This document provides an overview of respiratory physiology, including:
1) The structures and functions of the conducting and respiratory zones of the lungs. Gas exchange occurs between air and blood in the alveoli.
2) The mechanics of breathing, including the roles of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and pleural membranes in inspiration and expiration.
3) Measurements of pulmonary function including lung volumes and capacities. Pulmonary disorders can be restrictive or obstructive.
The respiratory system provides the route for oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The pharynx continues this process and is involved in swallowing and speech. The larynx contains the vocal cords and protects the lungs. The trachea divides into bronchi which branch into smaller bronchioles throughout the lungs, ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree. It begins by describing the trachea, noting its length, cartilage rings, and bifurcation into left and right bronchi. It then discusses the structure and branching of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Key details are provided on cartilage, muscle, epithelium, blood supply, and the segmentation of the lungs into bronchopulmonary segments. References are listed at the end.
The document describes the layers of the abdominal wall and muscles of the trunk. It notes that the abdominal wall is bounded by the posterior abdominal wall, diaphragm, anterior abdominal wall, and pelvic floor. It describes the layers as skin, subcutaneous tissue (with Camper's and Scarpa's fascia), abdominal muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis), transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and parietal peritoneum. The abdominal muscles originate on the ribs, lumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament and connect via aponeurosis to the linea alba.
Role of respiratory muscles and various pressures in pulmonary ventilationakash chauhan
The document discusses respiratory muscles, pulmonary ventilation, and pressures involved in breathing. It describes:
1) The major inspiratory muscles that expand the thoracic cavity including the diaphragm and ribs, inducing inhalation. Expiratory muscles compress the thorax during exhalation.
2) Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute at rest, approximately 6-7 liters.
3) Pressures involved in breathing include the intra-alveolar pressure that decreases during inhalation and increases slightly during exhalation, and the negative intra-pleural pressure that helps keep the lungs inflated. Changes in these pressures and volumes drive air flow into and out
The carotid triangle is a vascular area in the neck bounded by the omohyoid muscle, digastric muscle, and sternocleidomastoid muscle. It contains the common carotid artery and its branches, internal jugular vein, vagus and other cranial nerves. The common carotid artery divides at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into the internal and external carotid arteries. The posterior belly of the digastric muscle crosses superficial to the internal jugular vein and carotid vessels in the triangle.
This document provides an overview of respiratory physiology, including:
1) The structures and functions of the conducting and respiratory zones of the lungs. Gas exchange occurs between air and blood in the alveoli.
2) The mechanics of breathing, including the roles of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and pleural membranes in inspiration and expiration.
3) Measurements of pulmonary function including lung volumes and capacities. Pulmonary disorders can be restrictive or obstructive.
The respiratory system provides the route for oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The pharynx continues this process and is involved in swallowing and speech. The larynx contains the vocal cords and protects the lungs. The trachea divides into bronchi which branch into smaller bronchioles throughout the lungs, ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree. It begins by describing the trachea, noting its length, cartilage rings, and bifurcation into left and right bronchi. It then discusses the structure and branching of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Key details are provided on cartilage, muscle, epithelium, blood supply, and the segmentation of the lungs into bronchopulmonary segments. References are listed at the end.
The document describes the layers of the abdominal wall and muscles of the trunk. It notes that the abdominal wall is bounded by the posterior abdominal wall, diaphragm, anterior abdominal wall, and pelvic floor. It describes the layers as skin, subcutaneous tissue (with Camper's and Scarpa's fascia), abdominal muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis), transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and parietal peritoneum. The abdominal muscles originate on the ribs, lumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament and connect via aponeurosis to the linea alba.
Role of respiratory muscles and various pressures in pulmonary ventilationakash chauhan
The document discusses respiratory muscles, pulmonary ventilation, and pressures involved in breathing. It describes:
1) The major inspiratory muscles that expand the thoracic cavity including the diaphragm and ribs, inducing inhalation. Expiratory muscles compress the thorax during exhalation.
2) Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute at rest, approximately 6-7 liters.
3) Pressures involved in breathing include the intra-alveolar pressure that decreases during inhalation and increases slightly during exhalation, and the negative intra-pleural pressure that helps keep the lungs inflated. Changes in these pressures and volumes drive air flow into and out
The carotid triangle is a vascular area in the neck bounded by the omohyoid muscle, digastric muscle, and sternocleidomastoid muscle. It contains the common carotid artery and its branches, internal jugular vein, vagus and other cranial nerves. The common carotid artery divides at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into the internal and external carotid arteries. The posterior belly of the digastric muscle crosses superficial to the internal jugular vein and carotid vessels in the triangle.
