Hemolytic Disease of the newborn ( RH Isoimmunization )
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These slides will discuss the hemolytic disease of the newborn generally , especially the RH incompatibility between mother and child and their effects ..
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hemolytic disease of newborn
This document discusses various hemolytic diseases of the newborn. It describes the causes of hemolytic diseases including Rh incompatibility, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell disease, G6PD deficiency, and thalassemia. It provides details on the presentation, laboratory findings, diagnosis, and management of each condition. The most common cause of maternal isoimmunization is Rh incompatibility. Prevention involves administering anti-Rh D IgG to Rh negative mothers. Hemolytic diseases can cause anemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and in severe cases, erythroblastosis fetalis.
Rh
This document discusses immune conflict that can occur during pregnancy between an Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive fetus. Specifically, it describes Rh isoimmunization, where antibodies produced by the mother's immune system in response to Rh antigens on fetal red blood cells can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells. If left untreated, this hemolytic process can lead to fetal anemia, jaundice, edema, and even hydrops fetalis. The document outlines methods for diagnosing and preventing Rh isoimmunization.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTIONS.
This document summarizes various types of blood transfusion reactions including immune-mediated reactions caused by ABO or RhD incompatibility, as well as non-immune reactions due to errors. It describes the mechanisms, symptoms, and management of hemolytic transfusion reactions, allergic reactions, febrile non-hemolytic reactions, platelet transfusion reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury, graft-versus-host disease, and transfusion-associated circulatory overload. It emphasizes the importance of proper blood type testing and matching to prevent dangerous immune-mediated reactions.
Hemolytic disease of newborn
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), also known as erythroblastosis fetalis, occurs when there is an incompatibility between the mother and baby's blood types. The mother's immune system produces antibodies that destroy the baby's red blood cells. This can cause anemia, liver and spleen enlargement, jaundice, and in severe cases hydrops fetalis or death. HDN is diagnosed through blood tests of both mother and baby. Management may include blood transfusions, phototherapy, IVIG, plasma exchange, and Rh immune globulin injections during pregnancy to prevent sensitization.
Bloood Bank
Pretransfusion testing involves several important steps to ensure blood compatibility and prevent transfusion reactions:
1) Blood typing to determine the patient's ABO and Rh blood group is performed along with antibody screening to detect any unexpected antibodies.
2) Crossmatching tests the patient's serum against donor red blood cells to identify any antibodies that could cause a transfusion reaction.
3) Computerized crossmatching can detect ABO incompatibility but requires strict data entry and confirmation of patient and donor blood types to ensure accuracy.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn. Diagnosis & Treatment
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) occurs when maternal antibodies destroy fetal red blood cells. This can cause anemia, jaundice, and in severe cases, hydrops fetalis. The document discusses the classifications and causes of HDN as well as methods for diagnosing and treating affected fetuses and newborns. Key tests include blood typing the mother and fetus, direct antiglobulin testing, and measuring bilirubin levels. Treatment may involve intrauterine transfusions for severe cases, phototherapy for mild cases, or exchange transfusions for newborns with high bilirubin levels.
Management of Rh Negative Pregnancy
This ppt may help in understanding Rh negative women during pregnancy, labour and postpartum. Great advancements have been made in the detection and management of this condition, and many of our Rh-negative women can now have a happy obstetric career.
Rh negative disease
Rh incompatibility is a condition that occurs during pregnancy if
a woman hasRh-negative blood and
her baby has Rh-positive blood.
"Rh-negative" and "Rh-positive" refer to
whether your blood has Rh factor. Rh factor is a protein on red blood cells. If
you have Rh factor, you're Rh-positive. If you don't have it, you're
Rh-negative. Rh factor is inherited (passed from parents to children through
the genes). Most people are Rh-positive.
Whether you have Rh factor doesn't affect your general health.
However, it can cause problems during pregnancy.
Recommended
hemolytic disease of newborn
This document discusses various hemolytic diseases of the newborn. It describes the causes of hemolytic diseases including Rh incompatibility, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell disease, G6PD deficiency, and thalassemia. It provides details on the presentation, laboratory findings, diagnosis, and management of each condition. The most common cause of maternal isoimmunization is Rh incompatibility. Prevention involves administering anti-Rh D IgG to Rh negative mothers. Hemolytic diseases can cause anemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and in severe cases, erythroblastosis fetalis.
Rh
This document discusses immune conflict that can occur during pregnancy between an Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive fetus. Specifically, it describes Rh isoimmunization, where antibodies produced by the mother's immune system in response to Rh antigens on fetal red blood cells can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells. If left untreated, this hemolytic process can lead to fetal anemia, jaundice, edema, and even hydrops fetalis. The document outlines methods for diagnosing and preventing Rh isoimmunization.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTIONS.
