The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx while the lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory tract transports air to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs. It divides into a conducting portion from the nose to terminal bronchioles and a respiratory portion where gas exchange occurs in alveoli. The lungs have lobes and are made of branching bronchial tubes that terminate in alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood through thin epithelial walls.
This document discusses the mechanics of ventilation including the pressure gradients that drive gas movement in and out of the lungs. It describes how transrespiratory, transairway, transalveolar, and transthoracic pressures relate to inspiration and expiration. Forces opposing lung inflation like elastic recoil and surface tension are also covered. The document defines compliance of the lungs, chest wall, and respiratory system and how they interact. It concludes by discussing sources of frictional resistance to ventilation from tissues and airways.
The document summarizes respiratory system topics including:
- Lung volumes like tidal volume and residual volume.
- Pulmonary function tests that measure volumes and flows like spirometry, FVC, and FEV.
- Gas exchange mechanisms involving O2 and CO2 transport in blood and between tissues.
- Control of respiration centered in the medulla and pons, and influenced by CO2, O2, pH, exercise.
During one lung ventilation (OLV), blood flow is shunted to the non-ventilated lung causing hypoxemia. Anesthetics mildly inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), increasing shunt by around 4%. Positioning and techniques like selective lung ventilation and PEEP can optimize ventilation and perfusion matching to minimize hypoxemia during OLV.
This presentation gives you a brief, understandable, captivating and presentable idea on the physiology of blood pressure regulation both on hypertension and hypotension cases.
FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx while the lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory tract transports air to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs. It divides into a conducting portion from the nose to terminal bronchioles and a respiratory portion where gas exchange occurs in alveoli. The lungs have lobes and are made of branching bronchial tubes that terminate in alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood through thin epithelial walls.
This document discusses the mechanics of ventilation including the pressure gradients that drive gas movement in and out of the lungs. It describes how transrespiratory, transairway, transalveolar, and transthoracic pressures relate to inspiration and expiration. Forces opposing lung inflation like elastic recoil and surface tension are also covered. The document defines compliance of the lungs, chest wall, and respiratory system and how they interact. It concludes by discussing sources of frictional resistance to ventilation from tissues and airways.
The document summarizes respiratory system topics including:
- Lung volumes like tidal volume and residual volume.
- Pulmonary function tests that measure volumes and flows like spirometry, FVC, and FEV.
- Gas exchange mechanisms involving O2 and CO2 transport in blood and between tissues.
- Control of respiration centered in the medulla and pons, and influenced by CO2, O2, pH, exercise.
During one lung ventilation (OLV), blood flow is shunted to the non-ventilated lung causing hypoxemia. Anesthetics mildly inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), increasing shunt by around 4%. Positioning and techniques like selective lung ventilation and PEEP can optimize ventilation and perfusion matching to minimize hypoxemia during OLV.
This presentation gives you a brief, understandable, captivating and presentable idea on the physiology of blood pressure regulation both on hypertension and hypotension cases.
FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
The document discusses three key determinants of cardiac output: preload, afterload, and contractility. Preload refers to the presystolic stretch of the heart and is reflected by the end-diastolic pressure and volume. Afterload is the pressure the left ventricle must overcome during systole and is often represented by systolic pressure. Contractility determines the strength of the heart's contraction and can be measured by the left ventricular ejection fraction.
The document discusses pulmonary surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the lungs. It describes the composition of surfactant, which contains phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine and proteins. Phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant lipid and reduces surface tension. Surfactant is synthesized in alveolar type II cells and stored in lamellar bodies. Hormones like glucocorticoids and estrogen increase surfactant production through various enzymatic pathways. Surfactant is essential for lung function as it prevents alveolar collapse and facilitates gas exchange.
- Respiration includes ventilation (breathing), gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs, and oxygen utilization through cellular respiration.
- During inhalation, oxygen diffuses from air into the blood in the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air. Exhalation is driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs.
- The lungs contain over 300 million alveoli which have a large surface area for gas exchange and are only one cell thick, facilitating diffusion. Surfactant produced in the alveoli reduces surface tension to keep alveoli open during exhalation.
The lungs are located in the chest cavity and are responsible for respiration. They bring oxygen into the body through inhalation and remove carbon dioxide through exhalation. The lungs have several non-respiratory functions as well, such as filtering the blood and protecting the body from harmful substances. Common lung diseases include asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, infections, lung cancer, and pulmonary embolism. Taking care of lung health through a balanced diet, exercise, and preventing exposure to irritants can help keep the lungs functioning properly.
