This document summarizes herbal drug and food interactions. It defines drug interactions as alterations in pharmacological activity caused by other drugs, herbs, foods or substances. Reasons for herbal drug interactions include incomplete product information and multiple uncharacterized phytochemicals. The main types of interactions are drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-disease. Effects can impact the gastrointestinal, central nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems. Three herbs are studied in depth: Hypericum for antidepressant use but potential sleep and skin side effects; Kava-Kava used for anxiety but potentially liver toxic; and Ginkgo for cognitive benefits but possible increased cancer risk at high doses.

1. HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY
B.PHARM (6th SEMESTER)
GONDIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
(2021-22)
TOPIC:- HERBAL-DRUG AND HERBAL-FOOD
INTERACTION
GUIDE BY:- PROF.PUJA R. BASULE
PREPARED BY:- TOSHIKA C. BAHEKAR

2. CONTENTS-
•Drug interactions.
•Reasons for herbal drug interactions.
•Types of drug interactions.
•Effects of herb-drug interactions on various systems of body.
•Study of drugs and their possible side effects and interactions: Hypericum,
Kava-Kava, and Ginkgo Biloba.

3. DRUG INTERACTION:
Definition:-
It is defined as “alteration in the pharmacological activity of one drug by the
concomitant use of another drug or other substances. The concurrent use of herbs
may increase, decrease or mimic the effects of other drugs”.
OR
It is defined as “alteration in the duration or magnitude of pharmacological effect
of one drug produced by another herb food or other substances”.
-Drug interaction is a reaction between two or more drug or between a drug and a
food, beverage or supplement inside the body.

4. REASONS FOR HERBAL DRUG INTERACTION:-
•Proper information is not available regarding the contents of herbal
product.
•Lack of adequate knowledge of combinations.
•Product information may be incomplete or inaccurate.
•Herbal product contain many phytoconstituents which are not
characterized properly.

5. TYPES OF DRUG INTERACTIONS:-
-there are three types of drug interactions-
•Drug-Drug Interactions.
•Drug-Food Interactions.
•Drug-Disease Interaction.
1. Drug-Drug Interactions:-
There are the most common type of drug interaction. More the
medications administered, greater is the chance of drugs interacting with
each other.
One drug may potentiate or inhibit the activity of another or serious
unexpected side effects may occur.
2. Drug-Food Interactions:-
Here, the drug interacts with food and produce various side effects.
e.g.- mild should be not administered with radish, garlic, mentha or bitter
gourd.
3. Drug-Disease Interactions:-
Sometimes drugs also interacts with certain diseases where the diseases
alters the way a drug work.
e.g.- Haritaki cannot be administered in pregnancy and anorexia.

6. EFFECTS OF HERB-DRUG ON VARIOUS SYSTEM OF BODY:-
1. GIT SYSTEM:-
Acting of laxative may be enhanced due to use of herbal laxatives senna,etc.
2. CNS:-
Sedative herbs like passidlora, valerian, react with hypotonic and anxiolytic
drugs,etc.
3.CVS:-
Haworth the cardiactive drug interacts with antiarrythmatc drugs like
cardenolide,etc.
4.endocrine system:-
Alfalfa (hypoglycemic activity) and devils claw (hyper-glycemic activity) can adversely
affects antidiabetic activity,etc.

7. STUDY OF DRUGS:-
HYPERICUM
 SYMNONYM:- St. John’s Wort, Amber, Demon chaser, Amber touch-
and-heal, Millepertuis, Goat weed, Bassant.
 BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- dried aerial plant parts of Hypericum
perforatum L.
 FAMILY:- England, Europe, Australia, Western Himalayas.
 MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:-
Colour- leaves are green with black spots.
Odur - distinct, balsamic.
Taste – astringent and bitter.
Flowers – yellow carolla, small five petaled.
Capsules – ovoid
Seeds – very small
Stem – two edged.

8. STANDARS:-
I. FOM: more than 3.0%
II. Alcohol soluble extractive:- less than 13.0%
III. Water soluble extractive:- less than 24%
IV. LOD:- greater than 10%
V. Total ash:- more than 7%
VI. Acid insoluble ash:-more than 0.8%

9. USES OF HYPERICUM:-
1. Antidepressant
2. In treatment of anxiety, seasonal affective disorders.
3. In the treartment of menopause, mental disorders, premenstrual
syndrome.
4. Food flavour.
5. Hypericin reported to have antiviral potrntial against HIV and
hepatitis C virus.
6. In tratment of fibromyalgia(chronic rheumatic condition), chronic
fatigue syndrome(CSF), burning feelings in the mouth, maigraine,
pain, irritable bowel syndrome,skin diseases.

10. POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF HYPERICUM:-
-Hypericum was taken orally upto 12 weeks, it is considered as safe.
Possible side effects are-
 Trouble sleeping
 Skin rashes
 Dizziness
 Dry mouth
 Irritability
 Anxiety
 Fatigue
 Stomach upset
 Restlessness

11. KAVA-KAVA
SYNONYM:- Ava pepper, Ava root, Awa.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Dried roots of plant Piper methysticum.
FAMILY:- Piperaceae
GEOGRAPHYCAL SOURCE:- Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia.
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:- It is shrub and has heart shaped leaves
and woody stem. Stem are green with swollen nodes. The fruits are barries
with one seed.

12. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF KAVA-KAVA:-
 Root consist of 12% water, 43% starch, 20% fibers, sugars and
minerals.
 Main phytoconstituents are kavalactones, chalcones, kawain, 7,8-
dihydrokawain, methysticin, yangonin, demethoxy yanonin.
 Minor constituents are three chalcones flavokavain A, B and C.

13. Uses of kava-kava:-
 Kava decreases anxiety, stress, insomnia and post menopausual
symptoms.
 It may be used in treatment of cancer, ADHD, epilepsy, psychosis,
depression, CFS and headaches.
 Also in the treatment of vommon cold, respiratory tract infection,
tuberculosis, muscle pain, UTI, skin diseases, and in wounds.
Possible side effects of kava:-
 Not safe during pregnancy and lactation.
 It may cause visual disturbances, GI discomfort, urinary
retention.
 Aggregates the symptoms of depression and parkinson’s
disease.
 When taken orally may cause liver damage, etc.

14. GINKGO
 SYNONYM:- Maiden hair tree, Kew tree
 BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:-Dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba L.
 FAMILY:-Ginkgoaceae.
 GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:- China, USA, Japan, Europe, Australia.
 MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:-
Color:- Bright yellow flowers.
Leaves:- Bilobate.

15. Chemical constituents of Ginkgo:-
 Ginkgo leaves possess variety of glycosides, predominantly flavanol,
mono, di and tri glycosides of isorhamnetin, kaempferol and
quercetin.
 Bio-flavones present are gingketin, gingkolic acid and bilobetin.
 Leaves also possess diterpene lactones, mainly ginkgolides A, B, C,
and J.

16. Uses of ginkgo:-
 Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective agent.
 Plant has antilipedemic, antidiabetic and antioxidant activity.
 It reduces anxiety and treats dementia.
 Also act as anti-allergic, anti-viral, anti-proliferative, anti-tumorigenic
and anti-carcinogenic agent.
Adverse effects:-
 Stomach upset, headache, dizziness, constipation, increasein force
of heartbeat, allergic risk of liver and thyroid cancers.
 High dose of leaf extract may increase risk of liver and thyroid
cancers.
 It is not safe in pregnancy and lactation.
 Ginkgo seeds may cause seizures and death.

17. THANK
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