- Respiration includes ventilation (breathing), gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs, and oxygen utilization through cellular respiration.
- During inhalation, oxygen diffuses from air into the blood in the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air. Exhalation is driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs.
- The lungs contain over 300 million alveoli which have a large surface area for gas exchange and are only one cell thick, facilitating diffusion. Surfactant produced in the alveoli reduces surface tension to keep alveoli open during exhalation.
Here are short notes on the requested topics:
(1) Gaseous exchange:
Gaseous exchange refers to the transport of oxygen from inhaled air to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to exhaled air. It occurs through the process of diffusion which is driven by partial pressure gradients. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. Oxygen is transported to tissues via hemoglobin in red blood cells while carbon dioxide diffuses back to be exhaled.
(2) Ventilation/Perfusion ratio:
The ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio refers to the ratio of ventilation (amount of air entering the lungs) to
Lung volumes and capacities can be measured using spirometry to assess respiratory system efficiency and diagnose respiratory diseases. Key lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume. Lung capacities are combinations of volumes and include inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. Spirometry allows direct measurement of most volumes except residual volume, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity, which require additional tests like helium dilution. Interpretation of spirometry results can distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the organs of the respiratory system including the conducting zone which carries, filters, humidifies and warms incoming air, and the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs. It explains the process of breathing including how air passes through the nasal cavity and larynx into the trachea and bronchi. It also discusses pulmonary ventilation, the transport of respiratory gases, and diseases that can result from smoking or vaping such as emphysema and lung cancer.
The face has skin, superficial fascia containing muscles and vessels, and no deep fascia allowing facial expression. The skin is thick and vascular. Fat pads are present in cheeks but absent in eyelids. Muscles of facial expression in the forehead include the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and procerus. Around the eyes are the orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae superioris. Nasal muscles are the nasalis and depressor septi. Muscles around the mouth include the orbicularis oris and buccinator. The face is innervated by the facial nerve and supplied by the facial artery. Lymphatic drainage involves preauricular, superficial parotid
The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx while the lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory tract transports air to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs. It divides into a conducting portion from the nose to terminal bronchioles and a respiratory portion where gas exchange occurs in alveoli. The lungs have lobes and are made of branching bronchial tubes that terminate in alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood through thin epithelial walls.
This document summarizes control of ventilation through both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms. Voluntary control allows us to override the automatic breathing rhythm, while involuntary control is mediated by brainstem centers that generate rhythmic breathing patterns. These centers are sensitive to chemical signals from the blood, especially carbon dioxide levels, such that increases in CO2 or decreases in pH trigger higher ventilation rates to maintain homeostasis.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities. It defines four lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It also defines four lung capacities that are combinations of the volumes: inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. It provides the normal values for each volume and capacity. Lung function tests measure these volumes and capacities to evaluate lung health and detect respiratory diseases. Spirometry uses a device called a spirometer to measure the volumes expired and inspired.
The document summarizes the mechanics of ventilation and breathing. It describes how inspiration and expiration occurs due to the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the thoracic cavity volume and causing air to flow into the lungs due to decreasing pressure. During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume and increasing pressure, causing air to flow out. Boyle's law relates gas pressure and volume, where an increase in one causes a decrease in the other.
The document summarizes the physiology of the pulmonary circulatory system in three parts:
1) It describes the anatomy of the pulmonary vessels and pressures within the pulmonary system. The pulmonary artery branches into two main vessels with low pressure, distributing deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
2) It explains fluid dynamics within the lungs and how pulmonary edema develops if pressures rise above safety thresholds. The lungs maintain a negative interstitial pressure to prevent fluid buildup.
3) It covers fluid in the pleural cavity and how a negative pressure is needed to keep the lungs expanded via lymphatic drainage and fluid reabsorption. Pleural effusions can occur if drainage is blocked.
Aparato disgestivo Dr Yair Moises Flores S.yair flores
El documento describe el aparato digestivo. El aparato digestivo es un largo tubo que va desde la boca hasta el ano, con un total de unos 11 metros de longitud. Incluye la boca, esófago, estómago, intestino delgado e intestino grueso. La cavidad bucal contiene la lengua, dientes y glándulas salivales como la parótida, submandibular y sublingual.
