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This document discusses the use of plant-derived genes for insect resistance. It focuses on two proteins: cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) and alpha-amylase inhibitor. CpTI inhibits the enzyme trypsin in insect digestive systems, interfering with growth and potentially causing death. Alpha-amylase inhibitor provides resistance by targeting the amylase enzyme. The document outlines past research transferring these genes to other plants like tobacco and beans to develop insect-resistant crops without chemicals. It also discusses the need to identify new insecticidal genes and proteins from sources like bacteria to control pests in a sustainable manner over the long term.
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Role and scope of transgenic herbicide resistant crops
Role and scope of transgenic herbicide resistant cropsBihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar)
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by small RNA molecules. The presentation described the RNAi pathway and various applications of RNAi technology in crop improvement, including increasing nutrient levels, developing virus and pest resistance, and reducing anti-nutritional compounds. Several case studies were provided that demonstrated how RNAi has been used to successfully modify traits in different crops like maize, cotton, coffee, and banana.
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Herbicide tolerance plants are developed to control weeds that compete with crops for resources and can reduce crop yields by 20% annually. Weeds are typically controlled mechanically or through herbicides. Glyphosate is a commonly used broad-spectrum herbicide that acts by inhibiting the shikimate pathway enzyme EPSP synthase, preventing aromatic amino acid production. Transgenic plants are made tolerant to glyphosate by introducing the aroA gene to allow continued shikimate pathway function. Phosphinothricin resistance is conferred by the bar gene, which allows detoxification of the glutamine synthase inhibitor phosphinothricin. Bromoxynil tolerance results from the bxn gene introducing nitril
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- More than 300 plant viruses have been reported which can cause diseases in crops like retarded growth, lowered yields, and even complete crop failure.
- Plants have natural defenses against viruses like hypersensitive response and extreme resistance which causes infected cells to die in order to prevent spread of the virus.
- Transgenic techniques can also be used to develop virus-resistant plants, such as inserting virus coat protein, replicase, or movement protein genes, using antisense RNA or RNA interference strategies.
- While transgenic virus-resistant crops could control plant virus diseases, there are some potential safety issues to consider like increased virulence of viruses, recombination between viral sequences, and effects on non-target organisms
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Abstract
Many agriculturally important traits such as grain yield, protein content and relative disease resistance are controlled by many genes and are known as quantitative traits (also polygenic or complex traits). A quantitative trait depends on the cumulative actions of many genes and the environment. The genomic regions that contain genes associated with a quantitative trait are known as quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Thus, a QTL could be defined as a genomic region responsible for a part of the observed phenotypic variation for a quantitative trait. A QTL can be a single gene or a cluster of linked genes that affect the trait. The effects of individual QTLs may differ from each other and change from environment to environment. The genetics of a quantitative trait can often be deduced from the statistical analysis of several segregating populations. Recently, by using molecular markers, it is feasible to analyze quantitative traits and identify individual QTLs or genes controlling the traits of interest in breeding programs.
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Plants have evolved various constitutive and induced defense strategies against herbivores. Constitutive defenses include physical defenses like thorns and trichomes as well as chemical defenses like alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Induced defenses are activated in response to herbivore attack and can be direct like proteinase inhibitors or indirect like releasing volatile signals to attract natural enemies of herbivores. Key phytohormones like jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mediate induced defense responses by activating genes related to toxins, repellents, and signal production. Understanding these plant defense mechanisms could help develop new ecofriendly pest management approaches for agriculture.
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Marker free transgenic strategy
This presentation discusses strategies for developing transgenic plants without selectable marker genes. Marker genes are commonly used to identify transformed cells but can be problematic for public acceptance and future transformations. Methods described for producing marker-free transgenics include the MAT system which uses oncogenes for selection instead of antibiotics, site-specific recombination systems which flank the marker gene for later excision, and transposon-based systems which separate the gene of interest from the marker gene. While several viable methods exist, more work is still needed before marker-free crops can be commercialized. Removing marker genes supports multiple-gene stacking and improves public acceptance of transgenic technologies.
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- More than 300 plant viruses have been reported which can cause diseases in crops like retarded growth, lowered yields, and even complete crop failure.