This document summarizes various types of blood transfusion reactions including immune-mediated reactions caused by ABO or RhD incompatibility, as well as non-immune reactions due to errors. It describes the mechanisms, symptoms, and management of hemolytic transfusion reactions, allergic reactions, febrile non-hemolytic reactions, platelet transfusion reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury, graft-versus-host disease, and transfusion-associated circulatory overload. It emphasizes the importance of proper blood type testing and matching to prevent dangerous immune-mediated reactions.
Hemolytic disease of newborn
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), also known as erythroblastosis fetalis, occurs when there is an incompatibility between the mother and baby's blood types. The mother's immune system produces antibodies that destroy the baby's red blood cells. This can cause anemia, liver and spleen enlargement, jaundice, and in severe cases hydrops fetalis or death. HDN is diagnosed through blood tests of both mother and baby. Management may include blood transfusions, phototherapy, IVIG, plasma exchange, and Rh immune globulin injections during pregnancy to prevent sensitization.
Bloood Bank
Pretransfusion testing involves several important steps to ensure blood compatibility and prevent transfusion reactions:
1) Blood typing to determine the patient's ABO and Rh blood group is performed along with antibody screening to detect any unexpected antibodies.
2) Crossmatching tests the patient's serum against donor red blood cells to identify any antibodies that could cause a transfusion reaction.
3) Computerized crossmatching can detect ABO incompatibility but requires strict data entry and confirmation of patient and donor blood types to ensure accuracy.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn. Diagnosis & Treatment
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) occurs when maternal antibodies destroy fetal red blood cells. This can cause anemia, jaundice, and in severe cases, hydrops fetalis. The document discusses the classifications and causes of HDN as well as methods for diagnosing and treating affected fetuses and newborns. Key tests include blood typing the mother and fetus, direct antiglobulin testing, and measuring bilirubin levels. Treatment may involve intrauterine transfusions for severe cases, phototherapy for mild cases, or exchange transfusions for newborns with high bilirubin levels.
Management of Rh Negative Pregnancy
This ppt may help in understanding Rh negative women during pregnancy, labour and postpartum. Great advancements have been made in the detection and management of this condition, and many of our Rh-negative women can now have a happy obstetric career.
Rh negative disease
Rh incompatibility is a condition that occurs during pregnancy if
a woman hasRh-negative blood and
her baby has Rh-positive blood.
"Rh-negative" and "Rh-positive" refer to
whether your blood has Rh factor. Rh factor is a protein on red blood cells. If
you have Rh factor, you're Rh-positive. If you don't have it, you're
Rh-negative. Rh factor is inherited (passed from parents to children through
the genes). Most people are Rh-positive.
Whether you have Rh factor doesn't affect your general health.
However, it can cause problems during pregnancy.
Management of the Rhesus Negative Mother
This document discusses the management of Rh negative mothers during pregnancy. It begins by providing background on the Rh factor and genetics. It then explains the pathophysiology of isoimmunization that can occur when an Rh negative mother carries an Rh positive baby. The remainder of the document outlines the careful management and monitoring required during pregnancy, including prophylactic anti-D injections, Doppler ultrasound scans of the fetus, potential invasive procedures, timing of delivery, and neonatal care. The goal is to prevent sensitization of the mother and complications for the fetus like anemia.
Rh incompatibility/Isoimmunization, BS Nursing
Rh incompatibility occurs when a mother has Rh-negative blood and her baby has Rh-positive blood. During pregnancy or delivery, the mixing of maternal and fetal blood can lead to sensitization, where the mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood. For subsequent pregnancies, these antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy the baby's red blood cells, causing severe anemia or even heart failure. Prevention involves screening mothers for Rh status and providing Rhogam injections during and after pregnancy to prevent sensitization.
Rh Incompatibility
Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby. The mother's immune system sees the Rh+ baby's blood as foreign and produces antibodies against the Rh+ factor. These antibodies can then sensitize the mother for future pregnancies. To prevent sensitization, Rh- mothers are given Rhogam during pregnancy and after delivery of an Rh+ baby to temporarily provide passive immunity against Rh+ blood cells. ABO incompatibility also occurs when a mother's blood type antibodies attack her baby's foreign blood cells. It affects about 20% of pregnancies but usually causes only mild hemolysis. No treatment is needed during pregnancy, but affected newborns may require phototherapy or exchange transfusions.