The document outlines Josh Langsford's engineering design portfolio, including two CNC router projects, a 3D printer upgrade project, and two university group projects involving a model glider and RC drag car. It provides details on the objectives, specifications, manufacturing methods, and performance results for each project showcasing Josh's skills in mechanical design, 3D printing, CFD simulation, and project management.
This document provides information on the surgical anatomy of the facial nerve. It begins with an introduction to the facial nerve and its functional components and nuclei. It then describes the different parts of the facial nerve from its intracranial portion to its extra-temporal portion in the neck. Several clinical considerations are discussed, including Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Surgical techniques for facial nerve repair are outlined, including nerve grafting and substitution techniques like hypoglossal-facial nerve crossover. In summary, this document details the anatomy and clinical implications of the facial nerve as well as surgical strategies for repairing injuries to this nerve.
This document provides an overview of respiratory physiology. Some key points:
- Gas exchange occurs through diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli down a partial pressure gradient.
- Fick's law describes how gas diffusion is proportional to surface area and inversely proportional to thickness. The adult lung has a large surface area of 85 square meters for gas exchange.
- Ventilation delivers gas to the alveoli through tidal volumes and respiratory rate. Alveolar ventilation is tidal volume minus dead space.
- Oxygen diffuses into the blood where it binds to hemoglobin. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve describes this relationship.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the temporal and infratemporal fossa. It describes the contents including muscles like the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles. It also discusses the maxillary artery and its branches, the pterygoid plexus of veins, the mandibular nerve and otic ganglion. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are described in terms of their origins, insertions and functions. The maxillary artery is outlined including its branches in the infratemporal fossa. The connections and branches of the otic ganglion are also summarized.
The document summarizes key anatomical structures and features of the pharynx and palate. The pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus. It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Important structures include the tonsils, palatine arches, auditory tubes, and piriform fossae. The palate separates the nasal and oral cavities, with the hard palate anteriorly and soft palate posteriorly. Muscles like the constrictors and stylopharyngeus are also described.
The document discusses the physical principles of gas exchange in the lungs and between the lungs and blood. It covers key concepts such as:
1) Partial pressure - the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture. Gas diffusion is directly proportional to partial pressure.
2) Solubility - the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid, determined by its partial pressure and solubility coefficient based on Henry's Law.
3) Net gas diffusion occurs from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure across membranes, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide out.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
- Respiration includes ventilation (breathing), gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs, and oxygen utilization through cellular respiration.
- During inhalation, oxygen diffuses from air into the blood in the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air. Exhalation is driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs.
- The lungs contain over 300 million alveoli which have a large surface area for gas exchange and are only one cell thick, facilitating diffusion. Surfactant produced in the alveoli reduces surface tension to keep alveoli open during exhalation.
Here are short notes on the requested topics:
(1) Gaseous exchange:
Gaseous exchange refers to the transport of oxygen from inhaled air to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to exhaled air. It occurs through the process of diffusion which is driven by partial pressure gradients. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. Oxygen is transported to tissues via hemoglobin in red blood cells while carbon dioxide diffuses back to be exhaled.
(2) Ventilation/Perfusion ratio:
The ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio refers to the ratio of ventilation (amount of air entering the lungs) to
Lung volumes and capacities can be measured using spirometry to assess respiratory system efficiency and diagnose respiratory diseases. Key lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume. Lung capacities are combinations of volumes and include inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. Spirometry allows direct measurement of most volumes except residual volume, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity, which require additional tests like helium dilution. Interpretation of spirometry results can distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the organs of the respiratory system including the conducting zone which carries, filters, humidifies and warms incoming air, and the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs. It explains the process of breathing including how air passes through the nasal cavity and larynx into the trachea and bronchi. It also discusses pulmonary ventilation, the transport of respiratory gases, and diseases that can result from smoking or vaping such as emphysema and lung cancer.
The face has skin, superficial fascia containing muscles and vessels, and no deep fascia allowing facial expression. The skin is thick and vascular. Fat pads are present in cheeks but absent in eyelids. Muscles of facial expression in the forehead include the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and procerus. Around the eyes are the orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae superioris. Nasal muscles are the nasalis and depressor septi. Muscles around the mouth include the orbicularis oris and buccinator. The face is innervated by the facial nerve and supplied by the facial artery. Lymphatic drainage involves preauricular, superficial parotid
The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx while the lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory tract transports air to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs. It divides into a conducting portion from the nose to terminal bronchioles and a respiratory portion where gas exchange occurs in alveoli. The lungs have lobes and are made of branching bronchial tubes that terminate in alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood through thin epithelial walls.
