the top three theories of root apical meristem in plants. The theories are: 1. Apical Cell Theory 2. Histogen Theory 3. Korper-Kappe Theory.The root apical meristem, or root apex, is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived. The root apical meristem is protected as it passes through the soil by an outer region of living parenchyma cells called the root cap.
Specialized tissue or secretary tissue produce and secrete a variety of substances. There are two main types of secretory tissues: laticiferous tissues and glandular tissues. Laticiferous tissues consist of elongated ducts that contain latex, a milky substance rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and other compounds. Glandular tissues contain glands that secrete oils, resins, enzymes and other substances. Secretions may remain within the cells or be released and have various functions in the plant or commercial value.
The document summarizes the types and positions of sori (clusters of sporangia) in ferns. There are three main types of sori: simplices where all sporangia mature simultaneously; gradatae where sporangia mature basipetally from distal to proximal ends; and mixtae which are a mixed aggregation of young and old sporangia. Sori can be marginal, ventral, or borne within structures like sporocarps. Some sori have an indusium or scale for protection, and these can have reniform, circular, funnel-shaped or other morphologies.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
A herbarium is a collection of dried plant specimens mounted on archival paper where the plants are pressed, mounted, labeled with their scientific names, collector, and locality. It involves techniques like collection, pressing, drying, poisoning, mounting, stitching, labeling, filing, and depositing plants. A botanical garden is an educational institution for scientific workers and the public that displays a wide range of labeled plants for cultivation and collection.
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
the top three theories of root apical meristem in plants. The theories are: 1. Apical Cell Theory 2. Histogen Theory 3. Korper-Kappe Theory.The root apical meristem, or root apex, is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived. The root apical meristem is protected as it passes through the soil by an outer region of living parenchyma cells called the root cap.
Specialized tissue or secretary tissue produce and secrete a variety of substances. There are two main types of secretory tissues: laticiferous tissues and glandular tissues. Laticiferous tissues consist of elongated ducts that contain latex, a milky substance rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and other compounds. Glandular tissues contain glands that secrete oils, resins, enzymes and other substances. Secretions may remain within the cells or be released and have various functions in the plant or commercial value.
The document summarizes the types and positions of sori (clusters of sporangia) in ferns. There are three main types of sori: simplices where all sporangia mature simultaneously; gradatae where sporangia mature basipetally from distal to proximal ends; and mixtae which are a mixed aggregation of young and old sporangia. Sori can be marginal, ventral, or borne within structures like sporocarps. Some sori have an indusium or scale for protection, and these can have reniform, circular, funnel-shaped or other morphologies.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
A herbarium is a collection of dried plant specimens mounted on archival paper where the plants are pressed, mounted, labeled with their scientific names, collector, and locality. It involves techniques like collection, pressing, drying, poisoning, mounting, stitching, labeling, filing, and depositing plants. A botanical garden is an educational institution for scientific workers and the public that displays a wide range of labeled plants for cultivation and collection.
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
This document summarizes the order Pentoxylales, which were fossil plants that existed in the Jurassic period. Some key points:
1. Pentoxylales were first discovered and named in 1948 by Indian paleobotanist Birbal Sahni from fossils found in India.
2. They were possibly small shrubs or trees with long and short shoots, spirally arranged leaves, and reproductive organs on short shoots.
3. Stem genera included Pentoxylon and Nipanioxylon, leaves were named Nipaniophyllum, and seed-bearing organs were called Carnoconites.
4. Distinguishing features included polystelic wood, sess
Sporophytic evolution of pteridophytesbhanupriya R
This document discusses the evolution of leaves in pteridophytes. It describes how leaves evolved from simple to complex structures and outlines two main theories for leaf evolution in ferns: the telome theory and enation theory. The telome theory proposes that leaves evolved through the modification of terminal branches, while the enation theory suggests leaves first evolved as outgrowths from the stem. The document also classifies leaves, discusses theories on leaf origin, and analyzes the merits and demerits of the telome and enation theories.
Ethnobotany, history of ethnobotany, aims and objective of ethnobotany, scope...halamobeen
in this presentation a brief note is given about what is ethnobotany. history of ethnobotany. what is the scope of ethnobotany. which are the aims and objective of ethnobotany. and also uses of ethnobotany.
