Higgs boson
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The document discusses the Higgs boson and its role in the formation of the universe. It begins by providing background on atoms and subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It then explains that the Higgs boson was discovered after finding that there were smaller particles than originally believed. The Higgs boson can be created by crashing a proton and anti-proton together and was responsible for giving mass to particles and the creation of the universe after the Big Bang.
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It is over 60 years since Hodgkin and
Huxley1 made the first direct recording of
the electrical changes across the neuronal
membrane that mediate the action
potential. Using an electrode placed inside a
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inside relative to outside, under resting
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Katz, discovered that the action potential
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K+ cross the membrane through independent
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The document discusses ionizing radiation and its applications. It describes three types of ionizing radiation - alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Alpha particles have the highest ionization density and shortest range, while gamma rays have the lowest ionization density and longest range. Ionizing radiation is used in applications like medical imaging, radiation therapy, smoke detectors, carbon dating, and detecting leaks. It can kill or damage living cells, making it useful for sterilization but also dangerous if not handled safely.
Rp001 introduction to ionizing radiation
This document provides an introduction to ionizing radiation and the structure of matter. It defines elements, atoms, isotopes, and compounds. Atoms are made up of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and electrons orbiting the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element, while the number of neutrons determines the isotope. Unstable isotopes undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma rays, or neutrons. Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing, with ionizing radiation capable of altering matter.
Of Atoms and of Radioactivity
The document provides information about radioactivity and radiation. It begins by explaining the structure of atoms and the three main types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha radiation is emitted as high-speed helium nuclei, beta as high-speed electrons, and gamma is a high-energy electromagnetic wave released after alpha or beta decay. It then discusses that radioactive atoms are unstable and emit radiation to become stable. The properties of the three types of radiation are explained, including what distance they can travel in air and what materials can stop them. Examples of radioactive materials and a quiz conclude the document.
12.2
Here is a semi-log plot of the data with an exponential trendline:
The equation of the trendline is:
y = 12456e-0.4693x
Taking the natural log of both sides:
ln(y) = ln(12456) - 0.4693x
The slope is -0.4693
Using the equation:
t1/2 = 0.693/λ
λ = 0.4693
t1/2 = 0.693/0.4693 = 1.5
Therefore, the half-life of the isotope is 1.5 intervals, or 1.5 x 30 s = 45 seconds.
Of Atoms and of Radioactivity
The document provides information about radioactivity and the structure of atoms. It discusses that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, while electrons orbit the nucleus. It describes that there are three main types of radiation: alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons, beta particles are high speed electrons, and gamma radiation is a high energy wave. It explains that radioactive atoms are unstable and emit these types of radiation to become stable. Each type of radiation has different properties in terms of what they are made of, how far they can travel in air, and what can stop them. The document seeks to educate about radioactivity and radiation.
Electron Affinity And Ionization Energy
The document discusses energy gaps between electron shells in atoms. Electrons occupy discrete energy levels organized into shells. The energy required to excite an electron to a higher shell is equal to the energy released as light when the electron returns to a lower shell. Different elements emit different colors of light corresponding to their unique electron shell energy gaps. Fireworks emit various colors from metal salts as the metals' electrons move between shells and release energy as light.
The Physical Universe: Nucleus
This chapter discusses the structure of the atomic nucleus. Key points include:
- Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus through gold foil experiments in 1911.
- The nucleus is very small but dense, containing protons and neutrons (nucleons).
- Some nuclei are radioactive and decay through alpha, beta, or gamma emission.
- The half-life is the time for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
- Nuclear fission and fusion can release binding energy and be used for energy.
7.2
The document discusses different types of radioactive decay and radiation. It describes alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, and how they interact with and penetrate matter differently due to their mass, charge, and energy. Alpha particles interact strongly, penetrate only a short distance, and produce many ion pairs. Beta particles penetrate farther than alphas as they are lighter and slower. Gamma rays interact weakly and penetrate the deepest as they are uncharged photons. The document also defines half-life as the time for half the nuclei in a sample or half the sample's activity to decay.
Radioactivity
RADIOACTIVITY
Atomic theory
In chemistry and physics, the atomic theory explains how our understanding of the atom has changed over time. Atoms were once thought to be the smallest pieces of matter.
The first idea of the atom came from the Greek philosopher Democritus. A lot of the ideas in the modern theory came from John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist.
