2. Objectives:
To discuss the legality of sale of herbs
and health foods.
To explain the role of pharmacist
regarding the sale of herbs and health
foods.
To discuss the safety and efficiency
considerations of herbs and health
foods.
To discuss the different herbs and
health foods.
3. Drug efficacy study
– A study conducted by the National
Research Council to determine
effectiveness of drugs.
– The FDA declared that a drug would
be considered misbranded if the
manufacturer made any claims for
drugs that were not in accord in the
findings of 1 of 17 panels set up to
review the efficacy of the active
ingredients of all OTC drugs.
4. ROLES OF PHARMACISTS
1. The knowledgeable pharmacist of
today must have working knowledge
of questionable herbal and nutritional
remedies.
2. The pharmacist must be able to
provide information as accurate or
possible to patients who through
ignorance or desperation may be
tempted to utilize some products.
5. 3. One must be alert to the need
opportunity to refer a patient for
more traditional contemporary
health care when indicated, but
it is equally important t maintain
credibility and lives of
communication by demeaning or
categoric “turn-off” such as “that
is old fashioned” or it is
worthless”.
6. NATURAL and “ORGANIC”
Natural
– Usually more expensive.
– identifies only a source
Organic
– implies that the product was grown
under conditions utilizing only natural
fertilizers, such as manure and that
has no possibilities of any type
applied.
7. – there is no significant difference
between the two such as nitrogen
or potassium are derived organic
or inorganic sources, provided that
they are in a form the plant can
assimilate.
8. SAFETY and EFFICACY
CONSIDERATIONS
Placebo effect
– A medication that is independent of or
minimally related of the specific effects of
the procedure or drug employed.
– Operates through a psychological
mechanism.
– Placebos are effective in about 35% of he
patient to whom they administered.
– However, the use of the products does
prevent a number of hazards that must be
made clear to any potential purchasen.
9. What is an herb?
A substance of plant origin that
according to one’s desires can be used
for outlining medicinal purposes.
A typical herb may contain less dozens
of different compounds, so it has rarely
been advantageous to separate an herb
into its component parts. In fact
doing so may completely
inactivate the drug.
10. AN HERB IS A DRUG
An herbal preparation possesses
the properties of a drug.
It is pharmacologically active
It interacts with prescription drugs.
It affects the health of the
person taking it.
11. HERBS and “HEALTH FOODS”
ALFALFA
BO: Medicago
sativa
AKA: Lucerne
Parts used: dried
leaves, flowering
tops, seeds
12. ALFALFA
Constituents: L-canavanine
‒ replaces arginine in vital metabolic process in the
body thus causing recurrence of SLE.
Uses:
‒ Have stimulating properties when employed in
the form of a tea.
‒ Relieve arthritic conditions and to stimulate
the appetite thereby an increase in weight.
Contradictions:
‒ Patients having systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) is not advised
to take the drug.
16. APRICOT PITS
BO: Prunus
armeniaca Linne
Part used: kernels
C: -laetrile and
amygdalin
laetrile is (-)-
mandelonitrile-β-
glucoronoside
17. -emulsin (an enzyme that hydrolyzes
the glycoside, releasing toxic
cyanide)
Use: -anticancer agent
=>National Cancer Institute
found that laetrile:
1. Did not make cancer regress
2. Did not extend the lifespan of the
cancer patients
3. Did not improve cancer
patient’s symptoms
18. 4. Did not help cancer patients to gain
weight or become more physically
active.
Remarks:
Because the treatment is ineffective
and carries considerable potential
danger, the use of apricot pits as an
anticancer must be considered
irrational. Its use should be avoided.
20. -dihydrohenalin
-and esters of these compounds
Use:
-anti-inflammatory -analgesic
- antibiotic
-counterirritant in the treatment of
abrasions, bruises, and sprains
-treat inflammation of gums
-a gargle/mouthwash for sore
throats
Warning:
Arnica extract can be toxic if
ingested.
24. Warnings:
-However, it also acts as a
tumor promoters, or carcinogens.
-the medicinal use of this potent
material can certainly not be
recommended.
25. BLACK COHOSH
BO: Cimicifuga
racemosa Linne
(Fam.
Ranunculaceae)
Parts used: Dried
rhizome and roots
C: -15-20% resins
-saponins
-other glycosides
26. Uses:
-an ingredient in bitter tonics to
treat indigestion and loss of
appetite.
-used to treat dysmenorrheal
-used in treating bronchitis, coughs
and chronic rheumatism.
Adverse effects:
-Bradycardia
-tremors
-vertigo
28. Uses:
-a bitter tonic for appetite stimulation
-for relief of flatulence and indigestion
-use in diseases of the liver and
gallbladder
Remarks:
No acceptable scientific evidence
supports any therapeutic value
for this plant.
32. Use: -diaphoretic, laxative, emetic
*once considered a panacea
Remarks:
Boneset is currently considered
to lack therapeutic merit, and the
discomfort associated with its
ingestion obviates any use for
nutritional purposes.
33. BORAGE
BO: Borago officinalis
Part used: leaves
C: - tannin and
mucilages
- 2 pyrrolizidine
alkaloids
(lycopsamine and
supinidine
vividiflorate, a
potentially poisonous
nature)
36. The salubrious effects of sufficient
amounts of bran or other sources of
crude fiber in the diet are apparently
due not only to its water-holding
capacity but also to its ability to adsorb
such compounds as bile acids. This
ability, in turn, modifies cholesterol
metabolism.