This document summarizes the life cycles of the bryophyte Pogonatum, which alternates between a haploid gametophyte phase and a diploid sporophyte phase. The gametophyte is the dominant phase and is a perennial, erect plant with a rhizome and rhizoids that produce leafy shoots. It reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia to form a zygote. The zygote develops into a sporophyte phase consisting of a foot, seta, and capsule. Spores are produced in the capsule and dispersed. When spores germinate, they form a protonema that develops buds and eventually leafy shoots, restarting
Ferns play several important ecological roles. They provide shelter and food for small animals, help stabilize disturbed soil, and prevent nutrient leaching. Some ferns indicate the presence of certain metals in soil. Ferns also create diverse microhabitats that support a range of organisms by providing moisture, shade, and surfaces for seed germination. Invasive fern species can disrupt local ecosystems.
The document summarizes the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It provides a brief history of botanical naming conventions beginning with Linnaeus' binomial system in 1753. It describes the subsequent meetings that have been held to refine the ICBN rules. The principles of the ICBN are to establish a stable and universal naming system through use of types, priority of publication, and Latin names. Key rules covered include ranks of taxa, typification, requirements for valid publication, author citation, and criteria for selecting correct names when taxa change ranks or are combined or divided. The overall aim of the ICBN is to provide consistency in botanical nomenclature.
Chlorophyta are a division of green algae that contain about 20,000 species. They are eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound organelles like chloroplasts containing chlorophyll. Their thalli range from unicellular to multicellular filamentous forms. Reproduction can occur asexually through zoospores or sexually from isogamy to oogamy. They exhibit a variety of life cycles including haplontic and diplohaplontic patterns with alternation of generations. Chlorophyta are an important group of photosynthetic organisms and include many common pond algae.
This document describes the classification and characteristics of Chlorophyceae, or green algae. It notes that they have chloroplasts with pyrenoids, store starch, and contain chlorophyll a and b. Chlorophyceae are found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. They exist in many forms including unicellular, colonial, filamentous, foliaceous, branched filaments, heterotrichous, siphonaceous, and chara-like forms. Some key orders mentioned are Volvocales, Chlorococcales, Ulotrichales, and Siphonales.
1. Secondary growth in dicot stems occurs through the formation of secondary tissues from lateral meristems. This increases the stem diameter.
2. Two types of lateral meristems are involved - the vascular cambium, which produces secondary vascular tissues, and the cork cambium or phellogen, which forms periderm.
3. Secondary growth results in the formation of secondary xylem (wood) on the inner side and secondary phloem (bast) on the outer side of the vascular cambium. Distinct growth rings are formed in areas with seasonal variations.
basic principles and protocol in plant tissue cultureAlia Najiha
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It allows for the rapid production of exact genetic copies of plants and is used to regenerate whole plants from genetically modified plant cells. The key requirements for successful tissue culture are appropriate explant tissue, a suitable growth medium, aseptic conditions to prevent microbial contamination, growth regulators, and frequent subculturing to provide nutrients and remove waste. The basic steps are selection of explant tissue from a healthy mother plant, sterilization of the tissue, establishment of the explant in a culture medium, multiplication through callus formation and shoot development, and root formation through manipulation of growth regulators. Benefits include providing pathogen-free plants
Bryophytes are useful as pollution indicators and for monitoring air quality. They accumulate pollutants in quantities higher than other plants due to their simple structure and ability to absorb nutrients from ambient moisture. Bryophyte populations decline and disappear in polluted areas, with sensitive species showing visible symptoms from low pollutant levels. Common symptoms include plasmolysis and chlorophyll degradation. Bryophytes can also indicate ecological conditions like pH levels. Their ability to store pollutants over long periods makes them valuable for establishing pollution levels and gradients over time.
Puccinia and Fusarium are fungi. Puccinia causes rust diseases in crops like wheat. It has a complex life cycle involving two hosts - wheat and barberry. It reproduces through spores like uredospores and basidiospores. Fusarium includes plant pathogens and saprophytes. It reproduces asexually through microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores. Both fungi form extensive branched mycelium that infect plants.
