standing losses 10 % month
• Efficiency: 70-80 %

• Others
• NiCd, NiZn

07-06-2012 30

Lithium based batteries May 2009 A. Burke

• A lot of different types
• Li-ion based
• Li-polymer based

• Different applications:
• High power Li-batteries
• High energy Li-batteries

• Specs
• Broad power/energy range see table
• Li: reactive element
•  thermal monitoring/management
• expensive

07-06-2012 31

NaNiCl - batteries (Zebra)

• Specs
• good energy & power density
• E 100 -125 Wh/kg
• P 150-180 W/kg
• Disadvantage:
• High operating temp needed (270-330 °C)
• Needs extra heating at shut down
• Good solution for intensively used vehicles

07-06-2012 32

Lithium-Ion Capacitor (LIC)

• ‘Hybrid’ or ‘Pseudo’-capacitors
• Ex.: JSR Micro (Leuven)
• Technology batteries and electrolytic capacitor
• Positive electrode: reaction similar to battery
• Negative electrode: Layer phenomena
•  higher energy density
• Earlier stage of development
• Specs
• Lifetime: +- 100 000 cycles
• Less self-discharge (compared to supercaps)
• Temperature window (better than batteries)
• High cell voltage 3,8 V

07-06-2012 33

Summary batteries
(VUB-Mobi econocap)

+ -
• High energy densitiy • Limited lifetime (+- 1000 cycles)
• Low self discharge • Depends on temperature
• Depth of discharge
• Limited temperature range
• More difficult to determine SOC
(+- constant voltage)
• Power density (type dependigin)
07-06-2012 34

 capacitors
supercaps/ultracaps
electrolytic capacitor
…


Supercapacitors (EDLC):
what & how
• EDLC = Electric (Electrochemical) Double Layer Capacitor
• Principle: d
• Charge separation (order of nanometers ) (d ↓) A
• Extension surface: ex. porous carbon (A↑) C 

from Wikipedia
C~ 10’s F --. 10’s mF C~ 10’s F --. few kF

07-06-2012 36

Supercapacitors facts

• Typical voltage cell:
2,5 - 2,7 V
 Series connection required
• Tolerance on capacitance + series connection
 voltage balancing needed !
• Different methods: passive & active
• Modules with balancing commercially available

• Self-discharge Bron:VUB-mobi

07-06-2012 37

Supercaps: Still fork-lifts

07-06-2012 38

Supercaps: Dana hybrid transmission

transmission
(gear box)
MGU

balanced
supercaps Duty cycle

1  driving backward
2  forward, at end empty carrier
inverter / 3  backward
MGU-drive 4  forward, at end load carrier

07-06-2012 39

Electrolytic capacitors
• lot of different types
• Aluminum capacitors most relevant for energy storage
• capacity up to 20 mF
• max voltage 400 à 500 V  2 in serie for industrial DC-bus
• lifetime: 1.000.000’s of cycles, BUT depends from:
 temperature T
• Arrhenius approximation: lifetime halves every 10°C increase of T
•  amplitude ripple current IAC
• higher amplitude  shorter lifetime
•  frequency of ripple current (frequency of load/unload)
• higher frequency  higher lifetime
•  (smaller) effect of actual maximum voltage level
• Vmax higher  lower lifetime

07-06-2012 40

Electrolytic capacitors: lifetime

• strongly T and thus ESR-dependent (heating Q~ESR*IRMS2)
• ESR = Equivalent Series Resistance
• ESR ⇗⇗ at low frequencies (<100Hz)  Temp ⇗⇗  lifetime ⇘ ⇘
datasheets give data >50Hz or > 20Hz

much mechanical systems have cycles < 10Hz
ESR-curves in data-sheet  extrapolation for low frequencies

07-06-2012 41

Electrolytic capacitors: lifetime (cont’d)

• ‘End of Life’ when any of the following conditions is reached:
• Core temp > 105 °C (85°C products)
> 120 °C (105°C products)
• ESR > 2 x initial ESR
• Capacitance change: decrease more than10 or 20% relative to initial value
• Leakage current < initial limit

• Conclusion:
• Design with low ESR !!! However forced cooling often necessary
• Limit current in capacitors  ‘oversizing’
• Pay attention to balancing + limit inrush current at startup
+ safely unload capacitors at shutdown of the machine

• Remark concerning supercaps: same thermal problem, however
• minor frequency dependency (ratio ESRDC / ESR1000Hz ≌ 2)
• mostly application with high power  high currents  forced cooling

07-06-2012 42

Other capacitors

• Keramic capacitors: 4V-…-600V-…-50 kV
• Small capacitance
• Smaller lifetime (order of magnitude ~1000 hr)
• Suited for high frequencies @ (very) high voltage