This document summarizes control of ventilation through both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms. Voluntary control allows us to override the automatic breathing rhythm, while involuntary control is mediated by brainstem centers that generate rhythmic breathing patterns. These centers are sensitive to chemical signals from the blood, especially carbon dioxide levels, such that increases in CO2 or decreases in pH trigger higher ventilation rates to maintain homeostasis.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities. It defines four lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It also defines four lung capacities that are combinations of the volumes: inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. It provides the normal values for each volume and capacity. Lung function tests measure these volumes and capacities to evaluate lung health and detect respiratory diseases. Spirometry uses a device called a spirometer to measure the volumes expired and inspired.
The document summarizes the mechanics of ventilation and breathing. It describes how inspiration and expiration occurs due to the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the thoracic cavity volume and causing air to flow into the lungs due to decreasing pressure. During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume and increasing pressure, causing air to flow out. Boyle's law relates gas pressure and volume, where an increase in one causes a decrease in the other.
The document summarizes the physiology of the pulmonary circulatory system in three parts:
1) It describes the anatomy of the pulmonary vessels and pressures within the pulmonary system. The pulmonary artery branches into two main vessels with low pressure, distributing deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
2) It explains fluid dynamics within the lungs and how pulmonary edema develops if pressures rise above safety thresholds. The lungs maintain a negative interstitial pressure to prevent fluid buildup.
3) It covers fluid in the pleural cavity and how a negative pressure is needed to keep the lungs expanded via lymphatic drainage and fluid reabsorption. Pleural effusions can occur if drainage is blocked.
Aparato disgestivo Dr Yair Moises Flores S.yair flores
El documento describe el aparato digestivo. El aparato digestivo es un largo tubo que va desde la boca hasta el ano, con un total de unos 11 metros de longitud. Incluye la boca, esófago, estómago, intestino delgado e intestino grueso. La cavidad bucal contiene la lengua, dientes y glándulas salivales como la parótida, submandibular y sublingual.
The document outlines Josh Langsford's engineering design portfolio, including two CNC router projects, a 3D printer upgrade project, and two university group projects involving a model glider and RC drag car. It provides details on the objectives, specifications, manufacturing methods, and performance results for each project showcasing Josh's skills in mechanical design, 3D printing, CFD simulation, and project management.
This document provides information on the surgical anatomy of the facial nerve. It begins with an introduction to the facial nerve and its functional components and nuclei. It then describes the different parts of the facial nerve from its intracranial portion to its extra-temporal portion in the neck. Several clinical considerations are discussed, including Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Surgical techniques for facial nerve repair are outlined, including nerve grafting and substitution techniques like hypoglossal-facial nerve crossover. In summary, this document details the anatomy and clinical implications of the facial nerve as well as surgical strategies for repairing injuries to this nerve.
This document provides an overview of respiratory physiology. Some key points:
- Gas exchange occurs through diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli down a partial pressure gradient.
- Fick's law describes how gas diffusion is proportional to surface area and inversely proportional to thickness. The adult lung has a large surface area of 85 square meters for gas exchange.
- Ventilation delivers gas to the alveoli through tidal volumes and respiratory rate. Alveolar ventilation is tidal volume minus dead space.
- Oxygen diffuses into the blood where it binds to hemoglobin. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve describes this relationship.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the temporal and infratemporal fossa. It describes the contents including muscles like the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles. It also discusses the maxillary artery and its branches, the pterygoid plexus of veins, the mandibular nerve and otic ganglion. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are described in terms of their origins, insertions and functions. The maxillary artery is outlined including its branches in the infratemporal fossa. The connections and branches of the otic ganglion are also summarized.
The document summarizes key anatomical structures and features of the pharynx and palate. The pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus. It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Important structures include the tonsils, palatine arches, auditory tubes, and piriform fossae. The palate separates the nasal and oral cavities, with the hard palate anteriorly and soft palate posteriorly. Muscles like the constrictors and stylopharyngeus are also described.