In this presentation, concept of halophytes, types of halophyte and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained
This document provides an overview of algae. It describes that algae are thallophytes that contain chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile cell covering around their reproductive cells. It classifies algae based on their habitat as aquatic, terrestrial, aerophytic, cryophytic, thermophytic, or of unusual habit. The document further discusses the structure of algal cells, types of algal thallus organization (unicellular, colonial, filamentous, dendroid), pigments, nutrition, reproduction (vegetative and sexual), examples of beneficial and harmful aspects, and references key characteristics of algae.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
Chemotaxonomy is a little bit difficult task for the students to learn and understand. This slide helps the teachers and students to take class and understood it in a liable way
Pentoxylales were small trees or shrubs that existed in the Jurassic period in India. They had long and short shoots resembling Ginkgo, with spirally arranged leaves and scales. The stems (Pentoxylon) had five triangular segments around a central tissue. Leaves (Nipaniophyllum) were strap-shaped with a midrib. Male cones (Sahnia) bore pollen sacs on short shoots. Female cones (Carnoconites) had ovules aggregated into strobili on short shoots. Stomata were syndetochelic. Wood was pycnoxylic, resembling conifers. Pentoxylales displayed features intermediate between ferns
- Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms that are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs, and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in their xylem.
- There are approximately 35 species of Gnetum distributed mainly in tropical and humid regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. Five species are reported in India.
- Gnetum reproduces sexually as a dioecious plant. The male and female strobili (inflorescences) are compound structures composed of bracts and rings of male or female flowers. Pollen grains contain two nuclei that develop into the male gametophyte within the anther.
Herbaria are collections of preserved plant specimens that serve various important purposes. They provide permanent documentation of plant diversity and distribution over time. Herbaria contain over 300 million specimens worldwide that can be used to study plant taxonomy, geography, ecology, genetics, and for conservation efforts by identifying at-risk species. Well-maintained specimens can last hundreds of years, making herbaria invaluable long-term repositories of botanical information. The largest herbaria, such as the one at Kew Gardens containing over 60 million specimens, are especially useful references for identification.
Herbaria are collections of preserved plant specimens that serve various important purposes. They provide permanent documentation of plant diversity and distribution over time. Herbaria contain over 300 million specimens worldwide that can be used to study plant taxonomy, geography, ecology, genetics, and for conservation efforts. Well-preserved specimens can last hundreds of years, making herbaria invaluable long-term repositories of botanical information. The largest herbaria, such as Kew Gardens in England with over 6 million specimens, are global resources for identification and study of the world's flora.
This document summarizes the order Pentoxylales, which were fossil plants that existed in the Jurassic period. Some key points:
1. Pentoxylales were first discovered and named in 1948 by Indian paleobotanist Birbal Sahni from fossils found in India.
2. They were possibly small shrubs or trees with long and short shoots, spirally arranged leaves, and reproductive organs on short shoots.
3. Stem genera included Pentoxylon and Nipanioxylon, leaves were named Nipaniophyllum, and seed-bearing organs were called Carnoconites.
4. Distinguishing features included polystelic wood, sess
Sporophytic evolution of pteridophytesbhanupriya R
This document discusses the evolution of leaves in pteridophytes. It describes how leaves evolved from simple to complex structures and outlines two main theories for leaf evolution in ferns: the telome theory and enation theory. The telome theory proposes that leaves evolved through the modification of terminal branches, while the enation theory suggests leaves first evolved as outgrowths from the stem. The document also classifies leaves, discusses theories on leaf origin, and analyzes the merits and demerits of the telome and enation theories.
Ethnobotany, history of ethnobotany, aims and objective of ethnobotany, scope...halamobeen
in this presentation a brief note is given about what is ethnobotany. history of ethnobotany. what is the scope of ethnobotany. which are the aims and objective of ethnobotany. and also uses of ethnobotany.
This document summarizes the life cycles of the bryophyte Pogonatum, which alternates between a haploid gametophyte phase and a diploid sporophyte phase. The gametophyte is the dominant phase and is a perennial, erect plant with a rhizome and rhizoids that produce leafy shoots. It reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia to form a zygote. The zygote develops into a sporophyte phase consisting of a foot, seta, and capsule. Spores are produced in the capsule and dispersed. When spores germinate, they form a protonema that develops buds and eventually leafy shoots, restarting
Ferns play several important ecological roles. They provide shelter and food for small animals, help stabilize disturbed soil, and prevent nutrient leaching. Some ferns indicate the presence of certain metals in soil. Ferns also create diverse microhabitats that support a range of organisms by providing moisture, shade, and surfaces for seed germination. Invasive fern species can disrupt local ecosystems.