Uses:
Treatment of certain gastrointestinal
disorders such as constipation,
appendicitis, and hemorrhoids.
Product: All-Bran®
38. » Sparteine
–is used therapeutically for its
depressant action in cardiac
arrhythmias and for its oxytoxic effect.
Uses: -cardiac remedy
-cathartic
-diuretic
-hallucinogen when smoked
Remarks:
Broom is not safe for self-
medication.
47. C: -30-40% tannins
- anthraquinones
Uses: -astringent
-topical use for skin irritants
-treatment of sore throat
-prevention of diarrhea
Remarks:
It is important to note the
carcinogenic potential of the plant
owing to its high tannin content.
Canaigre may be a useful material
for tanning leather and drying
wood.
49. C: 70-90% catnip volatile oil
→cis-trans-nepetalactone
→compound structurally
similar to the valepotriates (the
sedative principles of valerian)
Uses: -sedative
-carminative hypnotic
51. C: -chamazulene (causes the blue color)
-sesquiterpene (-)-α-bisabolol
-flavone and coumarin
Uses: -carminative -spasmolytic
-anti-inflammatory
Adverse effects:
The tea prepared from pollen-rich
flower heads, has caused contact
dermatitis, anaphylaxis, and other
severe hypersensitivity reactions in
individuals allergic to ragweeds, asters,
chrysanthmums, and similar plants.
55. Constituents:
-lactucin and lactucopikrin (bitter
sesquiterpene lactones)
-cichoriin (coumarin glycoside)
-maltol (simple purone)
→has the potentially useful property
of intensifying the sweetness of sugar.
-taraxasterin (triterpene) the sweetness
of sugar.
Uses:
-diuretic, laxative and tonic
-treatmant of gallstones, hepatic
disorders and indigestion.
56. Cholecystokinin (CKK)
→polypeptide hormone secreted by
the duodenal mucosa
Uses:
-stimulate the flow of digestive fluids of
the gallbladder and pancreas.
-suppresses appetite by acting on
the satiety center of the brain.
Precautions:
There is considerable risk of
causing intestinal cramps, nausea
and vomiting.
57. COCILLANA
BO: Guarea rusbyi
Part used: dried bark
Uses:
-cathartic and emetic
-used medicinally as a
nauseating
expectorant in some
cough syrups, but
the use of this
ingredient has been
discontinued.
58. COLLINSONIA
BO: Collinsonia
canadensis
AKA: stone root
Parts used: dried
rhizome and roots
C: mucilage, resin
and tannin
Uses:
-astringent, diuretic,
diaphoretic and
tonic
- an ingredient in a
hemorrhoidal
product.
59. COLTSFOOT
BO: Tussilago farfara
AKA: farfara
Parts used: dried
flower heads or
leaves
C: -senkirkine and
tussilagine
(hepatotoxic
pyrrolizidine
alkaloids)
60. Uses:
-demulcents and expectorants,
particularly in the treatment of
coughs.
Adverse effects:
Recent studies have shown that
the young flowers of the plant are
carcinogenic, producing a high
incidence of hemangioendothelial
sarcoma of the liver when fed
to rats.
62. Use:
It is a cure for ulcerations of the
external and internal organs following
topical or systemic administration.
Remarks:
Based on findings, the herb
definitely cannot be recommended as a
medicinal agent and indeed, possesses
considerable likelihood of causing
harmful effects in those utilizing it
internally.
63. CUCURBITA SEED
BO w/ Syn: Cucurbita
pepo (pumpkin and
summer squash)
C. maxima(Hubbard,
Turban, Marblehead
and Sibley squashes)
C. moschata
(crookneck and
China squashes)
Part used: seed
C: cucurbitin (3-
amino-3-
carboxypyrolidine)
Use: teniafuge
65. Remarks:
It is highly regarded as an
aphrodisiac by Mexican Indians but
there is still no proper basis for the
use of damiana by human beings.
66. DEVIL’S CLAW
BO: Herpagophytum
procumbens
Part used: Secondary
storage roots
C: three indoid glycoside
(harpagoside,
harpagide, and
procumbide)
Uses: -anti-inflammatory
-used by African
natives to alleviate pain
in pregnant women and
especially in those
anticipating a difficult
delivery.
68. C: >Echinacoside -has bacteriostatic
principle
-a caffeic acid glycoside
>Echinacin B –has wound-healing
effects
-apparently forms a
complex with hyaluronic acid that is
resistant to attack by hyaluronidase.
> (2)-1,8-pentadecadiene
–possesses in-vivo anti-tumor
activity.
69. Uses:
-a blood purifier
-it is a remedy against various
types of infections in treating bites
of poisonous reptiles and insects.
-a palliative agent in malignant
conditions
- used primarily in lotions and
cosmetics for its wound-healing
action.
71. C: eleutherosides
-a series saponin glycosides
-adaptogen or antistress agent
Uses:
The stimulant and tonic effects
are said tobe greater and longer
acting than those of ginseng.
