Hepatitis
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Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) which is most commonly spread through blood-to-blood contact, especially among injection drug users by sharing needles. While many initial HCV infections are asymptomatic, the virus persists in the liver in about 85% of cases and may eventually lead to liver damage, cirrhosis, or liver cancer over decades. There is currently no vaccine for HCV.
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Viral hepatitis can be caused by five different viruses that infect the liver. They are transmitted through contaminated food/water or exposure to blood/bodily fluids. While they cause liver inflammation, the viruses differ in modes of transmission, severity of illness, geographical distribution, and prevention methods.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a global health problem affecting over 170 million people worldwide. It is transmitted through blood and body fluids. In Pakistan, studies have found hepatitis C in 18-60% of patients with liver disease. Major risk factors for hepatitis C in Pakistan include unsafe injections, which have been found to transmit hepatitis C due to widespread reusing of needles and syringes. Tattooing and body piercing have also been associated with hepatitis C transmission in Pakistan. Diagnosis involves testing for hepatitis C antibodies and RNA. Treatment involves pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy. Prevention strategies in Pakistan should focus on needle exchange programs, education on safe injection practices, and ensuring access to sterile syringes.
Aids presentation
AIDS is a disease caused by the HIV virus that weakens the immune system. There are currently around 33 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. The virus originated in chimpanzees in central Africa and was first reported in the United States in 1981. HIV attacks CD4 cells and a person is diagnosed with AIDS when their CD4 count drops below 200 or they contract an opportunistic infection. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Prevention focuses on abstinence, monogamy, condom use, safe needle practices, and preventing mother to child transmission. While treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus,
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.
In the beginning, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV-1 virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960 though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier.
The HIV virus descends from the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which infects apes and monkeys in Africa. There is evidence that humans who participate in bush meat activities, commonly acquire SIV. To explain why HIV became epidemic, there are several theories, each invoking specific driving factors that may have promoted SIV, rapid transmission of SIV through unsterile injections, colonial abuses and unsafe smallpox vaccinations or prostitution and the concomitant high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.
peer response about Hepatitis C Virus Discovery of the single.docx
The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was discovered in 1989 and was previously known as non-A, non-B hepatitis. HCV is a bloodborne virus that causes inflammation of the liver and can be transmitted through blood transfusions and sharing needles. While the acute phase of HCV may present no symptoms, chronic HCV can lead to severe scarring of the liver and cirrhosis. There is no vaccine but treatment with direct-acting antiviral drugs for 12-24 weeks can cure chronic HCV infection. Studies have found increases in HCV among young injection drug users from 2006 to 2012. Strategies to reduce HCV incidence by 70% by 2030 include targeting high-risk groups, improving treatment access, promoting safe practices, increasing
32331.ppt
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
What is Hepatitic C its effects
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver. HCV is spread through contact with infected blood, such as through intravenous drug use, unsafe medical procedures, and sexual or household contact with an infected person. Most people infected with HCV develop chronic hepatitis C, where the virus remains in the body, often for life. Chronic hepatitis C can cause serious damage to the liver, leading to complications like cirrhosis or liver cancer. While there is no vaccine, hepatitis C can be cured through antiviral treatment. Prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected blood and getting tested if engaging in risky behaviors.
Aids
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It discusses that HIV weakens the immune system, leading to AIDS if untreated. HIV can be transmitted sexually, through blood or breastfeeding. Early symptoms may include flu-like illness, while later symptoms indicate late-stage infection. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect HIV. While there is no cure, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. Prevention methods include safe sex practices, not sharing drug equipment, and pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. Proper treatment and adherence are important for long-term management.
Hapetitus B Presentation
Hepatitis B is a viral infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus that can lead to liver failure, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. It is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids and common symptoms include fever, fatigue, nausea and jaundice. The hepatitis B virus is 100 times more infectious than HIV. While there is no cure for chronic hepatitis B infection, prevention through vaccination and treatment for those infected can help control the disease.
A basic understanding of HIV surveillance
HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
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