This document discusses oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood. Oxygen is transported primarily by binding reversibly to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The oxygen dissociation curve represents the relationship between oxygen content of blood and the partial pressure of oxygen. Carbon dioxide is transported as dissolved CO2, bicarbonate ions, and carbamate compounds. The Bohr and Haldane effects alter hemoglobin's oxygen affinity in response to changes in pH, CO2, and oxygen saturation levels to facilitate oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal in the tissues.
The document discusses cardiac output, blood flow, blood pressure, and factors that regulate them. It defines cardiac output as the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and describes how it is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on preload, contractility, and afterload. The autonomic nervous system and other factors control heart rate and contractility. Blood flow is determined by pressure differences and vascular resistance. The document also covers blood pressure measurement and control via the baroreceptor reflex.
The document discusses various topics related to respiratory physiology including:
1. Lung volumes such as tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It defines total lung capacity and vital capacity.
2. Ventilation, including minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, anatomic and physiologic dead space.
3. Diffusion of gases in the lungs and blood including Fick's law of diffusion and measurement of diffusing capacity.
4. Ventilation-perfusion relationships in the lungs and how this impacts oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
5. The five main causes of hypoxemia: hypoventilation, diffusion abnormalities, shunts, ventilation-perfusion
This document provides an overview of pulmonary graphics and ventilator waveforms. It discusses the basics of how ventilator monitoring systems work and the importance of interpreting graphic displays. The key ventilator waveforms of pressure-time, volume-time, flow-time and pressure-volume loops are described. Specific features of each waveform are defined, and they can be analyzed to evaluate lung mechanics, respiratory system pressures, gas trapping, leaks, asynchrony, and other factors. Understanding ventilator graphics is critical for optimizing ventilator settings and managing mechanically ventilated patients.
1) Flexible bronchoscopy (FOB) is commonly performed in the ICU for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Some key indications include evaluating pneumonia, hemoptysis, thoracic trauma, and airway inhalation injuries.
2) Performing FOB in critically ill ICU patients presents challenges due to risks of hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and hemodynamic changes from airway obstruction. Careful preparation and monitoring is important.
3) Technical considerations for safe FOB in ventilated patients include using a large ETT, adjusting ventilator settings to minimize changes in tidal volume, and applying suction intermittently to avoid severe desaturation. Proper anesthesia and monitoring of vitals is
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
Here are short notes on the requested topics:
(1) Gaseous exchange:
Gaseous exchange refers to the transport of oxygen from inhaled air to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to exhaled air. It occurs through the process of diffusion which is driven by partial pressure gradients. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. Oxygen is transported to tissues via hemoglobin in red blood cells while carbon dioxide diffuses back to be exhaled.
(2) Ventilation/Perfusion ratio:
The ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio refers to the ratio of ventilation (amount of air entering the lungs) to
The document discusses diffusion capacity of the lungs, including the physiology of gas diffusion through the lungs, terminology used, methods of measuring diffusion capacity, and factors that affect diffusion capacity. It provides details on the single-breath method for measuring diffusion capacity, including procedures, acceptability criteria, calculations, and potential sources of error. Diseases that may increase or decrease diffusion capacity are also summarized.
Physiology of O2 transport & O2 Dissociation CurveZareer Tafadar
This document discusses oxygen transport and the oxygen dissociation curve. It covers the components of the oxygen transport system from the environment to cells. It describes diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries and factors that affect gas exchange. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to tissues bound to hemoglobin. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shows how hemoglobin saturation changes with partial pressure of oxygen in a cooperative and sigmoidal pattern.
The Starling forces refer to the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures that determine the filtration and reabsorption of fluid across the capillary wall. There are four Starling forces - hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and interstitium and oncotic pressure in the capillaries and interstitium. According to the Starling principle, fluid movement across the capillary wall is dependent on the balance between the hydrostatic pressure gradient and oncotic pressure gradient. The Starling equation represents this balance, where the fluid movement equals the capillary filtration coefficient times the difference between the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. At the arterial end, outward forces exceed inward forces, resulting in net filtration. At
06 Lecture 5 Gases Laws And Alveolar EquationsDang Thanh Tuan
The document discusses several gas laws and equations related to gas exchange in the lungs and blood. It defines fractions of gases, partial pressures, rates of gas production and movement. It summarizes Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Henry's law. It provides the composition of air, alveolar gases, and how gases are exchanged during inhalation and exhalation. It introduces the alveolar gas equation and explains its clinical significance in measuring gas transfer and different forms of hypoxia.