73. Uses:
-treatment of atopic eczema in young
adults
-treatment of mastalgia
Claims:
Advocates of the consumption of
evening primrose oil note that γ-linoleic
acid is a precursor prostaglandin E1, an
adequate supply of which is purported to
control hypertension and blood cholesterol
levels, and to prevent or relieve myocardial
infarctions, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity,
multiple sclerosis, eczema, acne,
hyperactivity in children, premenstrual
discomfort, alcoholism, and many
other conditions.
74. EYEBRIGHT
BO: Euphasia
officinalis
Part used: dried
flowering tops
C: tannin
Uses: -use in various
eye conditions,
including blackeyes,
blepharitis,
conjunctivitis,
eyestrain, and styes.
-used in the
treatment of hay
fever.
76. Uses:
-demulcent, emollient, and a
treatment for indigestion
-employed as a flavoring agent in
imitation maple syrup.
-a poultice and an emollient in
veterinary practice.
79. FO-TI-TIENG®
BO:
Mixture of the leaves
and stems of:
-Cantella astiaca
-Gillenia trifoliate
(meadowsweet)
-Cola nitida (cola
nut)
80. C:
Vitamin X –a principle alleged to exert a
marvelous rejuvenating effect on the
brain cells and endocrine glands.
Uses:
-sedative, anti-inflammatory, and
wound-healing
Remarks:
No scientific supports the
allegations that Fo-ti-tieng® promotes
longetivity, nor has its safety or
efficacy been documented.
81. GARLIC and ONION
BO: Garlic (Allium
sativum)
Onion (Allium
cepa)
Part used: bulb
C: Garlic –allicin
(responsible for the
characteristic odor of
garlic)
–ajoene-antithrombotic
factor
Onion
-prostaglandin A1
(has hypotensive
82. Uses:
-stimulation of bile production
-lowering of blood glucose and
blood lipids
-reduction of hypertension
-acceleration of wound healing
-curing of common cold
83. GENTIAN
BO: Gentiana lutea
AKA: Gentian root
Parts used:
dried rhizome
and roots
C: 2% gentiopicrin
(in high quality
gentian)
→a bitter
glucoside
84. *Slow drying of the roots permits
enzymatic hydrolysis of gentiopicrin and
yields a darker reddish brown product
that is inferior for use as a medicinal
bitter.
Uses:
-a bitter tonic in anorexia and
dyspepsia
-used in Europe as an ingredient in
alcoholic beverages valued for their
stomachic properties.
86. C: Mixture of triterpenoid saponins:
1. Panoxides
2. Ginsenosides
3. Chikusetsusaponins
Uses:
1. Have tonic, stimulant, diuretic, and
carminative properties.
2. Acts favorably on metabolism, the
CNS and endocrine secretions.
87. 3. Treatment of anemia, diabetes,
insomia, neurasthenia, gastritis, and
especially sexual impotence.
4. An adaptogen, help the body to adapt
to stress and to correct adrenal and
thyroid dysfunctions.
5. Heavily promoted as an aphrodisiac.
Adverse effects:
Long-term use was associated with
hypertension, nervousness and
sleeplessness in some subjects but
had opposite effects, hypotension
and tranquilizing effects on others.
88. The symptoms observed in ginseng
abuse mimic those of corticosteroid
poisoning, suggesting a steroid
mechanism of action operating through
the adrenal cortex or the pituitary
gland.
Studies:
60% of the products in one sampling
were judged “worthless”, and 25% of
those sampled contained no ginseng.
The FDA found no evidence of
enhanced sexual experience or
potency resulting from its use.
89. GLUCOMANNAN
Other names are voodoo lily, Konjac
mannan, konjac, konjac fiber, manna,
konjac glucomannan, devil’s tounge
It is a water soluble polysaccharide
obtained from tubers of
Amorphophallus riveri Durie cv. Konjac
derived from konjac flour
Is composed of glucose and mannose
units in a ratio of 1:1.6 connected by ß-
1,4 glucosidic linkages
It is a perennial plant widely cultivated
from Indonesia to Japan
90. products containing glucomanan are
marketed under a variety of brand
names and are also sold as
nutritional supplements for
constipation, obesity, high
cholesterol, acne vulgaris and type 2
diabetes.
Is used as an emulsifier and
thickener in foods
Its product is marketed as diet aid.
Is rather effective as a bulk laxative.
Reduced total high blood cholesterol
91.
92. GLYCYRRHIZA
Other names are licorice, gan cao and wild
licorice
Its extracts is used in treating coughs and
colds.
It suggests therapeutic potential in
treating some inflammatory conditions
and peptic ulcers.
It is a perennial in the pulse family that is
grown for its taproot.
It is distinct from anise and other
anethole-containing plant materials that
have a licorice like flavor.
93. Is also used in brewing and in
making aperitifs
has long been valued as a demulcent
and expectorant
is used continuously by health care
professionals today to relieve
respiratory ailments (such as
allergies, bronchitis, colds, sore
throats, and tuberculosis), stomach
problems (including heartburn from
reflux), inflammatory disorders, skin
diseases, stress relief, and liver
94.
95. GOLDENSEAL
Other names are yellow root, orange
root, puccoon, ground raspberry, wild
curcuma
Is the dried rhizome and roots of
Hydrastis canadensis Linné (fam.
Ranunculaceae)
contains a compound that is roughly 50
times sweeter than sugar
Used to soothe inflamed eyes and
mucous membranes.
is bitter that stimulates the secretion
96. Also used as a hemostatic in
intestinal and uterine bleeding, a
uterine stimulant, and a
vasoconstrictor.