The document summarizes the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It provides a brief history of botanical naming conventions beginning with Linnaeus' binomial system in 1753. It describes the subsequent meetings that have been held to refine the ICBN rules. The principles of the ICBN are to establish a stable and universal naming system through use of types, priority of publication, and Latin names. Key rules covered include ranks of taxa, typification, requirements for valid publication, author citation, and criteria for selecting correct names when taxa change ranks or are combined or divided. The overall aim of the ICBN is to provide consistency in botanical nomenclature.
Chlorophyta are a division of green algae that contain about 20,000 species. They are eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound organelles like chloroplasts containing chlorophyll. Their thalli range from unicellular to multicellular filamentous forms. Reproduction can occur asexually through zoospores or sexually from isogamy to oogamy. They exhibit a variety of life cycles including haplontic and diplohaplontic patterns with alternation of generations. Chlorophyta are an important group of photosynthetic organisms and include many common pond algae.
This document describes the classification and characteristics of Chlorophyceae, or green algae. It notes that they have chloroplasts with pyrenoids, store starch, and contain chlorophyll a and b. Chlorophyceae are found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. They exist in many forms including unicellular, colonial, filamentous, foliaceous, branched filaments, heterotrichous, siphonaceous, and chara-like forms. Some key orders mentioned are Volvocales, Chlorococcales, Ulotrichales, and Siphonales.
1. Secondary growth in dicot stems occurs through the formation of secondary tissues from lateral meristems. This increases the stem diameter.
2. Two types of lateral meristems are involved - the vascular cambium, which produces secondary vascular tissues, and the cork cambium or phellogen, which forms periderm.
3. Secondary growth results in the formation of secondary xylem (wood) on the inner side and secondary phloem (bast) on the outer side of the vascular cambium. Distinct growth rings are formed in areas with seasonal variations.
basic principles and protocol in plant tissue cultureAlia Najiha
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It allows for the rapid production of exact genetic copies of plants and is used to regenerate whole plants from genetically modified plant cells. The key requirements for successful tissue culture are appropriate explant tissue, a suitable growth medium, aseptic conditions to prevent microbial contamination, growth regulators, and frequent subculturing to provide nutrients and remove waste. The basic steps are selection of explant tissue from a healthy mother plant, sterilization of the tissue, establishment of the explant in a culture medium, multiplication through callus formation and shoot development, and root formation through manipulation of growth regulators. Benefits include providing pathogen-free plants
Bryophytes are useful as pollution indicators and for monitoring air quality. They accumulate pollutants in quantities higher than other plants due to their simple structure and ability to absorb nutrients from ambient moisture. Bryophyte populations decline and disappear in polluted areas, with sensitive species showing visible symptoms from low pollutant levels. Common symptoms include plasmolysis and chlorophyll degradation. Bryophytes can also indicate ecological conditions like pH levels. Their ability to store pollutants over long periods makes them valuable for establishing pollution levels and gradients over time.
Puccinia and Fusarium are fungi. Puccinia causes rust diseases in crops like wheat. It has a complex life cycle involving two hosts - wheat and barberry. It reproduces through spores like uredospores and basidiospores. Fusarium includes plant pathogens and saprophytes. It reproduces asexually through microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores. Both fungi form extensive branched mycelium that infect plants.
In this presentation, concept of halophytes, types of halophyte and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained
This document provides an overview of algae. It describes that algae are thallophytes that contain chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile cell covering around their reproductive cells. It classifies algae based on their habitat as aquatic, terrestrial, aerophytic, cryophytic, thermophytic, or of unusual habit. The document further discusses the structure of algal cells, types of algal thallus organization (unicellular, colonial, filamentous, dendroid), pigments, nutrition, reproduction (vegetative and sexual), examples of beneficial and harmful aspects, and references key characteristics of algae.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
Chemotaxonomy is a little bit difficult task for the students to learn and understand. This slide helps the teachers and students to take class and understood it in a liable way
Pentoxylales were small trees or shrubs that existed in the Jurassic period in India. They had long and short shoots resembling Ginkgo, with spirally arranged leaves and scales. The stems (Pentoxylon) had five triangular segments around a central tissue. Leaves (Nipaniophyllum) were strap-shaped with a midrib. Male cones (Sahnia) bore pollen sacs on short shoots. Female cones (Carnoconites) had ovules aggregated into strobili on short shoots. Stomata were syndetochelic. Wood was pycnoxylic, resembling conifers. Pentoxylales displayed features intermediate between ferns
- Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms that are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs, and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in their xylem.