Physiology of lung volumes and capacities Rayan Saleh
Lung volumes and capacities can be measured through spirometry. There are static and dynamic lung volumes, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Lung capacities include inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. Many factors affect lung volumes and capacities such as age, gender, weight, height, ethnicity, and pulmonary diseases. Interpretation of spirometry results requires consideration of these influencing variables.
1. This document discusses how to take and assess pulses, including rate, rhythm, volume, and abnormalities. Key points include regular vs. irregular rhythm and normal vs. weak volume.
2. Specific locations for taking pulses are outlined, such as radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses. Differences like a delay between radial pulses or radial and femoral pulses can indicate issues.
3. Diagrams show the locations of peripheral pulses in the upper and lower limbs, such as the carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses.
Respiratory system pulmonary ventilation.sofian awamleh.pptx مختصرHamzeh AlBattikhi
The document summarizes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the major parts including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains how breathing works through the contraction of the diaphragm and movement of the ribs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli through diffusion. Various pressures and volumes related to breathing are also defined. Pulmonary ventilation involves the inflow and outflow of air and is regulated by the nervous system and local factors.
Pulmonary function tests: A brief Insight- By RxVichuZ! :)RxVichuZ
This is my 51st powerpoint..deals with PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS..their uses...details on spirometry, lung volumes and capacities & brief insight into other tests.
Happy reading!!!
The document discusses three key determinants of cardiac output: preload, afterload, and contractility. Preload refers to the presystolic stretch of the heart and is reflected by the end-diastolic pressure and volume. Afterload is the pressure the left ventricle must overcome during systole and is often represented by systolic pressure. Contractility determines the strength of the heart's contraction and can be measured by the left ventricular ejection fraction.
The document discusses pulmonary surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the lungs. It describes the composition of surfactant, which contains phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine and proteins. Phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant lipid and reduces surface tension. Surfactant is synthesized in alveolar type II cells and stored in lamellar bodies. Hormones like glucocorticoids and estrogen increase surfactant production through various enzymatic pathways. Surfactant is essential for lung function as it prevents alveolar collapse and facilitates gas exchange.
- Respiration includes ventilation (breathing), gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs, and oxygen utilization through cellular respiration.
- During inhalation, oxygen diffuses from air into the blood in the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air. Exhalation is driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs.
- The lungs contain over 300 million alveoli which have a large surface area for gas exchange and are only one cell thick, facilitating diffusion. Surfactant produced in the alveoli reduces surface tension to keep alveoli open during exhalation.
The lungs are located in the chest cavity and are responsible for respiration. They bring oxygen into the body through inhalation and remove carbon dioxide through exhalation. The lungs have several non-respiratory functions as well, such as filtering the blood and protecting the body from harmful substances. Common lung diseases include asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, infections, lung cancer, and pulmonary embolism. Taking care of lung health through a balanced diet, exercise, and preventing exposure to irritants can help keep the lungs functioning properly.
This document discusses oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood. Oxygen is transported primarily by binding reversibly to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The oxygen dissociation curve represents the relationship between oxygen content of blood and the partial pressure of oxygen. Carbon dioxide is transported as dissolved CO2, bicarbonate ions, and carbamate compounds. The Bohr and Haldane effects alter hemoglobin's oxygen affinity in response to changes in pH, CO2, and oxygen saturation levels to facilitate oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal in the tissues.
The document discusses cardiac output, blood flow, blood pressure, and factors that regulate them. It defines cardiac output as the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and describes how it is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on preload, contractility, and afterload. The autonomic nervous system and other factors control heart rate and contractility. Blood flow is determined by pressure differences and vascular resistance. The document also covers blood pressure measurement and control via the baroreceptor reflex.
The document discusses various topics related to respiratory physiology including:
1. Lung volumes such as tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It defines total lung capacity and vital capacity.
2. Ventilation, including minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, anatomic and physiologic dead space.
3. Diffusion of gases in the lungs and blood including Fick's law of diffusion and measurement of diffusing capacity.
4. Ventilation-perfusion relationships in the lungs and how this impacts oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
5. The five main causes of hypoxemia: hypoventilation, diffusion abnormalities, shunts, ventilation-perfusion
This document provides an overview of pulmonary graphics and ventilator waveforms. It discusses the basics of how ventilator monitoring systems work and the importance of interpreting graphic displays. The key ventilator waveforms of pressure-time, volume-time, flow-time and pressure-volume loops are described. Specific features of each waveform are defined, and they can be analyzed to evaluate lung mechanics, respiratory system pressures, gas trapping, leaks, asynchrony, and other factors. Understanding ventilator graphics is critical for optimizing ventilator settings and managing mechanically ventilated patients.