Red cell alloimmunization (JUNE 2021)
Red cell alloimmunization, also known as Rh disease, occurs when a woman develops antibodies against the Rh factor in her baby's blood. This can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn if she has a subsequent Rh-positive pregnancy. Screening involves testing the mother's blood type and performing an antibody screen and Kleihauer-Betke test if needed. Diagnosis may involve ultrasound to check the fetus for signs of anemia like increased blood flow in the middle cerebral artery. Treatment depends on the severity and includes monitoring the pregnancy, intrauterine fetal transfusions if indicated, or early delivery. Noninvasive prenatal testing using cell-free fetal DNA in the mother's blood can also determine the baby's
Rh isoimmunization
Rh-isoimmunization one of another cause of recurrent pregnancy loss.... dr.s.n.bera & dr. m. dash, m.k.c.g medical college, orissa
Rh isoimmunization
This presentation describes in detail about managing Rh negative pregnancy- to identify and manage Rh non-isommunized and Rh isoimmunized pregnancies, with recent advances
Rh isoimmunization for 4th year Med.Students
This document provides an overview of Rh isoimmunization for medical students. It discusses the Rh blood group system, pathogenesis of Rh isoimmunization, assessment and management of Rh-sensitized pregnancies. Key points include:
1) Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother is sensitized by RhD-positive fetal red blood cells, leading to antibody production and potential hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.
2) Sensitization risk is assessed through indirect Coombs testing, with prophylactic anti-D immunoglobulin administered to unsensitized Rh-negative mothers.
3) Management of sensitized pregnancies involves regular ultrasound monitoring and potential intrauterine
Blood transfusion in obstetrics: evidence based approach
This document discusses evidence-based guidelines for blood transfusion in obstetrics. It covers optimization of hemoglobin levels during pregnancy through treatment of anemia, strategies to minimize blood transfusions, indications for transfusion during labor/delivery and postpartum, and management of obstetric hemorrhage. General principles for transfusion include obtaining consent when possible and actively managing the third stage of labor to reduce blood loss and transfusion needs. Oral iron is the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy.
Blood transfusion in obstetrics
Blood transfusion is an essential component for reducing maternal mortality from obstetric hemorrhage. Risks include transfusion-transmitted infections, immunological reactions, and administering the wrong blood component. In pregnancy, physiological changes like hemodilution complicate blood loss assessment. Blood transfusion is indicated for anemia with Hb <6 g/dL if delivery is imminent or <7 g/dL with signs of bleeding. For obstetric hemorrhage, rapid crystalloid resuscitation and blood component transfusion aiming for a 6:4:1 ratio of packed red blood cells to fresh frozen plasma to platelets is critical for management. Controversies around use of colloids versus crystalloids and
Interpretation of PT and PTT in coagulation disorders
lecture about interpretation of PT and PTT in coagulation disorders and how that interfere in analysis was presented in the lab of the hospital
Blood group
The document summarizes key information about major blood group systems including ABO, Rh, Lewis, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd. It describes the antigens and genes involved in determining blood group types, frequencies in different populations, clinically significant antibodies, and associations with diseases.
Rh D Variants
This document summarizes two case studies presented at an immunohematology workshop on March 27, 2019.
Case 1 involves a 28-year-old woman who experienced postpartum hemorrhaging. Testing found she was RhD positive with anti-D antibodies, indicating a previous sensitization event. Further testing identified her as R1r phenotype and a compatible blood unit was issued.
Case 2 involves a 78-year-old man in need of surgery who was found to have a pan-reactive antibody. Phenotyping identified anti-Hr0 (Rh17), a rare antibody. Finding compatible blood was difficult as his phenotype was not found in his family. Autologous donation was suggested due to the r
Pueperal sepsis
This document discusses puerperal sepsis and infections that can occur after childbirth. The most common infection is puerperal fever, caused by genital tract infections in the first 10 days postpartum. Risk factors for uterine infection include cesarean delivery, prolonged labor, and membrane rupture. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and tenderness. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics, with most women improving within 48-72 hours. Complications include wound infections, parametrial phlegmons, pelvic abscesses, and rarely necrotizing fasciitis or peritonitis.