• Metallized film capacitors
• higher voltage >1000 V  no series connection required
• Low capacitance (max. ~1000 F)
• high frequency/low energy

07-06-2012 43

other energy storage components:
MDI Airpod
pneumatic accumulator:
175l @350bar
carbonfibre
superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)

hydrogen (H2)
…


Comparison of technologies


Comparison of technologies (2)

Energy Power Energy Cycle Safety Typical load Know- Temp.range /
Storage type density density life assets cycle time ledge SoC Temp effect

Flywheel + + + Rupture Seconds- ++ ++/+
minutes
Hydraulic ++ - + Leakage Seconds - + ++/+
minutes
Pneumatic + - + ‘pressure Minutes + ++/-
vessle’ (hours)

(Super)caps ++ +/- ++ Chemicals Fraction of ++ 0/-
seconds to
seconds
battery - ++ -- Chemicals Minutes to - -/-
hours

07-06-2012 47

Comparison of technologies (4)

Positioning of energy storage devices in terms of energy
density & power density (Ragone chart)

Supercaps
Hydraulic

07-06-2012 49

Electrical energy conversion (DC-converter)

stijn.goossens@fmtc.be


Content

• Introduction
• Why dc/dc-converter
• Market situation
• Topology DC-converter
• basics
• Interleaved multi-channel DC-converter
• DC-converter prototype in EnSto project

07-06-2012 51

Typical electrical driveline

• Rectifier
• Rectification electricity grid / dieselgenerator / …
• High dc-bus voltage
• Depending on type of supply, country, …
• Typical 550 V, 650 V (stationary applications)
• Several inverters + motors
• Connected on dc-bus
• Brake chopper
• dissipate energy when Vdc gets too high
• High dc-bus voltage
• Depending on type of supply, country, …
• Typical 550 V, 650 V (stationary applications)

• Energy saving
 store energy in supercaps

07-06-2012 52

Compatibility: Supercaps  DC-bus
• Voltage match DC-bus – Supercaps:
• Supercaps require big voltage swings
to fully exploit energy
• Energy exchange  Voltage changes
• Typical (maximum) voltage window: ½ Vmax to Vmax
• Limited voltage changes on DC-bus driveline (e.g. 550V to 750V)
• Number of cells
• Low cell voltage supercaps:
• typical max. 2.5 – 2.7 V
•  Put cells in series to match dc-bus
Not automatically matched with amount of energy!
• Interface needed to transform voltages
• DC to DC converter
• Also valid for battery systems or combined

07-06-2012 53

Energy management

• Example: driveline with combustion engine + generator
• cranes, cars,…
• Fuel + energy storage
• Efficiency engine depends on load
• Increase efficiency
1. Recuperate brake energy
2. Operate in good working point

•  control of powerflows needed
• To obtain optimal efficiency
Bron: http://www.innas.com
• Implement Energy Management Strategy

• Energy management impossible without dc-converter

07-06-2012 54

Disadvantage dc-converter

• Extra component
• Extra losses
• Losses when charging
• Losses when discharging
• Efficient dc-converter important discharging charging
• Extra cost
• Trade-off between
• more supercaps and dc-converter

07-06-2012 55

dc-converter advantages & disadvantages

• Advantages
• Control of powerflows
• Impossible without dc-converter (in series hybrid)
• Allows optimisation of system efficiency (power management strategies)
• Downsizing supercaps possible
• Less cells required
• Increased energydensity (vary voltage from Vmax to ½ Vmax)
• Protection (avoid peakcurrents in energy storage)
• Disadvantages
• Extra losses: dc-converter with good efficiency is important
• Extra cost: trade-off between more supercaps / efficiency gain  dc-
converter

07-06-2012 56

Market situation
• Used in automotive
• Ex. Toyota Prius e.a.
• Mainly in-house developments, not for sale 
• Commercial products
• A lot ‘off-the-shelf’ products in low voltage range
(range of 12 - 24 - 48 - …V)
• High voltage dc-converters ?
• Rarely found off-the-shelf  expensive, custom made
(every application is different and has different specifications:
voltages / currents / sizes / cost / targeted efficiencies)
 Study of DC-conversion in EnSto-project:
• Gain knowhow in dc-converters / powerelectronics
• Focus on high power / high voltages
• Validate experimentally on set-up / prototype

07-06-2012 57

DC-converter basics

• Bidirectional DC-converter
• 2 high frequent switches
• IGBTs / mosfets / …
• With anti-parallel diode
• 1 inductor
• filtercapacitors on both sides
• Vdc>Vsc
• buck mode: power from high to low voltage
boost mode: power from low to high voltage
• Example charging supercaps (buck mode)
• Top switch on 1
• current inductor increases
• Top switch off 2
• Bottom diode conducts
• Current inductor decreases