Democritus' atomic theory
Radioactivity
Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation, transforming into a more stable nucleus. There are three main types of radioactive decay:
1) Alpha decay involves emitting an alpha particle, which is a helium nucleus. This has low penetration and is not hazardous externally but can be if inhaled or ingested.
2) Beta decay emits an electron or positron, changing the nucleus' neutron or proton number. Beta particles are more penetrating than alpha but less than gamma.
3) Gamma decay occurs as a nucleus changes energy states, emitting a high energy gamma ray photon. Gamma rays are highly penetrating and require thick shielding like lead.
Radioactivity ( Tajuk : Astronomi & Fizik Moden_Tugasan Kumpulan Sem 1_UTHM)
The document provides information about radioactivity and radioactive decay. It discusses radioactive nuclei and isotopes, including how many exist and how they are manufactured. It describes the different types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, gamma - and explains the decay law, decay constant, and half-life. Applications of radioisotopes are outlined, such as uses in medicine, dating, and tracers. The effects of ionizing radiation on biology are characterized, including acute vs latent effects and impacts on different organs.
Introduction to piezo-electric
- Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by the Curie brothers, who found that applying pressure to certain crystals generated an electric charge (the direct piezoelectric effect). They later discovered the inverse effect - applying a voltage deformed the crystals.
- Piezoelectric materials can generate electricity when compressed (direct effect) and deform when a voltage is applied (inverse effect). They are used in technologies like sonar, microphones, and actuators.
- A commonly used piezoelectric material is lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which produces more voltage or movement than natural materials like quartz. It and other materials like barium titanate and lithium ni
atomic structure
Rutherford's experiment involved firing alpha particles at a thin gold foil. Most passed straight through, showing the atom is mostly empty space. Some were deflected, showing a small, dense central nucleus. Very few bounced straight back, showing the nucleus is very small compared to the atom. This led to the discovery of the nuclear model of the atom, with a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.
History Of Atom Notes
The document traces the development of atomic models from ancient Greek philosophers who proposed atoms as fundamental units of matter, to modern scientific understanding. Key developments include Dalton's atomic theory which established atoms as indivisible particles that combine in simple whole number ratios, and Rutherford's nuclear model which placed a dense positively charged nucleus at the atom's center surrounded by orbiting electrons. Later models incorporated the discoveries of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up atoms and occupy certain energy levels or orbitals. While historic models were limited by available evidence, each contributed important concepts that advanced the understanding of atomic structure over time.
Some Natural Phenomena Class 8 Free Study Material pdf
Natural phenomena are fascinating occurrences that happen in the world around us. These events are driven by the laws of nature and can be observed in various forms. Studying natural phenomena helps us understand the underlying scientific principles and their impact on our environment and daily lives. In this set of study notes, we will delve into several captivating some natural phenomena class 8 students.
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12 lecture outline-2
This document provides an overview of atomic structure and the periodic table. It discusses key topics including:
- Atoms have existed since the beginning of the universe and are mostly empty space.
- Elements are made of only one type of atom. The periodic table organizes all known elements.
- Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons determines an element's identity.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Electrons can have distinct energy levels, emitting light of specific frequencies when changing levels.
- The periodic table arranges elements by proton number and electron configuration in shells.