- There are approximately 35 species of Gnetum distributed mainly in tropical and humid regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. Five species are reported in India.
- Gnetum reproduces sexually as a dioecious plant. The male and female strobili (inflorescences) are compound structures composed of bracts and rings of male or female flowers. Pollen grains contain two nuclei that develop into the male gametophyte within the anther.
Herbaria are collections of preserved plant specimens that serve various important purposes. They provide permanent documentation of plant diversity and distribution over time. Herbaria contain over 300 million specimens worldwide that can be used to study plant taxonomy, geography, ecology, genetics, and for conservation efforts by identifying at-risk species. Well-maintained specimens can last hundreds of years, making herbaria invaluable long-term repositories of botanical information. The largest herbaria, such as the one at Kew Gardens containing over 60 million specimens, are especially useful references for identification.
Herbaria are collections of preserved plant specimens that serve various important purposes. They provide permanent documentation of plant diversity and distribution over time. Herbaria contain over 300 million specimens worldwide that can be used to study plant taxonomy, geography, ecology, genetics, and for conservation efforts. Well-preserved specimens can last hundreds of years, making herbaria invaluable long-term repositories of botanical information. The largest herbaria, such as Kew Gardens in England with over 6 million specimens, are global resources for identification and study of the world's flora.
Herbarium is a collection of dried and pressed plant specimens that are mounted on paper and organized for scientific study. Specimens are collected using tools like a trowel, vasculum, and field notebook. They are then pressed and dried before being mounted on paper sheets and labeled with collection details. Mounted specimens are stored systematically in cabinets and protected from pests through treatments and repellents. Herbaria serve as repositories of plant specimens that allow for identification, research on plant geography and taxonomy, and preservation of type specimens. Two important herbaria mentioned are the Madras Herbarium, one of the oldest, and the Central National Herbarium, one of the largest in the world housing over 2
Herbaria are collections of dried plant specimens that are carefully preserved, labeled, and organized according to taxonomic classification systems. Specimens are collected, pressed, dried and mounted on archival paper with detailed labels providing collection information. Mounted specimens are stored in cabinets and maintained to preserve them for scientific study and reference. Herbaria serve as repositories of voucher specimens that can be used for identification, to study geographic distributions, and as references for taxonomic and floristic research.
Herbaria are collections of dried plant specimens that are carefully preserved, labeled, and organized according to taxonomic classification systems. Specimens are collected, pressed, dried and mounted on paper to be stored in herbaria. This allows plants to be permanently preserved for scientific study, identification and reference. Herbaria play an important role in developing plant identification resources, documenting geographic distributions of species, and preserving type specimens that are critical for taxonomic research.
Herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens that are dried and mounted on sheets of paper. Specimens are used as reference materials to describe plant taxa. Herbaria store specimens in cases organized by species, genus, and family. Modern herbaria maintain electronic databases and digitize specimens. Herbaria are important for studying plant taxonomy, distributions, and nomenclature. They preserve a historical record of vegetation changes and can represent the only record of extinct plants.
The document provides information on preparing, preserving, and storing plant specimens in a herbarium. It defines what a herbarium is and its functions. It describes how to collect, press, dry, poison, mount, label, and store plant specimens. It discusses important herbarium collections around the world and includes techniques for staining specimens. The overall document serves as a guide for building and maintaining a herbarium collection.
The document discusses herbaria, which are collections of preserved plant specimens. It defines herbaria as collections arranged according to classification and stored in cabinets or drawers. The document outlines the history of herbaria, objectives of collecting specimens, proper handling and storage of specimens, and the importance of herbaria for research, teaching, and taxonomy. It also discusses the role of the Botanical Survey of India in managing herbaria and documenting India's plant diversity.
The document discusses the preparation and preservation of plant specimens in herbaria. It covers collecting plant samples, pressing and drying them to remove moisture, mounting the dried samples on paper with labels, and storing them in herbaria for future study. Proper collection, handling, and preservation of plant samples is important for herbaria to serve their functions of conserving botanical information and allowing accurate identification of plant species.