• Current = Idc + Iripple

07-06-2012 58

DC-converter topologies

• Different topologies exist (not detailed further)

Source: Monzer Al Sakka, VUB, Comparison of 30KW DC/DC Converter topologies interfaces for fuel cell in
hybrid electric vehicle

• Interleaved multi-channel DC-DC converter most promising
• Good efficiency and small volume

07-06-2012 59

Interleaved multi-channel DC-converter

Ex. 3 branches
• Multi-channel ?
• multiple buck-boost converters in parallel

High Voltage
• total current is split in different branches

Low Voltage
(supercaps)
• Interleaved ?
• The currents of each branch are shifted from each
other
• Origin of name ‘interleaved’
• Ex. 3 branches  each current shifted 1/3 of the
period

07-06-2012 60

Advantages of splitting in multiple branches

• Increased efficiency
• Reduction of conduction losses (Ri2) in inductors, IGBTs, diodes
• Average currents per branch decrease (current splitted in N branches)

• Size inductors decreases
• Current splitted in N branches
• Rough approximation:
• Volume inductor ~ related to energy in inductor =
• Total energy in coils:

 Energy and thus total inductor volume proportional with 1/N
 Reduction in size and price

07-06-2012 61

Advantages: effect of interleaving

• Effect of interleaving
• Reduction ripple current at energy storage
• Output ripple current reduction + increased frequency of ripple
• To get the same input and output ripples:
Smaller filtercapacitors needed (compared to 1 branch converter
High Voltage

Low Voltage
(supercaps)

07-06-2012 62

Summary advantages of interleaved converter

• Good efficiency feasible
• Small filters needed (capacitors, inductors)
• Small volume and weight, reduced price
• Faster dynamic response (faster transients currents possible)

• Modular system
• More power needed?  Extra branches can be ‘added’ to the system
• No need to redesign inductors etc. again from scratch

07-06-2012 63

Prototype DC-converter

• Specifications
• Possible to charge and discharge supercaps
• Voltages
• Low voltage (supercaps): 300 - 650 V @ 360A (≈ 110 – 230 kW)
• High voltage (DC-bus): up to 800 V
• Weight / size
• Less relevant, stationary application
• High efficiency

• Realisation
Together with member company Bluways

07-06-2012 64

Controller/Interfacing etc.
Realisation

• Design with 3 branches
• efficiency measurements
• Shows efficiency of 97-98 %
ca. 1% lower at half current
Efficiency depends on:
• Voltage level and voltageratio
• Current level 6 IGBTs (watercooled)
3 inductors
• Switching frequency + drivers
 Efficiency maps created
• Issues:
• temperature in coils
• noise

07-06-2012 65

Conclusion

• DC-converter
• Working prototype
• Issues identified and tackled
• Good efficiencies are obtained
• Allows to implement power management strategies
• Prototype  product
• Further development done by bluways
• Commercial product now successfully put on market

07-06-2012 66

Ongoing work

• Other inductor configurations
• Coupled inductors
• Mutual coupling between branches can lead to material/price-reduction

• Efficiency
• Efficiency can still be improved at lower currents by selecting number of
branches ifo load

07-06-2012 67

Voorbeeld van elektrische energieopslag bij
machine met harmonische cyclische
beweging


Elektrische energie-opslag: technologie

Electrolytic capacitors
→ Small energy density (indication: around 0,5 Wh/kg)
→ Very high lifetime possible (10 year and more / 100 millions of cycles possible)
→ high voltage per cell (typical 400V, up to >1000V for some types);
→ capacity per cell: 100 F < C < 10’s mF

Super-capacitors
→ High power density, low energy density
Orders of magnitude: 5 Wh/kg, 6 kW/kg (depending on efficiency) at cell level)
→ High lifetime possible (500 000-1 000 000 cycles).
→ low voltage per cell (typical 2.7V);
→ capacity per cell typical 10's F < C < few kF

Batteries
→ high energy and energy density; rather low power characteristics
(at cell level 50-150-200...400 Wh/kg possible depending on the batterytype)
→ Short lifetime (order of magnitude 500-2000 cycles for full charge/discharge)
→ low voltage per cell (typical 1.2 à 3.5 V)

07-06-2012 69

Elektrische energie-opslag: topologie
DC-Bus + Storage technology (Energy storage directly on DC-bus)
→ 'passive' configuration

DC-Bus + DC/DC-Converter + Storage technology (Energy storage coupled to DC-bus via DC/DC
converter)

More difficult to indicate when to use and when not to use DC/DC-converter. Some guidelines:

Coupling via DC/DC-Converter allows for:
→ different (independent) voltage levels for energy storage components and drive DC-powerline
→ energy management ('active' control of the power flows)
Control of power flows allows for fully use of potential of capacitor (deeper discharge possible),
implement strategy (maximize energy recuperation, load leveling), better control of battery
SOC...
Choosing a dc-dc converter will be cost effective when having a big package of supercaps.
→ for small packages it is more difficult to say if a dc-dc converter is cost effective.
(trade-off between price of the supercap package and price dc-converter)

Combination of technologies: Following topologies have been identified:
DC-Bus + Batteries + Super-capacitors
DC-Bus + Batteries + DC/DC-Converters + Super-capacitors
DC-Bus + High energy batteries + DC/DC converter + High power batteries

07-06-2012 70

Elektrische energieopslag:
workflow
• Workflow bij gebruik van cellen
(electrolytische capaciteiten, supercaps of
batterijcellen) voor energieopslag, direct
gekoppeld aan DC-bus.

• Indien men de werkspanning kan kiezen (bij
gebruik van DC-omvormer, of bij een apart
systeem van MGU gekoppeld op aandrijflijn
met vermogensomzetter), dan de gekozen
spanningsrange toepassen (Vmax, Vmin).

• Keuze technologie-topologie (eerste stap): bij
machines met frequente cycli => capaciteiten
(batterij meestal geen optie wegens lage
levensduur en/of beperkte stromen
(vermogen)

07-06-2012 71

cyclische beweging (kinetische energie)
Theoretical power needs for mechanism
• Basisgegevens
• vermogenspiek ≌32 kW
• energie ≌2200 Joule
• frequentie: ≌ 5Hz
• grid: 3x380V~;
DC-bus: 600…max800V
• doel: ‘negatief’ vermogen recupereren

• Oplossing (na enkele iteraties):
technologie:
electrolytische capaciteiten (20mF, 400V max)
(2 in serie, 5 parallel)
topologie: passief (zonder DC/DC converter)

07-06-2012 72

cyclische beweging: simulatie

• werkelijke vereiste & recupereerbare vermogens:
 rendementen frequentiesturing, motor, tandwieloverbrenging
 mechanische verliezen in systeem (wrijving)
 efficiëntie capaciteiten
 Werkelijke vermogens & energieën:
 4100 Joule vereiste energie per cyclus ; 1200 Joule gerecupereerd (29%)
 vereist vermogen uit net: > 60kW piek;

07-06-2012 73

cyclische beweging: levensduur capaciteiten

• invloedsfactoren:
stroom ⇗  levensduur ⇘
frequentie ⇘  levensduur ⇘ (specs. datasheets slechts > 10 of 20Hz)
spanning over caps. ⇗  levensduur ⇘
temperatuur ⇗  levensduur ⇘ (10°⇗  halveren levensduur !)
• levensduurschatting  meer dan 10 jaar
 op basis van specificaties datasheets (levensduur i.f.v. Temp bij ref.spanning)
 vereist (benaderende) berekening Temp i.f.v. stroom (IRMS)
 vereist kennis van ESR-waarde i.f.v. frequentie
!! in datasheets slechts boven 10, 20 of 50 Hz  mechanische systemen lagere frequentie !!
 correctie i.f.v. werkelijk optredende maximale spanning over capaciteit
 Opmerking:
 puur energetisch reeds voldoende met 1 tak van 2 capaciteiten in serie
 omwille van levensduur en max spanning (<750V) tot 5 takken gekomen
(meestal oversizing nodig bij electrolythische caps omwille van levensduur)

07-06-2012 74

cyclische beweging: tot slot…

• pay-back:
 kostprijs capaciteit: ±€95 *10  €950
 energie-recuperatie: 6kW gemiddeld (5*1200 Joule/seconde)
6kW*8u/dag*5dag/week*52weken/jaar* € 0.15/kWh = €1872
 payback ongeveer half jaar
• alternatieven:
 supercaps of batterij => te veel cellen nodig in serie en/of DC-convertor 
zowiezo veel duurder
• verdere opmerkingen:
• mogelijke strategie (mits DC/DC converter en actieve controle over
vermogensstromen; hier niet uitgevoerd): load levelling
 energie in capaciteiten niet onmiddelijk benutten,
maar op moment van piekvermogen
• belang van rendementen (vb motor)  werkt in 2 richtingen !!

07-06-2012 75

Dank u !! Vragen ??

07-06-2012 76

Hybridisatie van mijn machine - 07-06-2012_components-dc-example

More Related Content

What's hot

Viewers also liked

Similar to Hybridisatie van mijn machine - 07-06-2012_components-dc-example

More from Sirris

Recently uploaded

Hybridisatie van mijn machine - 07-06-2012_components-dc-example

Editor's Notes