Rh alloimmunization
Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative pregnant mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive fetal red blood cells. This most commonly happens due to fetomaternal hemorrhage during pregnancy or delivery when fetal cells enter the mother's circulation. The antibodies can then cross the placenta during subsequent pregnancies and destroy fetal red blood cells, causing anemia or even hydrops fetalis. Management of at-risk pregnancies includes determining paternal and fetal Rh status, monitoring antibody titers, and assessing fetal anemia using Doppler ultrasound or invasive tests like amniocentesis if high titers are present. Timely administration of RhIg prophylaxis can prevent sensitization in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fet
Haemolytic disease of new born
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) occurs when maternal antibodies destroy fetal red blood cells. It develops when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. During delivery, fetal red blood cells may enter the mother's circulation and cause her to produce IgG antibodies. These antibodies then cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells, potentially causing jaundice, anemia, or heart failure in the newborn. Treatment may include intrauterine or postnatal blood transfusions. HDN can be prevented through Rh immunoglobulin injections during pregnancy to prevent maternal immunization against the Rh factor.
blood transfusion in neonates (British society of hematology)
Blood transfusion in neonates carries risks and should only be done when benefits outweigh risks. Special considerations for neonates include their small size, immature immune systems, and unique hemoglobin and erythropoiesis characteristics. Clinical guidelines can help standardize best practices to improve outcomes. Strategies to reduce transfusions include delayed cord clamping and restrictive blood sampling. Proper blood component specification, testing, and product selection are crucial to ensure safety.
ABO Blood Type Incompatibility
ABO and Rh blood type incompatibilities between mother and fetus can result in hemolytic disease of the newborn. ABO incompatibility is more common but less severe, as the mother's naturally occurring antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy fetal RBCs starting from the first pregnancy. Rh incompatibility is less common but more severe, as sensitization only occurs after the first Rh-positive pregnancy, allowing subsequent pregnancies to be affected. Clinical management includes phototherapy, exchange transfusions, and Rh immune globulin shots to prevent sensitization. Understanding the biochemical basis of blood group antigens and maternal-fetal immune response is important for managing these conditions.
9 pelvic
HUMAN ANATOMY
regional anatomy
regional anatomy of pelvic
changsha medical university lecture
csmu lecture by an chen
uploaded by Prabesh raj jamkatel
pelvics
hemolytic disease of new born
hemolytic disease of new born is an aquire alla immune hemolytic anemia characterize by production extravascular destruction of RBC within the spleen of new born baby resulting anemia, positive coomb,s test
Hdfn
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN) occurs when maternal IgG antibodies coat fetal red blood cells, causing their destruction both before and after birth. The severity can range from asymptomatic to fetal death. Anti-D is the most common cause but other antibodies like anti-c and anti-K1 can also induce HDFN. Maternal immunization occurs through fetal-maternal hemorrhage during pregnancy events or blood transfusions. Prenatal screening and monitoring of maternal antibody titers and fetal well-being is important. Intrauterine transfusions may be required to treat severe cases. ABO incompatibility is also a major cause of HDFN though it is usually milder since sensitization is not
Anti D prophylaxis- Dr. Shashikala
Anti-D prophylaxis involves administering Anti-D immunoglobulin to Rh-negative women to prevent the production of antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells. This prevents hemolytic disease of the newborn. Anti-D immunoglobulin suppresses the immune response and prevents sensitization. Routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis reduces the rate of sensitization during pregnancy to 0.2% by providing anti-D at 28 weeks even if fetal blood type is unknown. First trimester events like bleeding or termination procedures also require anti-D administration to prevent sensitization. The document discusses the history, mechanisms, testing and management of Rh sensitization and anti-D prophylaxis.
RH ISO IMMUNISATION.pptx 2.pptx
Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells from her baby. This can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Sensitization occurs during pregnancy or delivery when fetal blood cells enter the mother's bloodstream. Subsequent pregnancies with an Rh-positive baby are then at risk, as the antibodies can destroy the baby's red blood cells. Prophylactic anti-D immunoglobulin injections are given during and after pregnancy to prevent sensitization by neutralizing any fetal Rh-positive blood cells. Testing monitors antibody levels and fetal health in sensitized pregnancies. Early delivery may be needed to prevent fetal complications like anemia.
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Management of the Rhesus Negative Mother
This document discusses the management of Rh negative mothers during pregnancy. It begins by providing background on the Rh factor and genetics. It then explains the pathophysiology of isoimmunization that can occur when an Rh negative mother carries an Rh positive baby. The remainder of the document outlines the careful management and monitoring required during pregnancy, including prophylactic anti-D injections, Doppler ultrasound scans of the fetus, potential invasive procedures, timing of delivery, and neonatal care. The goal is to prevent sensitization of the mother and complications for the fetus like anemia.
Rh incompatibility/Isoimmunization, BS Nursing
Rh incompatibility occurs when a mother has Rh-negative blood and her baby has Rh-positive blood. During pregnancy or delivery, the mixing of maternal and fetal blood can lead to sensitization, where the mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood. For subsequent pregnancies, these antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy the baby's red blood cells, causing severe anemia or even heart failure. Prevention involves screening mothers for Rh status and providing Rhogam injections during and after pregnancy to prevent sensitization.