This document discusses herbariums, which are collections of preserved plant specimens. It outlines the aims of herbariums as preserving plants, contributing to scientific studies, and informing the public. There are three main types: national, regional, and local. The techniques for creating herbarium specimens involve collecting, pressing, drying, poisoning, mounting, labeling, and storing plants. Major steps are collection, pressing, drying, mounting, labeling, and storage in cabinets following a classification system. Herbariums play an important role in research, education, and conservation by preserving specimens and geographical distributions. Several important herbariums in India are highlighted.
The document discusses herbariums, which are collections of preserved plant specimens. An herbarium aims to preserve plant specimens through careful drying, labeling, and storage. There are various types of herbaria including national, regional, and local. The techniques for creating herbarium specimens involve collecting, pressing, drying, poisoning, mounting, labeling, and storing the plants. Herbaria are important for scientific study of plants, preserving endangered species, and informing the public about plants and environmental issues. Some major herbaria in India are located in Kolkata, Dehradun, Coimbatore, Mumbai, and other cities.
Herbarium and Botanical gardens by Dr. Priya Trivedi convertedPriya Trivedi
Students will explore about the history of Herbarium and few Botanical gardens of world, India and local area.
Students will know about herbarium techniques.
Students will able to make Herbarium by their own.
Herbarium and botanical gardens by dr. priya trivedi convertedPriya Trivedi
The document discusses herbaria, their techniques, and significance. It provides background on the history of herbaria, beginning with Linnaeus' use of the term in the 15th century. It describes the process of collecting, pressing, drying, poisoning, mounting, and preserving plant specimens. Herbaria are important sources of information for identification, research, and preserving gene pools. The largest herbaria are located in Kew Gardens in London, containing over 6 million specimens. In India, the largest is the Indian Botanical Garden in Kolkata, housing about 1 million specimens.
Taxonomical aids are collections of samples or preserved organisms that help with extensive research for identifying various taxonomic hierarchies. These include herbaria with dried plant specimens, botanical gardens with living plants, zoological parks with animals, museums with preserved specimens, and identification keys based on similarities and differences between organisms. These aids are essential for taxonomic studies, identification, and classification of species in fields like agriculture, industries, and bio resources.
This PPT explains about the various methods and steps of preparation of herbarium specimens. It also describes the various functions performed by herbaria and the various major herbaria of world as well as in India.
Plant collection for phytochemical analysisLaiba Sarwar
Plant material must be collected carefully for phytochemical analysis to minimize changes to chemical composition. Large amounts are needed from abundant populations without harming species survival. Samples are prepared by cutting into small pieces and preserving through drying, freezing, or extraction to send to laboratories for analysis. Proper permits, ethics, collaboration with local experts and institutions, and benefit-sharing are important for sustainable international collecting.
Herbarium- Concept ,types and ImportantDilip Gavande
The document discusses herbariums, which are collections of preserved plant specimens used for reference and study. It provides details about what is included in herbariums, such as dried, pressed and mounted plant specimens arranged systematically. Herbariums serve important functions like conserving plant materials and data, aiding teaching and research, and acting as a record of plant diversity over time. The document lists several major herbariums around the world and highlights the Royal Botanic Garden in Kolkata, India as an important herbarium founded in 1787 that contains tropical plants and supports botanical research.
The herbarium & Botanical gardens are the temples of botanists. This PPT intends to explore these institutes and their role in nature studies for UG courses.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
This document provides instructions for creating an herbarium, which is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It describes the purposes of an herbarium as allowing for accurate plant identification, creating a permanent record, and providing materials for research. The key aspects of making specimens are collecting whole plants or plant parts, pressing and drying them between sheets of paper for weeks, mounting them onto standard-sized paper sheets, and labeling them with identifying information. Proper preparation and storage allows herbarium specimens to last for hundreds of years.
Similar to herbarium utility and maintenance.pptx (20)
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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2. UTILITY OF HERBARIUM
• Herbaria, dried pressed plant specimens and their associated
collections data and library materials, are remarkable and
irreplaceable sources of information about plants and the world they
inhabit.
• They provide the comparative material that is essential for studies in
taxonomy, systematics, ecology, anatomy, morphology, conservation
biology, biodiversity, ethnobotany, and paleobiology, as well as being
used for teaching and by the public.