Contains berberine and hydrastine
alkaloids used as and astringents
and have a weak antibiotic
properties.
Medical use of this plant have been
discontinued because it impairs the
detection of morphine in the urine.
is used for the following conditions
minor wound healing, bladder
infections, fungal infections of the
97.
98. GOTU KOLA
called as a miracle elixirs of life, asiatic
pennywort, hydrocotyle or brahmi, and
Indian pennywort
Is constituted from the leaves and
stems of Centella asiatica (Linné) (Fam.
Umbelliferae).
Has been promoted as a body
strengthener and revitalizer.
In high doses the drug has a definite
sedative effect that resides in 2 saponin
glycosides, brahmoside and
brahminoside.
Another glycosides, madecassoside,
exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and
asiaticoside, exerts a wound-healing
99. It has the ability to heal wounds,
improve mental clarity, and treat skin
conditions such as leprosy and
psoriasis
Historically, has also been used to treat
syphilis, hepatitis, stomach ulcers,
mental fatigue, epilepsy, diarrhea,
fever, and asthma
Today, it is used for disorders that
cause connective tissue swelling, such
as scleroderma, psoriatic arthritis,
ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid
arthritis, depression, and to improve
memory and concentration
100.
101. HAWTHORN
Other names are Hawthorne , Haw, May,
Mayblossom, Mayflower, quickthorn,
whitethorn and motherdie
Parts used are flowers, fruits, leaves and
twigs of Crataegus monogyna Jacquin
and related Crataegus species.
Its product has a slow onset of action.
It acts on cardiac or circulatory problems
by causing dilation of blood vessels and
reduction in blood pressure
Is used prophylactically in angina
pectoris.
Contains neither cardiotonic glycosides
nor alkaloids
102. Toxicity from ingestion is associated
only with high doses.
It contain a number of saponins.
The aglycones of which are
triterpenic acids, and it is rich in
flavonoid glycosides which is the
active constituents.
Large amount may cause sedation
and/or significant drop in blood
pressure resulting in faintness
The young leaves are good in salads
The haws are used to make wine,
jelly and to add flavor to brandy
103.
104. HEDGE HYSSOP
Other names Genadekruid, Graciola,
Hedge Hyssop, Hedgehyssop,
Hudaverdi, Hyssop,Hedge
Is the dried tops Gratiola officinalis
Linné (Fam.Scrophulariaceae)
Has a long history of use as a cathartic,
diuretic, and emetic.
Used for treatment of chronic ailments
of the liver and spleen but with no
scientific evidence that supports its
effectiveness.
Its known constituents includes
betulinic acid, a triterpenic acid, and
105. root and the flowering herb are
cardiac, diuretic, violently purgative
and vermifuge
can be used in coughs, bronchitis,
and chronic catarrh
can be used in anxiety and stress
states and it has been used in the
treatment of hysteria and petit mal
106.
107. HIBISCUS
Other names are Indian-sorrel, red-
sorrel roselle, sorrel, and Florida
cranberry
Is a dried, fleshy, ruby-red calyxes
of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linné (Fam.
Malvaceae)
Calyxes contain a large
concentrations of oxalic, malic, citrìc,
tartaric, and hibiscic acid ( the
lactone of hydroxycitric acid) which
imparts the beverage a refreshing
aromatic taste and a mild laxative
action.
108. in Africa, they are frequently cooked as
a side-dish eaten with pulverized
peanuts
Seeds are roasted as substitute for
coffee because of its bitter taste and is
used to feed chicken
Used in food additives as flavoring,
human food beverage base and
vegetable, in medicine as folklore
Infusions of the leaves or calyces are
regarded as diuretic, cholerectic,
febrifugal and hypotensive, decreasing
the viscosity of the blood and
stimulating intestinal peristalsis.
the aqueous extract and the coloring
109.
110. HONEY
Other names is mel, melliferous,
nectariferous, nectarous
is a sweet and viscous fluid produced
by honey bees derived from nectar of
flowers
Is a saccharine secretion deposited in
the honeycomb by the bee Apis
mellifera Linné (Fam. Apidae)
Its major constituents are dextrose and
fructose.
Some are sucrose, small quantities of
carbohydrates, volatile oils, pigments,
and polen grains are also present.
Is a useful nutrient and sweetener
Used as a demulcent in cough
111. Used as an antimicrobial agent
useful in treating MRSA infections
The antibacterial and antiseptic
properties of honey aid in healing
sore throats and laryngitis
topical use of honey may reduce
odors, swelling, and scarring when
used to treat wounds
Honey has been shown to be an
effective treatment for conjunctivitis
in rats
Also used as vermifuge when mixed
with vinegar and water
112.
113. HOPS
Other name is humulus, houblon,
lupulin
Consists of the dried strobile of
Humulus lupulus Linné (Fam.