The document discusses the physical principles of gas exchange in the lungs and between the lungs and blood. It covers key concepts such as:
1) Partial pressure - the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture. Gas diffusion is directly proportional to partial pressure.
2) Solubility - the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid, determined by its partial pressure and solubility coefficient based on Henry's Law.
3) Net gas diffusion occurs from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure across membranes, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide out.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
Riley discusses her experience with anorexia nervosa, including how it began as a desire to be skinny like friends at age 10 and became an obsession, how she felt depressed and constantly worried about her appearance, and the physical symptoms like fainting that led to diagnosis. Her treatment included medical care for heart problems, nutritional counseling to gain weight healthily, and therapy to address the emotional factors and change her thought patterns.
This document provides information about anorexia and bulimia, including:
- Both are eating disorders that predominantly affect women and involve unhealthy behaviors around food and body image.
- Anorexia involves believing one is overweight and restricting food intake, while bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging.
- Treatments aim to address the psychological and behavioral aspects through therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy and medication, but full recovery can be difficult.
A anorexia é um distúrbio alimentar caracterizado por dieta insuficiente e estresse físico. A doença afeta principalmente jovens entre 15-25 anos do sexo feminino e envolve fatores psicológicos, fisiológicos e sociais. O diagnóstico e tratamento rápidos são importantes pois a doença pode levar à morte em 20% dos casos e requer equipe médica multidisciplinar.
A anorexia nervosa é uma doença em que pessoas magras se veem como gordas e comem cada vez menos, afetando principalmente jovens entre 15-25 anos. A bulimia envolve comer grandes quantidades de comida e induzir vômitos. A obesidade ocorre quando a ingestão de calorias excede a queima, levando a problemas de saúde.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by significantly low body weight achieved through extreme dieting and food restriction. It stems from emotional factors like a need for perfectionism and control, and is influenced by genetics, family dynamics, culture, and society's emphasis on thinness. Physical effects include slow heart rate, bone loss, fainting, and infertility. Psychological impacts are distorted body image, depression, and obsessive thoughts about food and weight. Treatment involves psychotherapy, family therapy, medication, and addressing the underlying causes of low self-esteem and perfectionism.
The document discusses eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It provides information on the diagnostic criteria, prevalence, physical effects, course, and prognosis of these disorders. Specifically, it notes that while anorexia nervosa causes significant weight loss, individuals with bulimia nervosa do not lose weight in the same way due to binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. The etiology of eating disorders involves genetic, sociocultural, and psychological factors.
Voorheen PowerPointpresentatie gegoten in PDF waarin de meest voorkomende aandoeningen van ademhalingsstelsel met oorzaken en behandeling beschreven staan. Dit document is te gebruiken van VZ-IG niv 3 tot studie geneeskunde. Het is onder verschillende niveaus weggezet
2. INLEIDING
Zorgt voor opname 0₂
Zorgt voor afname CO₂
Gaswisseling tussen lucht en bloed
Gebeurt in longblaasjes
Diffusie
Ventilatie
Adembewegingen
3. INDELING VAN DE LUCHTWEGEN
Bovenste luchtwegen
Neusholte
Neusbijholtes/Sinussen
Keelholte/farynx/pharynx
Strottenhoofd/larynx
Onderste luchtwegen
Luchtpijp/trachea
Hoofdbronchi
Bronchi (vertakkingen)
Bronchioli (kleinste vertakkingen
Eindigend in de longblaasjes/alveoli
4.