Similar to Higgs boson (20)
Radioactivity ( Tajuk : Astronomi & Fizik Moden_Tugasan Kumpulan Sem 1_UTHM)
Radioactivity ( Tajuk : Astronomi & Fizik Moden_Tugasan Kumpulan Sem 1_UTHM)
Some Natural Phenomena Class 8 Free Study Material pdf
Some Natural Phenomena Class 8 Free Study Material pdf
Higgs boson
- 1. HIGGS BOSON GO TO PRESENTATION
- 2. FIRSTLY BEFORE UNDERSTANDING HIGGS BOSON, LET US LEARNABOUT ATOM GO TO ATOM
- 3. ATOM AN ATOM IS THE SMALLEST CAPABLE PART THAT MAY OR MAY NOT EXIST ON ITS OWN. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS RUTHERFORD’S SOLAR SYSTEM AS IT WAS FIRST OBSERVED BY DANIEL RUTHERFORD. IT WAS BETTER TO KNOW FROM THE SMALLEST PARTICLE AS THAT WOULD HELP US IN BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF BIGBANG. BUT LATER WAS DISCOVERED THAT THERE ARE MANY SUB PARTICLES AND MORE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
- 4. BIGBANG BIGBANG WAS THE UNIVERSE WHICH THEN BROKEN DOWN TO FORM CELESTIAL BODIES TO KNOW MORE ABOUT ATOMS ,REFER TO FORMATION OF STARS. BACK
- 5. SUBATOMIC PARTICLES AN ATOM CONSISTSOF PROTON ,NEUTRON AND ELECTRON.BEFORE ITWASTHOUGHTTHAT THESEWERE THE SMALLEST PARTICLE BUT LATER DISCOVERED THAT THERE WERE SMALLER PARTICLES.THIS LEDTOTHE DISCOVERYOF HIGGS BOSON. PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
- 6. FORMATION AND STAGES OF STARS NEBULA IT IS THE FIRST STAGE FOR STAR AS DUST OF GASSES ACCUMULATE AND IT IS THE BEGINNING OF NUCLEAR FUSION. STAR THEN IT FORMS A STAR AND STARTS NUCLEAR FUSHION, RELEASING HUGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY AND IT’S SPAN IS 5 MILLON YEARS AS IT COLLAPSES AS ALL HYDROGEN ATOMS TURN INTO HELIUM ATOMS SUPERNOVA THEN WHEN THE TAR COLLAPSES, IT BURSTS GIVING THE LIGHT OF 1 MILLION STARS FOR A FEW WEKS UNTIL IT BECOMES A BLACKHOLE BLACKHOLE IN THE END IT GETS CONVERTED INTO A POINT OF INFINITE DENSITY AS SUGGESTED BY STEPHEN HAWKINGS IT HAS POWER TO ATTRACT GALAXIES TOWARD IT BACK
- 7. PROTON PROTON PROTON IS THE POSITIVE SUBATOMIC PARTICLE FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM. IT IS POSITIVELY CHARGED.EACH PROTON HAS A UNIT POSITIVE CHARGE SUB PROTONIC PARTICLES
- 8. NEUTRON NEUTRON IS THE NEUTRAL SUBATOMIC PARTICLE FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM. IT IS NEUTRALLY CHARGED. SUB NEUTRONIC PARTICLES NEUTRON
- 9. A PROTON CONSISTS OF QUARKS AND LEAPTONS QUARKS U,U AND D BACK MORE
- 10. ELECTRON ELECTRON IS THE NEGATIVE SUBATOMIC PARTICLE FOUND ORBITTING THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM. IT IS NEGATIVELY CHARGED.EACH PROTON HAS A UNIT NEGATIVE CHARGE SUB ELECTRONIC PARTICLES ELECTRON
- 11. A NEUTRON CONSISTS OF QUARKS AND LEAPTONS QUARKS U,U AND D BACK MORE
- 12. A ELECTRON CONSISTS OF QUARKS AND LEAPTONS QUARKS U,U AND D BACK MORE
- 13. MORE BACK
- 15. PROTON ANTI-PROTON NEUTRON LAMBDA ELECTRON POSITRON TO SUB- SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
- 16. THERE IS A REASON FOR THIS REASON
- 17. THERE IS A REASON FOR THIS. THE REASON IS THAT THERE CAN BE NEGATIVES OF LEAPTONS AND QUARKS EVEN IN A POSITIVE ATOM USED IN THE OPPOSITE COMBINATION GIVES NEGATIVE ATOM AND SO ON ENERGY
- 18. ENERGY ENERGY IS AN IMPORTANT FORM OF MATTER AS DUE TO THIS POSITIVE MATTER AND NEGATIVE MATTER DESTROYED EACH OTHER AND IT IS REQUIRED TO DO WORK. ENERGY IS DERIVED FROM BOSONS. IT ACTS DIFFIRENTLY(AMPLITUDE IS DIFFERENT ON DIFERENT ELEMENTS. HIGGS BOSON
- 20. HIGGS BOSON HIGGS BOSONCAN BE CREATED BY BREAKINGOUT AND CRASHING PROTON AND ANTI-PROTONTHAT CREATESA FORM OF BOSONWHICH WAS RESPONSIBLE FORTHE CREATION OFTHE UNIVERCE MODEL OF UNIVERSE UNIVERSE
- 21. UNIVERSE THIS IS THE PICTURE OF AN INFANT UNIVERSE TAKEN BY A GERMAN SATELITE IS AN EXAMPLE TO SHOW HUMAN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT NEXT
- 22. THANK YOU -NIKHIL BHARADWAJ HOME PAGE