Moraceae) which bear glandular hairs
known as lupulin, which contain most
of bitter principles
its principal constituents are
contained in a volatile oil fraction
(0.3 to 1%) and a resinous fraction
(30 %)
Volatile oils from hops has contain
minor constituents such as ß-
114. Is rich in vitamin B-complex
Humulone and lupulone derivatives
isomerize to produce principles
whose bitter taste and bacteriostatic
properties account for the use of
hops in the brewing process.
have a sedative effect
Extracts are widely employed in OTC
sedative preparations
Widely used to relieve insomnia
Acts as a stimulant to the glands and
muscles of the stomach w/c calms
the gastric nerves preventing
115. May cause drowsiness during
daytime and maybe associated with
allergic symptoms
Marketed as a legal intoxicant
Said to produce a mild sensation of
euphoria when smoked
Prolonged use produces side effects
including dizziness, intoxication, and
jaundice
116.
117. HOREHOUND
Other names are white horehound,
Acylated flavonoid, bull’s blood, blanc
rubi, haran-haran, herbe vierge,
Is dried leaves and flowering tops of
Marrubium vulgare Linné (Fam.
Labiatae)
Material has been used as an
expectorant and flavoring agent in
cough preparations.
Distinctive taste of horehound
preparations is contributed by volatile
oil fraction and marrubiin, a
118. used as a natural grasshopper
repellant in agriculture.
hypoglycemic agent for diabetes
mellitus and as a non-opioid pain
reliever
may lower cholesterol and
triglyceride blood levels.
has been used traditionally to treat
intestinal disorders
has traditionally been used for pain
and spasms from menstruation or
intestinal conditions
119.
120. HORSE CHESTNUT
Other names are buckeye, Spanish
chestnut
Consist of seeds of Aesculus
hippocastanum Linné (Fam.
Hippocastanaceae)
Seeds contain approximately 3% of a
mixture of saponins of the ß-amyrin
type known as aescin
Extracts, purified and chemically
modified aescin has an anti-
inflammatory and antiexudative
121. Aescin tends to normalize increased
blood vessel wall permeability and
reduce edema in surrounding
tissues.
Increase tonus of the veins,
facilitating return blood flow to the
heart
Raw horse chestnut seeds, leaves,
bark, and flowers contain esculin,
which is poisonous.
In Japan, an injectable form of Horse
122.
123. HORSETAIL
Other name are scouring-rush, Equisetum,
candock
Equisetium arvense Linné, a rushlike
perennial plant with hollow, jointed stems
and scalelike leaves.
Stems contains large amount of silica (5
to 8%) and salicic acid
Is characterize as a valuable diuretic and
astringent for the treatment of various
kidney and bladder ailments and as an
antioxidant
124. Also used as a metal polisher
may also be effective in supportive
therapy for osteoporosis, increasing bone
density
can be applied externally to treat burns
(1st degree), fractures, sprains, rheumatic
conditions and wounds
Some studies have found that horsetail
also may help improve memory and
cognitive function and may also have
anticonvulsant properties
125.
126. HYSSOP
Other names are Curdukotu, Hastipippili ,
Hisopo, Hyssop, Yanagi-Hakka
the dried leaves and young tops of
Hyssopus officionale Linné (Fam. Labiatae)
Is a volatile-oil-containing plant
Volatile oil constituents are cadinene, α-
pinene, -pinocampheol, and
pinocamphone
used as an ingredient in eau de Cologne
and the liqueur Chartreuse
127. leaves have a slightly bitter minty
flavor and can be added to soups,
salads or meats
Used occasionally as a flavoring
agent and a decoction has been
employed in folkloric medicine such
as catharsis, chronic catarrh, disease
of the chest, fever and rheumatism
Are strongly aromatic
128.
129. KELP
the term kelp is applied to the group of
brown algae with large, flat and leaflike
fronds
Belong to the order Laminariaales and
includes the species Macrocystis ,
Nereocystis and Laminaria
Serves as a source of sodium alginate and
also contain potassium
Powder kelp contains minerals especially
iodine, may range from less than 0.1% to
more than 0.5% on a dry-weight basis
130. It is a useful agent in the control of
obesity
Iodine content of kelp is postulated and
stimulates the production of iodine-
containing thyroid hormones
also contains iron, sodium, phosphorus,
calcium and magnesium
is a source of vitamins A, B1, B2, C, D and
E, plus amino acid and a salt substitute
131.
132. LECITHIN
Is a mixture of phosphatides that yields,
on hydrolysis, α- or ß-glycerophosphoric
acid, fatty acids, and choline
It occurs in natural sources including
eggs, brain tissue, and many vegetable
oils, and in soybeans as the principal
commercial source today
It is produced daily by the liver if the diet
is adequate
used commercially in substances requiring
a natural emulsifier and/or lubricant
133. is regarded as a well-tolerated and
non-toxic surfactant
Daily ingestion is recommended for
the treatment of such conditions as
gallstones, atherosclerosis, and
various skin and nerve disorders
protects cells from oxidation and
largely comprises the protective
sheaths surrounding the brain
Lecithin is active in preventing
vascular disease
134.
135. LIFE ROOT
Other names are golden ragwort, golden
senecio, squaw weed, golden groundsel,
cocash weed, coughweed, ragwort, grundy
swallow
Dried plant of Senecio aureus Linné (Fam.
Compositae)
Identified with several toxic pyrrolizidine
alkaloids, including sebecionine,
otosenine, florosenine and floridanine, and
eremophilane sesquiterpenes, resins
136. Its carcinogenic in nature renders it
inadvisable to use
Its action is a uterine tonic, often used for
delayed or absent menstruation, womb
relaxant, diuretic, mild expectorant,
pectoral, astringent, emmenagogue
is also given to ease menopausal
symptoms such as flushes and nervous
and emotional upset
may be used topically as a douche in the
treatment of leucorrhoea
137.