3. •Herbaria can be used to:
• Discover or confirm the identity of a plant or determine that it is new to science
(taxonomy)
• Provide locality data for planning field trips (taxonomy, systematics, teaching);
• Provide data for floristic studies
• Serve as a repository of new collections (taxonomy and systematics)
• Provide data for revisions and monographs (systematics)
• Verify Latin plant names (nomenclature)
• Serve as a secure repository for “type” specimens
• Facilitate and promote the exchange of new material among institutions
• Allow for the documentation of flowering and fruiting times and juvenile forms
of plants (taxonomy, systematics, ecology, phenology)
4. • Provide the basis for an illustration of a plant
• Provide pollen for taxonomic, systematic, and pollination studies as well as
allergy studies
• Provide samples for the identification of plants eaten by animals
• Document which plants grew where through time
• Document what plants grew with what other plants
• Document the morphology and anatomy of individuals of a particular
species in different locations
• Provide material for microscopic observations
• Provide material for DNA analysis .
• Provide material for chemical analysis (pollution documentation; bio-
prospecting, for coralline algae – determining past ocean temperatures
and chemical concentration)
5. • Provide material for teaching (botany, taxonomy, field botany, plant
communities)
• Serve as a reference library for the identification of parts of plants found in
archeology digs (paleoethnobotany)
• Provide information on common names and local uses of plants
(ethnobotany, economic botany)
• Provide samples for the identification of plants that may be significant to
criminal investigations (forensics)
• Serve as an educational tool for the public
6. The tags of herbarium carry all the information about habitat, habit
local name, flower colour and other characters of the plant, use of
plant, frequency and abundance of species etc. It also includes the
morphological description, range of distribution, variation and uses
In this way it provides data for botanical, ethnobotanical and
phytogeographical studies etc.
It aids in assessment and cataloguing of all species of
economic potential, as commercial species, medicinal herbs,
food plants etc.
7.
8. The herbarium collections of plant material are the working stock for the taxonomists and
other scientists who can make use of them. They are also the repository of basic botanical
knowledge for the country
Clearly they need careful curation and maintenance
The main collections are of dried, vascular plants, mounted on thick-grade archival paper and
placed in species folders within genera, and arranged by plant family within vacuum-sealed
metal cabinets.
The room temperature is maintained at 23oC to prevent the deterioration of the plant
material by pests and diseases.
There are subsidiary collections of lower plants – fungi and algae, also kept in similar
conditions. Small collections of wood, seeds, and fruit are also maintained by the herbarium.
The method of storage must allow for almost indefinite storage of the specimens, some of
which are more than 150 years old. Dried plant material is very delicate, and so must be
handled with great care, and as seldom as possible.
The damage caused by fungi and bacteria is actually less important than that done by insects,
so it is important to disinfest the new plant material before it is mounted on the herbarium
sheets and placed in the main collection.
It is also necessary to continually protect the main collection from the build-up of insect
populations in the cabinets. This is done on a continuous basis by placing the herbarium
folders in an industrial freezer at -30oC for at least two hours and then replacing them on the
shelves. The entire collection is fumigated biennially using the recommended fumigant.
10. • The Maintenance and restoration of herbaria includes the preventive
care, repair, and restoration of herbarium specimens
• .Collections of dried plant specimens are collected from their native
habitats, identified by experts, pressed, and mounted onto archival
paper. Care is taken to make sure major morphological characteristics
are visible.
• Herbaria documentation provides a record of botanical diversity.
• Professionals who make decisions about the conservation-restoration of
botanical specimens include registrars, curators, and conservators who
work on herbarium collections in universities and museums
• Herbarium specimens may be susceptible to water damage, mold,
pests, unattached specimens, dust, dirt, and damage from improper
storage conditions. Preventive conservation can prevent much of the
damage that could occur.
11. Preservation and storage of Herbarium
• Herbarium specimens will last for hundreds of years if properly cared for.
• The best conditions for storage include low temperature F), low humidity, low
light, and infrequent handling. Roaches and certain beetles will destroy plant
specimens.
• kill insects in dried plant specimens by freezing them for three or four days, and
keep them pest-free in a tightly-sealed plastic bag.
• There are various ways to achieve these conditions. In a herbarium, plants are
stored in folders within airtight cabinets.
• Any dried plant material is frozen before entering the herbarium, and the space is
periodically treated with a pyrethrin spray (an organic insecticide made from
chrysanthemums).
• In the BRIT herbarium, plants are organized alphabetically by the plant family to
which they belong, then by the genus, then by geographic area and the species to
which they belong. This organization facilitates the use of the herbarium by
researchers and the public.