Rh Incompatibility
Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby. The mother's immune system sees the Rh+ baby's blood as foreign and produces antibodies against the Rh+ factor. These antibodies can then sensitize the mother for future pregnancies. To prevent sensitization, Rh- mothers are given Rhogam during pregnancy and after delivery of an Rh+ baby to temporarily provide passive immunity against Rh+ blood cells. ABO incompatibility also occurs when a mother's blood type antibodies attack her baby's foreign blood cells. It affects about 20% of pregnancies but usually causes only mild hemolysis. No treatment is needed during pregnancy, but affected newborns may require phototherapy or exchange transfusions.
Red cell alloimmunization (JUNE 2021)
Red cell alloimmunization, also known as Rh disease, occurs when a woman develops antibodies against the Rh factor in her baby's blood. This can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn if she has a subsequent Rh-positive pregnancy. Screening involves testing the mother's blood type and performing an antibody screen and Kleihauer-Betke test if needed. Diagnosis may involve ultrasound to check the fetus for signs of anemia like increased blood flow in the middle cerebral artery. Treatment depends on the severity and includes monitoring the pregnancy, intrauterine fetal transfusions if indicated, or early delivery. Noninvasive prenatal testing using cell-free fetal DNA in the mother's blood can also determine the baby's
Rh isoimmunization
Rh-isoimmunization one of another cause of recurrent pregnancy loss.... dr.s.n.bera & dr. m. dash, m.k.c.g medical college, orissa
Rh isoimmunization
This presentation describes in detail about managing Rh negative pregnancy- to identify and manage Rh non-isommunized and Rh isoimmunized pregnancies, with recent advances
Rh isoimmunization for 4th year Med.Students
This document provides an overview of Rh isoimmunization for medical students. It discusses the Rh blood group system, pathogenesis of Rh isoimmunization, assessment and management of Rh-sensitized pregnancies. Key points include:
1) Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother is sensitized by RhD-positive fetal red blood cells, leading to antibody production and potential hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.
2) Sensitization risk is assessed through indirect Coombs testing, with prophylactic anti-D immunoglobulin administered to unsensitized Rh-negative mothers.
3) Management of sensitized pregnancies involves regular ultrasound monitoring and potential intrauterine
Blood transfusion in obstetrics: evidence based approach
This document discusses evidence-based guidelines for blood transfusion in obstetrics. It covers optimization of hemoglobin levels during pregnancy through treatment of anemia, strategies to minimize blood transfusions, indications for transfusion during labor/delivery and postpartum, and management of obstetric hemorrhage. General principles for transfusion include obtaining consent when possible and actively managing the third stage of labor to reduce blood loss and transfusion needs. Oral iron is the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy.
Blood transfusion in obstetrics
Blood transfusion is an essential component for reducing maternal mortality from obstetric hemorrhage. Risks include transfusion-transmitted infections, immunological reactions, and administering the wrong blood component. In pregnancy, physiological changes like hemodilution complicate blood loss assessment. Blood transfusion is indicated for anemia with Hb <6 g/dL if delivery is imminent or <7 g/dL with signs of bleeding. For obstetric hemorrhage, rapid crystalloid resuscitation and blood component transfusion aiming for a 6:4:1 ratio of packed red blood cells to fresh frozen plasma to platelets is critical for management. Controversies around use of colloids versus crystalloids and
Interpretation of PT and PTT in coagulation disorders
lecture about interpretation of PT and PTT in coagulation disorders and how that interfere in analysis was presented in the lab of the hospital
Blood group
The document summarizes key information about major blood group systems including ABO, Rh, Lewis, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd. It describes the antigens and genes involved in determining blood group types, frequencies in different populations, clinically significant antibodies, and associations with diseases.
Rh D Variants
This document summarizes two case studies presented at an immunohematology workshop on March 27, 2019.
Case 1 involves a 28-year-old woman who experienced postpartum hemorrhaging. Testing found she was RhD positive with anti-D antibodies, indicating a previous sensitization event. Further testing identified her as R1r phenotype and a compatible blood unit was issued.