138. LINDEN FLOWERS
Others names are lime blossom and lime
flower
Linden flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal
(obtained from the wood) are the parts
used for medicinal purposes
A Tilia specie (Fam. Tiliaceae)
major active constituents in linden are
flavonoids, glycosides, and possibly a
volatile oil but free of xanthine bases
act as a diaphoretic when consumed as a
hot tea
139. clinical trials have shown that tea can help
people with mild gallbladder problems,
upset stomach or dyspepsia, and
excessive gas that causes the stomach to
push up and put pressure on the heart
(also known as the gastrocardiac
syndrome.)
used medicinally as a calming agent and
to relieve indigestion, the common cold,
headaches and nervousness
140.
141. LOVAGE
Other name is celery
The dried rhizome and roots of
Levisticum officinale Koch (Fam.
Umbelliferae)
Contains several coumarins and up
to 1% volatile oils
used primarily in the treatment of
indigestion, poor appetite, wind, colic
and bronchitis
roots, leaves and fruits are
antispasmodic, aromatic,
142. Externally, the root is used in the
treatment of sore throats and
aphthous ulcers
Leaves and stems are used as a
savory flavoring in salads, soups,
stews, imparting a yeasty/celery
flavor
an essential oil from the plant is used
in perfumery
143.
144. MARIGOLD
Also known as Pot Marigold or English
Marigold
The dried ligulate florets of Calendula
officinalis Linné (Fam. Compositae)
Contains bitter principles, carotenoids,
flavonoids, and a saponin
Has been applied locally as a vulnerary in
chronic skin ulcers, contusions, cuts,
hemorrhoids, sprains, and warts
145. Has also achieved some popularity as an
aromatic bitter, a hair rinse, and a
diaphoretic bath
used for the treatment of skin disorders
and pain, and as a bactericide, antiseptic
and anti-inflammatory
petals and pollen contain triterpenoid
esters (an anti-inflammatory) and
flavoxanthin and auroxanthin
(antioxidants, and the source of the
yellow-orange coloration)
146.
147. MISTLETOE
Family of Loranthaceae, consist of 20
genera, but only two are encountered in
the market- place, these are:
AMERICAN MISTLETOE
Phoradendron tomentosum (De Candolle)
Engelmann subspecies macrophyllum
(Cockerell) Wiens.
Is synonymous with P. serotinum and P.
flavescens.
stimulate smooth muscles, causing a rise
in blood pressure and an increase in
uterine and intestinal contractions
148. EUROPEAN MISTLETOE
Is Viscum album Linné (Fam.
Loranthaceae)
Three subspecies are commonly
recognized as
album, growing on broad-leaved trees;
abietis (Wiesbaur) Abromeit, growing on
Abies alba, and austriacum(Weisbaur)
Vollmann, growing on various Pinus and
Picea species.
Reduce blood pressure and acting as an
anti- spasmodic and calmative agent
149. Berries of both types are considered
poisonous
Leaves used in the form of a tea have also
been used as home remedies
2 plants have somewhat opposite effects
Stems and leaves of both plants contain
similar small basic toxic proteins,
designated phoratoxin, when isolated from
Phoradendron , and viscotoxin, when
obtained from various subspecies of
Viscum album
150. Phoratoxin and viscotoxin produce similar
physiologic effect when intravenously
injected In mammals, these include
hypotension, bradycardia, negative
inotropic effect on the heart muscles, and
vasoconstrictions of vessels in skin and
skeletal muscles
Exhibited no antibiotic effect against
bacteria and fungi
Mistletoe tea is recommended by many
herbs and “health foods” writers as a
treatment for anxiety and cancer
151.
152. MORMON TEA
Other names are Mexican tea, teamster’s
tea, squaw tea, and popotillo, Brigham tea
Consist of the stems and branches of
Ephedra nevadensis Watsons, (Fam.
Gnetaceae), a small, erect shrub with
divergent branches
Strong infusion of the plant was highly
regarded in the treatment of syphilis and
gonorrhea
Taste is quite astringent because of its
high tannin content
153. A pleasant substitute for caffeine-
containing ordinary tea and coffee
Doesn’t contain ephedrine
Have a mild diuretic effect and is slightly
constipating
also described as a remedy for colds and
kidney disorders
it works as a decongestant and asthma
remedy
In the desert, people chew a piece of the
twig to relieve the pain of sunburned lips
154.
155. MUIRNA PUAMA
Other names are potency wood,
marapuama, marapama, muiratã,
muiratam, pau-homen, potenzholz
Derived from Liriosma ovata Miers or
Acanthea virilis (nom. Nudum)
Has a long history of use in Brazilian folk
medicine as a remedy for impotence
It is recommended as an aphrodisiac has
also been used as a tonic for nervous
conditions and depressions
156. Have identified lupeol in the bark and
campestrol and ß-sitosterol
Roots are considered especially active
used to treat dysentery and rheumatism
a paste of the bark and/or root oils has
also been applied topically to treat beriberi
and paralysis
also been used for gastrointestinal
disorders and as a treatment for
indigestion
It is also used to naturally treat hair loss
157.