5. DE NEUSHOLTE
Bevatten willekeurige spiertjes
Bekleed met huid en haartjes
Neustussenschot verdeeld in gelijke delen
Neustussenschot is bekleed met slijmvlies
Traanbuizen monden hier uit
Voorzien van 3 neusschelpen
Uitgang van sinussen onder neusschelpen
6. FUNCTIES VAN DE NEUS
Filteren van inademingslucht
Bevochtigen van inademingslucht
Verwarmen van inademingslucht
Ruiken
Afvoer van slijm
Aspecifieke afweer
Resonantiefunctie
8. KEELHOLTE/PHARYNX
Ligt tussen neusholte, mond, strottenhoofd
en ingang maag
Wegen van voedsel en lucht kruisen elkaar
Slikreflex
Onderverdeeld in 3 gebieden:
Neus-keelholte/nasopharynx
Mond-keelholte/oropharynx
Laryngopharynx/hypopharynx
9. STROTTENHOOFD/LARYNX
Het met kraakbeen verstevigd begin van
luchtpijp
Verbind keelholte met luchtpijp
Hierachter begint slokdarm
Halsspieren houden strottenhoofd op zijn
plek
Hierin bevinden zich:
Kleine spiertjes
Slijmvlies (behalve op stembanden)
10. FUNCTIES VAN HET STROTTENHOOFD
Tijdens slikken luchtpijp afsluiten
Stemvorming door stembanden
11. LUCHTPIJP/TRACHEA
Verbinding strottenhoofd en longen
Splitst in 2 grote takken = bifurcatie
Kraakbeenrichel noemt carina
Zwezerik/thymus (bij kinderen) tussen
borstbeen en trachea
Luchtpijp en bronchiën bestaan uit slijmvlies
met trilhaarepitheel
15. LONGEN
Opgebouwd uit longkwabben/lobi
Rechterlong 3 kwabben
Linkerlong 2 kwabben
Groeven scheiden deze van elkaar
Elke longkwab is verdeeld in segmenten
Elke longkwab en segment heeft een eigen:
Bronchus
Tak van longslagader
Tak van longader
16.
17. HOOFDBRONCHUS LONGBLAASJES
Luchtpijp splitst in 2 grote takken = hoofdbronchi
Hoofdbronchi vertakken = bronchi
3 takken naar rechterlong
2 takken naar linkerlong
Vertakkingen worden alsmaar kleiner
(bronchioli) tot longblaasjes/alveoli bereikt
worden
Ruimte in alveoli = alveolaire ruimte
Omgeven door fijn haarvatennetwerk
Elastische vezels = uitrekken
18. GASWISSELING
Gebeurt in alveoli
Hoeveelheid O₂ in longblaasjes is hoger dan
O₂ in bloed
O₂ in longblaasjes gaat naar bloed
O₂ in bloed wordt gekoppeld aan
hemoglobine
19. SURFACTANT
Vettige stoffen
Afgescheiden aan binnenkant longblaasje
Longblaasje vouwt niet in elkaar
MACROFAGEN
Ruimen stofdeeltjes en MO’s op
20. VERSCHILLEND BLOED VOOR LONGBLAASJES
EN BRONCHIËN
Bloed voor longblaasjes
Rechter ventrikel pompt O2-arm en CO2-rijk bloed
naar de longen via truncus pulmonalis die splitst in
arteriae pulmonales
Diffusie in longen
O2-rijk en CO2-arm bloed via venae pulmonales
naar linker boezem
Bloed voor bronchiën
Krijgen zuurstof van de arteriae bronchiales
Bloed dat bronchiën verlaat vloeit samen aan de
binnenzijde van de borstkaswand = venae
bronchiales
Dan naar vena cava superior en naar het rechter
atrium
21.
22. VLIEZEN VAN DE LONGEN
Pleura visceralis, buitenzijde van longen
Pleura parietalis, binnenzijde van longen
Tussen pleurabladen zit pleuravocht
Kunnen zo over elkaar schuiven
Verbinden van beide pleurabladen met elkaar
23. DE ADEMHALING
Gaswisseling continu verse lucht
Longblaasjes geventileerd worden
Ademhalingsbewegingen
Inademing/inspiratie
Uitademing/expiratie
24. INADEMING/INSPIRATIE
Middenrif en tussenribspieren werken samen
Ademhalingsspieren vergroten borstholte
Middenrif/diafragma trekt samen
Nood aan extra lucht?
Uitwendige tussenribspieren spannen aan
Ribben naar buiten, borstbeen naar voren
Ruimte in borstholte word groter
Zeer krachtige inademing?
Touwladderspieren trekken bovenste ribben naar
buiten en boven
25.
26. UITADEMING/EXPIRATIE
Middenrif/diafragma ontspant
Uitwendige tussenribspieren ontspannen
Borstholte verkleind en drijft lucht naar buiten
Longblaasjes hebben oorspronkelijke vorm
Geforceerde uitademing?
Buikspieren spannen aan
Verhoogde druk in buik
Middenrif omhoog
Verhoogde druk in borstholte
Lucht gaat naar buiten
27.
28. REGULATIE VAN DE ADEMHALING
In ademcentrum in verlengde merg
Ademcentrum bepaalt frequentie, regelmaat
en diepte
Ademcentrum in verlengde merg
zenuwbanen naar ruggenmerg
zenuwbanen naar ademhalingsspieren