1) Flexible bronchoscopy (FOB) is commonly performed in the ICU for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Some key indications include evaluating pneumonia, hemoptysis, thoracic trauma, and airway inhalation injuries.
2) Performing FOB in critically ill ICU patients presents challenges due to risks of hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and hemodynamic changes from airway obstruction. Careful preparation and monitoring is important.
3) Technical considerations for safe FOB in ventilated patients include using a large ETT, adjusting ventilator settings to minimize changes in tidal volume, and applying suction intermittently to avoid severe desaturation. Proper anesthesia and monitoring of vitals is
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
Here are short notes on the requested topics:
(1) Gaseous exchange:
Gaseous exchange refers to the transport of oxygen from inhaled air to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to exhaled air. It occurs through the process of diffusion which is driven by partial pressure gradients. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. Oxygen is transported to tissues via hemoglobin in red blood cells while carbon dioxide diffuses back to be exhaled.
(2) Ventilation/Perfusion ratio:
The ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio refers to the ratio of ventilation (amount of air entering the lungs) to
The document discusses diffusion capacity of the lungs, including the physiology of gas diffusion through the lungs, terminology used, methods of measuring diffusion capacity, and factors that affect diffusion capacity. It provides details on the single-breath method for measuring diffusion capacity, including procedures, acceptability criteria, calculations, and potential sources of error. Diseases that may increase or decrease diffusion capacity are also summarized.
Physiology of O2 transport & O2 Dissociation CurveZareer Tafadar
This document discusses oxygen transport and the oxygen dissociation curve. It covers the components of the oxygen transport system from the environment to cells. It describes diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries and factors that affect gas exchange. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to tissues bound to hemoglobin. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shows how hemoglobin saturation changes with partial pressure of oxygen in a cooperative and sigmoidal pattern.
The Starling forces refer to the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures that determine the filtration and reabsorption of fluid across the capillary wall. There are four Starling forces - hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and interstitium and oncotic pressure in the capillaries and interstitium. According to the Starling principle, fluid movement across the capillary wall is dependent on the balance between the hydrostatic pressure gradient and oncotic pressure gradient. The Starling equation represents this balance, where the fluid movement equals the capillary filtration coefficient times the difference between the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. At the arterial end, outward forces exceed inward forces, resulting in net filtration. At
06 Lecture 5 Gases Laws And Alveolar EquationsDang Thanh Tuan
The document discusses several gas laws and equations related to gas exchange in the lungs and blood. It defines fractions of gases, partial pressures, rates of gas production and movement. It summarizes Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Henry's law. It provides the composition of air, alveolar gases, and how gases are exchanged during inhalation and exhalation. It introduces the alveolar gas equation and explains its clinical significance in measuring gas transfer and different forms of hypoxia.
Physiology of lung volumes and capacities Rayan Saleh
Lung volumes and capacities can be measured through spirometry. There are static and dynamic lung volumes, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Lung capacities include inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. Many factors affect lung volumes and capacities such as age, gender, weight, height, ethnicity, and pulmonary diseases. Interpretation of spirometry results requires consideration of these influencing variables.
1. This document discusses how to take and assess pulses, including rate, rhythm, volume, and abnormalities. Key points include regular vs. irregular rhythm and normal vs. weak volume.
2. Specific locations for taking pulses are outlined, such as radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses. Differences like a delay between radial pulses or radial and femoral pulses can indicate issues.
3. Diagrams show the locations of peripheral pulses in the upper and lower limbs, such as the carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses.
Respiratory system pulmonary ventilation.sofian awamleh.pptx مختصرHamzeh AlBattikhi
The document summarizes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the major parts including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains how breathing works through the contraction of the diaphragm and movement of the ribs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli through diffusion. Various pressures and volumes related to breathing are also defined. Pulmonary ventilation involves the inflow and outflow of air and is regulated by the nervous system and local factors.
Pulmonary function tests: A brief Insight- By RxVichuZ! :)RxVichuZ
This is my 51st powerpoint..deals with PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS..their uses...details on spirometry, lung volumes and capacities & brief insight into other tests.