158. OREGANO
Other name is wild marjoram
The dried leaves and flowering tops of
Origanum vulgare Linné (Fam. Labiatae)
Main constituents include carvacrol,
thymol, limonene, pinene, ocimene, and
caryophyllene
Widely used as a culinary flavoring agent
Also recommended as carminative, a
diaphoretic, an emmenagogue, tonic, and
for the relief of arthritic joints and nervous
headaches.
159. Is high in antioxidant activity, due to a
high content of phenolic acids and
flavonoids
has demonstrated antimicrobial activity
against food-borne pathogens such as
Listeria monocytogenes.
useful for relieving children's coughs
Its most common use involves the
treatment of toothaches and oral
inflammations
taken by mouth for the treatment of colds,
influenza, mild fevers, indigestion,
stomach upsets and painful menstruation
160.
161. PANGAMIC ACID (Calcium Pangamate)
Other name is Vitamin B15
is a mechanical mixture of 61.5% of
calcium gluconate and 38.5% of
dimethylglycine
Has been claimed to increase tissue
respiration, restore impaired metabolism
in the myocardium, to dilate the venous
blood vessels and to exhibit lipotropic
function
Recommended remedy for heart disease
and may be useful in treating blood
abnormalities, asthma, emphysema,
alcoholism, diabetes, and fatigue
162. But none of these activities has been
scientifically proved and is not
recognize as essential in human
nutrition and is, therefore, not a
vitamin
Dichloracetate is a component of
some pangamic products has caused
adverse reaction in diabetic patients
including mild sedation and increased
serum uric acid levels
Must be considered as totally without
merit
163.
164. PARSLEY
Petroselinum crispum (Fam. Umbelliferae)
have been used primarily as diuretics and
stomachics
Leaves are widely employed as culinary
garnish
Is a rich, natural source of carotene,
ascorbic acid, iron, and other minerals
Its volatile content varies from less than
0.1 % in the root, to about 0.3% in the
leaf, and to 2 to 7 % in the fruit
165. Some yield oils rich in apiol, replaced by
myristicin, both are uterine stimulant
accounting for the use of parsley as an
emmenagogue and its misuse as an
abortifacient
Tea may be used as an enema, control
high blood pressure and used as a tonic to
strengthen the bladder
When crushed and rubbed on the skin it
reduce mosquito bites
When chewed it can freshen bad breath
166.
167. PASSIFLORA
Other names are passion flower, Maracuja,
maypop, saa't gulu, ward assa'ah, granadilla,
passionvine, maracoc, apricot-vine
Used of the dried flowering and fruiting tops of
Passsiflora incarnata Linné (Fam. Pasifloraceae)
Use as calmative agent for nervous unrest and as
a sedative
As of 1978, the FDA stated that passiflora doesn’t
received valid scientific evidence for its use as a
sedative or nighttime sleep-aid
170. PÁU D’ ARCO
Other names are taheebo, ipe roxo,
lapacho, and tabebuia
Consist of inner bark of Tabebuia
impetiginosa ( Fam. Bignoniaceae)
Inner bark of Tecoma curialis Soldanha
da Gamma is also sometimes marketed as
páu d’ arco
Tea made from its bark is an effective
antineoplastic agent
Extracts showed only minor antitumor
activity
171. Barks is rich in lapachol, a
naphthoquinine derivative, and is
effective against various animal
cancers but produced toxic side
effects in humans
páu d’ arco continues to be sold in
the market as dietary supplement
claiming that it is effective against
human cancers
172.
173. PENNYROYAL
Other name is american pennyroyal
Dried leaves and tops of Hedeoma
pulegiodes Linné (Fam. Labiatae)
Employed as a treatment of
headache, and use as an aromatic
stimulant, a carminative, a
diaphoretic, and an emmenagogue
Principal constituents of the volatile
oil in pennyroyal include –methone, -
isomenthone, and pulegone
174. Therapeutic use of the plant material
and volatile oils has been abandoned
because of no substantive evidence
supports its claims of treatment for
headache and use as an
emmenagogue.
175.
176. POKE ROOT
Other names are American nightshade,
cancer jalap, coakum, garget, inkberry,
pigeon berry, pocan bush,, pokeweed,
redweed, scoke and red ink plant
Dried root of Phytolacca americana
Linné (Fam.Phytolaccaceae)
Has an emetic and cathartic properties,
use for the treatment of dyspepsia and
chronic rheumatism
Effective in treating dysmenorrhea to
ringworm
177. Roots are quite toxic and mitogenic
Roots are not to be sold as herbal
beverage or food
anodyne, anti-inflammatory,
antiviral, anti-cancer, expectorant,
emetic, cathartic, narcotic, hypnotic,
insecticide and purgative
178.
179. POLLEN
is a fine to coarse powder consisting
of microgametophytes (pollen
grains), which produce the male
gametes (sperm cells) of seed plants
Contains small amounts of vitamins
and minerals, as well as protein,
carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, and
other constituents
180.
181. PROPOLIS
Other name is bee glue, prropolis
balsam, hive dross, propolis wax
A brownish resinous material collected
by bees from the buds of various
popular and conifer trees
Commercial preparations are in the
form of capsules mixed with bee pollen
Advertised as a natural antibiotic, relief
of inflammations, viral diseases, ulcers,
superficial burns
Possesses a modest antibacterial and
antifungal properties
182.