12. Agents of Deterioration And maintenance
• Physical Forces-Proper storage in secure and stable shelving
• Water damage resulting from flooding can result in shrinking,
distortion, or staining of plant materials.Damaged of waterlogged
specimens are frozen to delay deterioration and prevent a fungal
attack.
• Common herbarium pests include: silverfish, book lice (psocids),
cigarette or tobacco beetles (Lasioderma), dermestids, drugstore
beetles (Stegobium paniceum)[4] A reoccurring threat to the
longevity of herbarium specimens is insects, a number of which find
dried plants palatable. Historically, various methods have been used
to kill insects, which either come in with the plants when they are
collected or are in the building where the plants are stored.
13. Pests are commonly treated with two different methods
Freezing: Using a clear polyester bag, excess air is pushed out and heat
sealed with the specimen inside or the specimen can be placed inside
polythene bags and sealed with parcel tape. Then it is placed into a
normal domestic freezer for at least 14 days at a temperature of −18 °C,
or for 72 hours if freezing at -30 °C.
Anoxia: Small anoxic environments starve the pests of oxygen and are
created using sealed barrier films and placing oxygen scavengers and
RH buffers inside before sealing.
An integrated pest management program is cost-effective over time
and the best preventive measure against pests.
14. • Fungal attack
• primary risk factor for fungal attack is incomplete drying of specimens,
caused either during the specimen preparation process or afterward, or
in collections that become wet later through flood, other water damage
or improper storage conditions
• . Properly dried plant specimens will not suffer from fungal attack if
stored in the correct conditions. During the drying process specimens
are particularly at risk if they dry slowly. This happens through poor
drying conditions or specimens being wet before being pressed or
having water-retaining or succulent parts.
• Specimens with sugary exudations or large quantities of nectar are also
particularly attractive to fungi and need special care during drying to
ensure that they dry fast enough to prevent mold growth. If fungal
growth occurs on specimens, it can be brushed with
95% ethanol or methylated spirits (denatured alcohol)
15. • Light
Herbarium specimens are sensitive to visible light and ultraviolet radiation,
which can cause fading of biological pigments (fading or shifts in color)
and/or damage to chemical bonds .
• Theft
theft is prevented by maintaining limited access to where collections are
stored. In the event of a specimen leaving the site through outgoing loans,
records are kept which gather letters of request, the transmission of names,
and other supporting documentation.[
• Pollutants
Storage in metal cabinets is the best material to maintain herbaria
collections. Metal cabinets do not release volatile organic compounds as
wooden cabinets do. The metal shelves can be easily cleaned and a well-
sealed cabinet will provide a stable microclimate for the specimen
16. • Disassociation
Ensuring that every specimen has an individual accession number will reduce the
risk of disassociation. The accession number relates that number to an
identifiable object and the object can only be moved if its location is updated,
ensuring the object is never disassociated from its data.
Specimen sheets are stacked in groups by the species to which they belong and
placed into a large lightweight folder that is labeled on the bottom edge.
Groups of species folders are then placed together into larger folders by genus.
The genus folders are then sorted by taxonomic family according to the standard
system selected for use by the herbarium and placed into pigeonholes in
herbarium cabinets
Modern herbaria often maintain electronic databases of their collections. Many
herbaria have initiatives to digitize specimens to produce a virtual herbarium.
These records and images are made publicly accessible via the Internet when
possible.
18. • Cleaning
Dust and dirt are removed from herbarium sheets by using a smoke
sponge.
Conservators gently rub the place where the dirt is and then softly remove
any excess with a fine brush.
Care must be taken by conservators when dealing with older prepared
specimens that may have traces of toxic chemicals.
Making use of personal protective equipment by professionals can reduce
risk of exposure or harm due to dangerous materials.
Broken specimens
Broken specimens are reattached to the herbaria sheet using thinly cut
strips of archival pre-gummed linen tape.
Detached materials such as seeds or leaves are placed in an acid-free card
fragment packet, which is secured onto the sheet with the original
specimen.
19. • Removal from mounting sheet
Unattached specimens are removed from the herbaria sheet by
humidifying it to make them pliable and removing the plant with a
paper lifter (smooth wooden spatula).
They are then placed to dry and flatten along with the original
mounting sheet and written documentation (label and annotations).
The specimen and original documents are then remounted to a new
sheet using the original sheet as reference.