Happy reading!!!
Riley discusses her experience with anorexia nervosa, including how it began as a desire to be skinny like friends at age 10 and became an obsession, how she felt depressed and constantly worried about her appearance, and the physical symptoms like fainting that led to diagnosis. Her treatment included medical care for heart problems, nutritional counseling to gain weight healthily, and therapy to address the emotional factors and change her thought patterns.
This document provides information about anorexia and bulimia, including:
- Both are eating disorders that predominantly affect women and involve unhealthy behaviors around food and body image.
- Anorexia involves believing one is overweight and restricting food intake, while bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging.
- Treatments aim to address the psychological and behavioral aspects through therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy and medication, but full recovery can be difficult.
A anorexia é um distúrbio alimentar caracterizado por dieta insuficiente e estresse físico. A doença afeta principalmente jovens entre 15-25 anos do sexo feminino e envolve fatores psicológicos, fisiológicos e sociais. O diagnóstico e tratamento rápidos são importantes pois a doença pode levar à morte em 20% dos casos e requer equipe médica multidisciplinar.
A anorexia nervosa é uma doença em que pessoas magras se veem como gordas e comem cada vez menos, afetando principalmente jovens entre 15-25 anos. A bulimia envolve comer grandes quantidades de comida e induzir vômitos. A obesidade ocorre quando a ingestão de calorias excede a queima, levando a problemas de saúde.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by significantly low body weight achieved through extreme dieting and food restriction. It stems from emotional factors like a need for perfectionism and control, and is influenced by genetics, family dynamics, culture, and society's emphasis on thinness. Physical effects include slow heart rate, bone loss, fainting, and infertility. Psychological impacts are distorted body image, depression, and obsessive thoughts about food and weight. Treatment involves psychotherapy, family therapy, medication, and addressing the underlying causes of low self-esteem and perfectionism.
The document discusses eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It provides information on the diagnostic criteria, prevalence, physical effects, course, and prognosis of these disorders. Specifically, it notes that while anorexia nervosa causes significant weight loss, individuals with bulimia nervosa do not lose weight in the same way due to binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. The etiology of eating disorders involves genetic, sociocultural, and psychological factors.
Voorheen PowerPointpresentatie gegoten in PDF waarin de meest voorkomende aandoeningen van ademhalingsstelsel met oorzaken en behandeling beschreven staan. Dit document is te gebruiken van VZ-IG niv 3 tot studie geneeskunde. Het is onder verschillende niveaus weggezet
4. Onderste luchtwegen
◦ Luchtpijp/trachea
◦ Hoofdbronchi
◦ Bronchi (vertakkingen)
◦ Bronchioli (kleinste vertakkingen)
Eindigend in de longblaasjes/alveoli
5.
6.
7. Begin van de luchtwegen
Om de neusgaten neusvleugels
◦ Neusgaten: bekleed met huid en haartjes
◦ Neusvleugels: bevatten willekeurige
spiertjes
Neustussenschot verdeeld in 2
◦ Bekleed met slijmvlies
8. Zijwand elke neusholte
◦ Voorzien van 3 neusschelpen
Bekleed met slijmvlies + trilharen
◦ Vochtig houden
◦ Opvangen + verwijderen van vuil &
ziektekiemen
Traanbuizen monden uit in de neus
Uitgang van sinussen onder neusschelpen
9. Functies van de neus
◦ Filteren van inademingslucht
◦ Bevochtigen van inademingslucht
◦ Verwarmen van inademingslucht
◦ Ruiken
◦ Afvoer van slijm
◦ Afvoer van traanvocht uit traanbuizen
◦ Aspecifieke afweer
◦ Resonantiefunctie
10. Liggen naast en om de neus
Bevatten lucht kunnen meeklinken met
stem (resonantie)
11. Tussen neusholte, mond, strottenhoofd en
ingang slokdarm
Wegen van voedsel en lucht kruisen elkaar
Slikreflex
Onderverdeeld in 3 gebieden:
Neusamandelen & keelamandelen
belangrijke rol tegen ziektekiemen
12. Het door kraakbeen verstevigde begin van
de luchtpijp
Verbindt keelholte met luchtpijp
Achter strottenhoofd begint slokdarm
Halsspieren houden strottenhoofd op zijn
plaats
Binnen het strottenhoofd:
◦ Kleine spiertjes
◦ Slijmvlies (behalve op stembanden)
13. Functies van het strottenhoofd:
◦ Luchtpijp afsluiten
◦ Stemvorming
Opgebouwd uit stukjes kraabkeen
Strotklepje ligt boven strottenhoofd
◦ Spiertjes verbinden klepje met
strottenhoofd
◦ Bij slikken strotklepje naar beneden
sluit toegang tot strottenhoofd af
Stembanden in strottenhoofd
◦ Trillen door uitademingslucht
toonvorming
14.