Case 2 involves a 78-year-old man in need of surgery who was found to have a pan-reactive antibody. Phenotyping identified anti-Hr0 (Rh17), a rare antibody. Finding compatible blood was difficult as his phenotype was not found in his family. Autologous donation was suggested due to the r
Pueperal sepsis
This document discusses puerperal sepsis and infections that can occur after childbirth. The most common infection is puerperal fever, caused by genital tract infections in the first 10 days postpartum. Risk factors for uterine infection include cesarean delivery, prolonged labor, and membrane rupture. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and tenderness. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics, with most women improving within 48-72 hours. Complications include wound infections, parametrial phlegmons, pelvic abscesses, and rarely necrotizing fasciitis or peritonitis.
Rh alloimmunization
Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative pregnant mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive fetal red blood cells. This most commonly happens due to fetomaternal hemorrhage during pregnancy or delivery when fetal cells enter the mother's circulation. The antibodies can then cross the placenta during subsequent pregnancies and destroy fetal red blood cells, causing anemia or even hydrops fetalis. Management of at-risk pregnancies includes determining paternal and fetal Rh status, monitoring antibody titers, and assessing fetal anemia using Doppler ultrasound or invasive tests like amniocentesis if high titers are present. Timely administration of RhIg prophylaxis can prevent sensitization in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fet
Haemolytic disease of new born
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) occurs when maternal antibodies destroy fetal red blood cells. It develops when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. During delivery, fetal red blood cells may enter the mother's circulation and cause her to produce IgG antibodies. These antibodies then cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells, potentially causing jaundice, anemia, or heart failure in the newborn. Treatment may include intrauterine or postnatal blood transfusions. HDN can be prevented through Rh immunoglobulin injections during pregnancy to prevent maternal immunization against the Rh factor.
blood transfusion in neonates (British society of hematology)
Blood transfusion in neonates carries risks and should only be done when benefits outweigh risks. Special considerations for neonates include their small size, immature immune systems, and unique hemoglobin and erythropoiesis characteristics. Clinical guidelines can help standardize best practices to improve outcomes. Strategies to reduce transfusions include delayed cord clamping and restrictive blood sampling. Proper blood component specification, testing, and product selection are crucial to ensure safety.
ABO Blood Type Incompatibility
ABO and Rh blood type incompatibilities between mother and fetus can result in hemolytic disease of the newborn. ABO incompatibility is more common but less severe, as the mother's naturally occurring antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy fetal RBCs starting from the first pregnancy. Rh incompatibility is less common but more severe, as sensitization only occurs after the first Rh-positive pregnancy, allowing subsequent pregnancies to be affected. Clinical management includes phototherapy, exchange transfusions, and Rh immune globulin shots to prevent sensitization. Understanding the biochemical basis of blood group antigens and maternal-fetal immune response is important for managing these conditions.
9 pelvic
HUMAN ANATOMY
regional anatomy
regional anatomy of pelvic
changsha medical university lecture
csmu lecture by an chen
uploaded by Prabesh raj jamkatel
pelvics
hemolytic disease of new born
hemolytic disease of new born is an aquire alla immune hemolytic anemia characterize by production extravascular destruction of RBC within the spleen of new born baby resulting anemia, positive coomb,s test
Hdfn
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN) occurs when maternal IgG antibodies coat fetal red blood cells, causing their destruction both before and after birth. The severity can range from asymptomatic to fetal death. Anti-D is the most common cause but other antibodies like anti-c and anti-K1 can also induce HDFN. Maternal immunization occurs through fetal-maternal hemorrhage during pregnancy events or blood transfusions. Prenatal screening and monitoring of maternal antibody titers and fetal well-being is important. Intrauterine transfusions may be required to treat severe cases. ABO incompatibility is also a major cause of HDFN though it is usually milder since sensitization is not
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Similar to Hemolytic Disease of the newborn ( RH Isoimmunization )
Anti D prophylaxis- Dr. Shashikala
Anti-D prophylaxis involves administering Anti-D immunoglobulin to Rh-negative women to prevent the production of antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells. This prevents hemolytic disease of the newborn. Anti-D immunoglobulin suppresses the immune response and prevents sensitization. Routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis reduces the rate of sensitization during pregnancy to 0.2% by providing anti-D at 28 weeks even if fetal blood type is unknown. First trimester events like bleeding or termination procedures also require anti-D administration to prevent sensitization. The document discusses the history, mechanisms, testing and management of Rh sensitization and anti-D prophylaxis.
RH ISO IMMUNISATION.pptx 2.pptx
Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells from her baby. This can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Sensitization occurs during pregnancy or delivery when fetal blood cells enter the mother's bloodstream. Subsequent pregnancies with an Rh-positive baby are then at risk, as the antibodies can destroy the baby's red blood cells. Prophylactic anti-D immunoglobulin injections are given during and after pregnancy to prevent sensitization by neutralizing any fetal Rh-positive blood cells. Testing monitors antibody levels and fetal health in sensitized pregnancies. Early delivery may be needed to prevent fetal complications like anemia.