183. RED BUSH TEA
Other names are rooibos tea, and red tea
Consist of dried flowering twigs of
Aspalathus linearis (Fam. Legumenosae)
Contains no xanthin bases
Claimed to be useful as a stomachic w/o
adverse cardiac or gastrointestinal effects
Has high level of antioxidants, no caffeine,
and low tannin levels
184.
185. ROSE HIPS
Other names are hip berry, Rosa species, rose
haws, rose heps, wild boar fruit
The fruit of Rosa canina Linné (Fam. Rosaceae)
contain concentrations of ascorbic acid
one assumes that commercial rose hips contain
high ascorbic acid concentration of 1%
There are commercial preparation of vitamin C in
combination of ascorbic acid and rose hips
used as an herbal tea, often blended with
hibiscus and as an oil
used for the creation of jam, jelly, syrup,
beverages, pies, bread and marmalade
186.
187. ROYAL JELLY
Apilak, Gelee Royale, and Queen Bee Jelly
Is a milky, white, highly viscous secretion from the
paired salivary glands of the worker honey bee, Apis
mellifera Linné ( Fam. Apidae)
Contains protein, lipids, fatty acids (including 10-
hyddroxy-Δ2-decenoic acid and 9-oxo-Δ2-decenoic
acid) , vitamins of B-complex (panthothenic acid)
Available in forms of lotions, creams, soaps,
capsules, and injections
Used as tonic and to ease suffering of degenerative
diseases
has been reported as a possible immunomodulatory
agent in Graves' disease
188.
189. SARSAPARILLA
Other names are khao Yen, Sarsa, Smilace,
Smilax, Smilax aristolochiifolia, Smilax glabra,
Smilax officinalis, Smilax regelii, Tufuling
The dried root of various Smilax species (Fam.
Liliceae)
Used as an alternative, an anti-rheumatic, a
pectoral, tonic, a “blood purifier” and as a specific
for syphilis
A source of sarsasapogenin and smilagenin
Its primary use includes flavoring of beverages,
and folk medicine
190. Sassafras
Botanical Origin:
Sassafras albidum
(fam. Lauraceae)
Active Constiruents :
aromatic oil (5%-9%),
80% safrole (phenolic
ether)
Uses: widely uses in the
preparation of a tea
employed as a spring
tonic and blood thinner
191. Schisandra
Botanical Origin:
Schisandra chinensis
(fam. Schisandraceae)
Uses: antiseptic,
astringent, tonic, liver
protectant. It is an
adaptogen (an agent that
increases bodily
resistance to all forms of
stress, including various
disease states). It has a
nicotinic effect on the
ganglia, stimulating at
low doses and blockiing
at higher doses.
192. Selenium
- it is toxic; the daily
intake, including
dietary sources, should
not exceed 200 mcg
for the average adult.
Uses: anticancer
(leukemia, cancer of
the breast, large
intestine, lung, ovary,
prostate and rectum)
194. Senna
Botanical Origin: Cassia
spp.
Other Names: senna or
senna leaves
Active Constituent:
dimeric anthrone
glycosides
Uses: laxative
*Ingestion of senna tea
can result in diarrhea,
dehydration, and
related complications.
195. • Is a blue-green alga ordinarily
obtained from Spirulina maxima
(Mexico) or S. platensis (Thailand
and California)
• Advertised by promoters as a
“super food” and a “safe diet pill”
• Contains 50-70% protein, but on
a comparative weight basis, is
inferior to more customary
protein sources(e.g. eggs, milk,
beef)
199. • Is the partially dried ripe fruit of
Tamarindus indica (Fam.
Leguminosae) that has been deprived
of the outer layer of pericarp and
preserved with sugar.
• The plant material is rich in citric and
tartaric acids.
• It has a reputation of usefulness in
treatment of dysentery and fevers.
• It has been once used as a laxative.
201. • The dried leaves and flowering
tops of Artemisia dracunculus
(Fam. Compositae)
• Usually employed as a flavoring
agent, especially in vinegar.
• It has been described as an
aromatic bitter, a diaphoretic, an
emmenagogue, and a mild
sedative
216. • The dried leaves and flowering tops of
Artemisia absinthium (Fam.
Compositae)
• Has a history of use as an aromatic
bitter for flatulence and indigestion, as
a diaphoretic, and as a flavoring agent
in alcoholic beverages, in which it
allegedly produced a “narcotic” action
for relief of general weakness.
• The volatile oil has been associate with
both acute and chronic toxicity, owing
in significant part to its thujone
content.
220. • Is the dried bark of Pausinystalia
yohimbe (Fam. Rubiaceae)
• The bark contains up to 6.1% of a
mixture of alkaloids, principally
yohimbine.
• Both yohimbe and yohimbine have
been employed in folk medicine as
aphrodisiacs.
• The drug dilates the peripheral blood
vessels in the sexual organs and
increased reflex excitability in the
sacral region of the spinal cord.
221.
222. • The dried leaves of 1 or more of the 40-odd
species of Yucca (Fam. Agavaceae) occurring in
the southern part of North America constitute
the drug known as yucca
• According to a statement issued by the Arthritis
Foundation, there is no proper scientific
evidence that yucca tablets are useful in
treating rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.
• They are probable harmless in themselves, but
the real danger is substituting them for proven
treatment procedures, thus leading to
irreversible joint damage and possible
permanent disabilities.