15.
16. Verbinding strottenhoofd en longen
Achter luchtpijp loopt slokdarm, voor
luchtpijp schildklier
Splitst in 2 grote takken (hoofdbronchi) =
bifurcatie
◦ Kraakbeenrichel = carina
Zwezerik/thymus (bij kinderen) tussen
borstbeen en trachea
Luchtpijp en bronchiën bestaan uit
slijmvlies met trilhaarepitheel
17.
18. Plaats waar hoofdbronchus en grote
bloedvaten een long in –en uitgaan
20. Opgebouwd uit longkwabben/lobi
Groeven scheiden kwabben van elkaar
Elke longkwab is verdeeld in segmenten
Elke longkwab en segment heeft een
eigen:
◦ Bronchus
◦ Tak van longslagader
◦ Tak van longader
21.
22.
23. Luchtpijp splitst in 2 grote takken =
hoofdbronchi
Hoofdbronchi vertakken = bronchi
◦ 3 takken naar rechterlong
◦ 2 takken naar linkerlong
Vertakkingen worden alsmaar kleiner
(bronchioli) tot longblaasjes (alveoli)
bereikt worden
24. Ruimte in alveoli = alveolaire ruimte
◦ Omgeven door fijn haarvatennetwerk
◦ Elastische vezels = uitrekken
25. Gebeurt in alveoli
Hoeveelheid O₂ in longblaasjes is hoger
dan
O₂ in bloed
O₂ in longblaasjes gaat naar bloed
=diffusie
O₂ in bloed wordt gekoppeld aan
hemoglobine
26. Vettige stoffen
Afgescheiden aan binnenkant longblaasje
Functie: longblaasje vouwt niet in elkaar
Ruimen stofdeeltjes en micro-organismen
op
27. Bloed voor longblaasjes
◦ Rechter ventrikel pompt O2-arm en CO2-rijk
bloed naar de longen via truncus
pulmonalis die splitst in arteriae pulmonales
◦ Diffusie in longen
◦ O2-rijk en CO2-arm bloed via venae
pulmonales naar linker boezem
28. Bloed voor bronchiën
◦ Krijgen zuurstof van de arteriae
bronchiales
◦ Bloed dat bronchiën verlaat vloeit samen
aan de binnenzijde van de borstkaswand
= venae bronchiales
◦ Dan naar vena cava superior en naar het
rechter atrium
29.
30. Pleura visceralis, buitenzijde van longen
Pleura parietalis, binnenzijde van longen
Tussen pleurabladen zit pleuravocht
◦ Kunnen zo over elkaar schuiven
◦ Verbinden van beide pleurabladen met
elkaar
31. Gaswisseling voortdurend verse lucht
Longblaasjes moeten geventileerd worden
Ademhalingsbewegingen
◦ Inademing/inspiratie
◦ Uitademing/expiratie
32. Middenrif en tussenribspieren werken samen
Ademhalingsspieren vergroten borstholte
Middenrif/diafragma trekt samen
33. Nood aan extra lucht?
◦ Uitwendige tussenribspieren spannen
aan
◦ Ribben naar buiten, borstbeen naar
voren
◦ Ruimte in borstholte word groter
Zeer krachtige inademing?
◦ Touwladderspieren trekken bovenste
ribben naar buiten en boven
34.
35. Middenrif/diafragma ontspant
Uitwendige tussenribspieren ontspannen
Borstholte verkleind en drijft lucht naar buiten
Longblaasjes hebben oorspronkelijke vorm
36. Geforceerde uitademing?
◦ Buikspieren spannen aan
Verhoogde druk in buik
Middenrif omhoog
Verhoogde druk in borstholte
Lucht gaat naar buiten
◦ Aanspannen van de inwendige
tussenribspieren
37.
38.
39. T.h.v. ademcentrum in verlengde merg
Ademcentrum bepaalt:
◦ Frequentie
◦ Regelmaat
◦ Diepte
Ademcentrum in verlengde merg
zenuwbanen naar ruggenmerg
zenuwbanen naar ademhalingsspieren