Drugs 1.pptx
This document discusses anti-D immunoglobulin, which is prepared from plasma of Rh-negative individuals sensitized with Rh-positive cells. It acts by destroying Rh antigen. The document outlines its mechanism of action, preparation, dose, uses for preventing Rh alloimmunization and ITP, and potential side effects. Causes, risks, and prevention of fetomaternal hemorrhage are also reviewed.
RH incompatibility.pptx
1. Blood group is defined by the ABO system (O, A, B, AB) and the Rhesus system (Rh positive or negative).
2. Rh disease occurs when an Rh-negative mother is pregnant with an Rh-positive baby. Her immune system develops antibodies that can cross the placenta and destroy the baby's red blood cells.
3. Management involves routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for Rh-negative mothers and monitoring of sensitized mothers through antibody titers and fetal Doppler testing. Intrauterine transfusions may be needed to treat severe fetal anemia.
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
Rhesus Isoimmunisation
Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby and fetal-maternal hemorrhage of Rh-positive fetal red blood cells into the mother's circulation triggers the formation of anti-D antibodies. This can sensitize the mother and cause hemolytic anemia in subsequent Rh-positive pregnancies if the anti-D antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells. Administering RhoGAM (anti-D immunoglobulin) to the mother during and after pregnancy can prevent sensitization by neutralizing any Rh-positive fetal red blood cells that enter her circulation. Close monitoring and medical management is required for sensitized Rh-negative mothers to prevent harm to
Rh incompatility
The document discusses Rh and ABO blood group incompatibility. It begins by defining Rh disease as a hemolytic disease caused when a Rh-negative woman has a Rh-positive fetus. It then covers the incidence of Rh-negative blood types globally and genetically. The mechanisms of alloimmunization and antibody formation in the mother are described. Methods of prevention include Rh immunoglobulin administration and careful delivery techniques. The most common blood groups found in a study of Indian blood donors were O positive and AB negative was the rarest.
The use of anti D (rcog guidelines)
This document provides guidelines for the use of anti-D immunoglobulin (anti-D Ig) for Rhesus D prophylaxis. It discusses the history and pathogenesis of Rh isoimmunization, appropriate dosing and administration of anti-D Ig, sensitizing events requiring prophylaxis, and the implementation of routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis programs. The guidelines aim to prevent RhD alloimmunization in RhD-negative women by outlining evidence-based best practices for anti-D Ig administration.
THE MANAGEMENT OF RH NEGATIVE PREGNANCY.pptx
This document provides guidance on managing pregnancies in Rh-negative women who have developed red blood cell antibodies either prior to or during pregnancy. The most common antibody encountered is anti-D, which occurs when an Rh-negative woman is pregnant with an Rh-positive baby. Close monitoring and preventative treatment is needed to prevent Rh disease, wherein antibodies cross the placenta and hemolyze the fetus's red blood cells. Management involves screening, anti-D immunoglobulin injections, Doppler ultrasound monitoring of anemia, and timely delivery depending on antibody levels and severity of anemia.
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Topic 19: Alloimmunization in Pregnancy.pdf
This patient is at high risk for Rh alloimmunization in her current pregnancy due to her history of Rh sensitization. Rh alloimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal blood cells, most commonly the RhD antigen. This can be prevented with RhoGAM prophylaxis within 72 hours of exposure. For this patient, her previous sensitization could have been prevented with proper RhoGAM administration after her first delivery. Her current pregnancy requires close monitoring of the fetus for signs of anemia through ultrasound and potential need for intrauterine transfusions given her history and high anti-D antibody titer of 1:256.
Iso immunization
Iso immunization occurs when a woman develops antibodies against her fetus's blood type if it differs from her own. This poses a risk for Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive babies. Upon initial exposure, the mother may develop weak IgM antibodies, but upon subsequent exposures the antibodies become IgG, which can cross the placenta and destroy the fetus's red blood cells. This can cause complications like anemia, jaundice, and fetal death. Rh-negative mothers are given Rh-D immunoglobulin after risks of feto-maternal bleeding to prevent sensitization and complications in future pregnancies. Sensitized mothers require close fetal monitoring and may need intrauterine transfusions.
Thromboprophylaxis During Pregnancy, Labour And
This document provides guidelines for thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy, labor, and after vaginal delivery. It outlines various risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) including pre-existing conditions like previous DVT or thrombophilia, as well as transient risks from procedures, immobilization, or medical complications. It recommends individual assessment and management based on risk factor profile, including consideration of antenatal low molecular weight heparin for high risk groups like those with previous VTE or inherited thrombophilia. Postpartum prophylaxis for at least 6 weeks is also advised for many groups based on their VTE risk.
Rh isoimmunisation
Rh isoimmunization occurs when a Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive fetal red blood cells. This can cause hemolytic disease in future Rh-positive pregnancies. Prophylaxis with Rh immunoglobulin is highly effective at preventing sensitization. For sensitized pregnancies, maternal anti-D titers and fetal middle cerebral artery Doppler are used to monitor for anemia. Severe anemia may require cordocentesis or intrauterine transfusions. After delivery, affected newborns may need exchange transfusions or other supportive care to manage hyperbilirubinemia and anemia. Prompt and specialized treatment can help prevent complications in isoimmunized pregnancies.
Rh incompatibility
As the science is advancing day by day still we are fighting with the nature.. but still prevention is better than cure.
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This document discusses the risk factors, testing, and management of Rh-negative pregnancies where the father is Rh-positive. It outlines serial antibody testing and ultrasound monitoring for at-risk pregnancies. For cases where the fetus is affected, it describes intrauterine fetal transfusions, indications for early delivery, and cord blood collection/testing after delivery.
rh isoimmunization.pdf
1) Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal blood cells, leading to production of IgG antibodies that can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells.
2) Prevention involves identifying at-risk Rh-negative mothers and administering anti-D immunoglobulin within 72 hours of potential fetal-maternal hemorrhage to suppress immunization.
3) For sensitized pregnancies, fetal anemia is monitored through Doppler ultrasound or invasive tests, and treated with intrauterine transfusions if severe anemia is detected before 35 weeks.
recurrent pregnancy loss.pptx
Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as three or more consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks. The main investigations recommended are testing for antiphospholipid antibodies, hysterosalpingography or sonohysterography to check for uterine anomalies, karyotyping of both parents and any fetal tissue to check for genetic abnormalities, and checking the thyroid, glucose, and thrombophilia profiles. The results of these tests can help identify causes like antiphospholipid syndrome, structural uterine issues, chromosomal translocations, thyroid abnormalities, or inherited bleeding disorders and guide further treatment.
2_2019_02_23!1ehefguuthutyj0_34_21_PM.pptx
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Hemolytic Disease of the newborn ( RH Isoimmunization )
- 3. .
- 15. Fetal red blood cells antibodies attack hemolysis
- 18. Anti AAnti BAnti BAnti A O Blood Type AB Blood TypeB Blood TypeA Blood Type A+ B+ A+ B+ A+ B+ A+ B+ Anti A Anti B Anti B Anti A
- 19. Rh –ve mother Rh +ve husband Rh –ve husband antibody Anti-Dtreatment -ve +ve
- 30. anti-D
- 31. routine FMH
- 37. The following recommendations apply to women who are Rh(D)-negative and whose fetus is, or may be, Rh(D)-positive: We recommend routine administration of anti-D immune globulin early in the third trimester . The optimum dose regimen in the United States is . This practice reduces the incidence of antenatal isoimmunization %.
- 38. We recommend administration of antenatal anti-D immune globulin when there is an increased risk of fetomaternal hemorrhage. Some examples include miscarriage, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, multifetal reduction, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, blunt abdominal trauma, external cephalic version, antepartum bleeding, and fetal death. We administer 300 micrograms.
- 39. Repeat dosing for situations where there may be an ongoing risk for fetomaternal hemorrhage (such as chronic placental abruption or placenta previa with intermittent vaginal bleeding) can be managed with serial determinations of the maternal indirect Coombs every three weeks with repeat dosing if it is found to be negative. We recommend administration of anti-D immune globulin within 72 hours of delivery of an Rh(D)- positive infant. We administer 300 micrograms and also test for excessive fetomaternal hemorrhage in case additional doses are needed.
- 40. If anti-D immune globulin is inadvertently omitted after delivery, we recommend giving it as soon as possible after recognition of the omission . Partial protection is afforded with administration within 13 days of the birth, and there may be an effect as late as 28 days after delivery. .
- 41. within 72 hours of delivery to a postpartum nonsensitized Rh-negative woman. all Rh-negative nonsensitized women at 28 week of gestation. Bleeding Early : ectopic pregnancy Abortion Molar pregnancy APH : Placenta brevia Abruptio placenta Vasa brevia invasive prenatal procedures amniocentesis chorion villus sampling fetal blood sampling external version of the fetus abdominal trauuma At riskRoutine