- Plants have natural defenses against viruses like hypersensitive response and extreme resistance which causes infected cells to die in order to prevent spread of the virus.
- Transgenic techniques can also be used to develop virus-resistant plants, such as inserting virus coat protein, replicase, or movement protein genes, using antisense RNA or RNA interference strategies.
- While transgenic virus-resistant crops could control plant virus diseases, there are some potential safety issues to consider like increased virulence of viruses, recombination between viral sequences, and effects on non-target organisms
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and its applications in plant breeding
Abstract
Many agriculturally important traits such as grain yield, protein content and relative disease resistance are controlled by many genes and are known as quantitative traits (also polygenic or complex traits). A quantitative trait depends on the cumulative actions of many genes and the environment. The genomic regions that contain genes associated with a quantitative trait are known as quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Thus, a QTL could be defined as a genomic region responsible for a part of the observed phenotypic variation for a quantitative trait. A QTL can be a single gene or a cluster of linked genes that affect the trait. The effects of individual QTLs may differ from each other and change from environment to environment. The genetics of a quantitative trait can often be deduced from the statistical analysis of several segregating populations. Recently, by using molecular markers, it is feasible to analyze quantitative traits and identify individual QTLs or genes controlling the traits of interest in breeding programs.
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Molecular markers such as SNPs, SSRs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and RFLPs can be used for crop improvement through applications like marker-assisted selection, linkage mapping, and trait-based selection. Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can identify specific locations in the genome and are linked to important agronomic traits. They are useful because they are selectively neutral, co-segregate with traits of interest, and follow Mendelian inheritance patterns.
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Transgenesis, Intragenesis and Cisgenesis: A Brief Review
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Transgenic plants for insect resistance (review)
Transgenic plants can be engineered for insect resistance using two main approaches. The first involves introducing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that code for delta endotoxins toxic to insects. The second uses plant-derived genes encoding proteins like protease inhibitors, lectins, and chitinases that interfere with insect growth. While Bt crops were first commercialized in the 1990s, research continues to identify new insecticidal genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants to combat evolving insect resistance and protect crops. Field testing of transgenic plants is needed to evaluate new gene sources and potential for controlling agricultural insect pests over the long term.
Induced resistance in pest management
Plants have evolved various constitutive and induced defense strategies against herbivores. Constitutive defenses include physical defenses like thorns and trichomes as well as chemical defenses like alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Induced defenses are activated in response to herbivore attack and can be direct like proteinase inhibitors or indirect like releasing volatile signals to attract natural enemies of herbivores. Key phytohormones like jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mediate induced defense responses by activating genes related to toxins, repellents, and signal production. Understanding these plant defense mechanisms could help develop new ecofriendly pest management approaches for agriculture.
Antimicrobial peptides and innate immunity
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are part of the innate immunity in plants. It discusses five classes of AMPs found in plants - thionins, defensins, lipid transfer proteins, snakins, and related knotteins/cyclotides/hevein-like peptides. Thionins are the first AMP isolated from plants and are cationic peptides containing disulfide bridges that primarily act on microbial membranes. Plant AMPs play a role in the constitutive and induced defenses of plants against pathogens.
GM crops
This slides of highlights the methods for development of transgenic plants, their application and biosafety issues
Transgenic strategies for improving rice disease resistance
This document discusses strategies for developing transgenic rice with resistance to diseases. It begins by noting the importance of rice as a staple food and the many diseases that affect rice production. Transgenic approaches are proposed as a way to develop durable disease resistance through genetic engineering. Different strategies for engineering resistance to viruses, bacteria, and fungi are described, including expressing coat proteins, replication enzymes, RNA interference, and defense-related genes. Transformation techniques like Agrobacterium-mediated transfer are also outlined. The document concludes by acknowledging both the promise and limitations of transgenic disease resistance in rice.
Insects resistance crops
This document discusses insect-resistant crops, including how genes from microorganisms, plants, and animals can confer insect resistance when introduced into crop plants. It covers various types of insect-resistant crops like Bt corn, rice, and cotton that have been commercialized. While insect-resistant crops can reduce pesticide usage, some have concerns about their safety and impact. The technology continues to advance as new genes are discovered and combined to target more pests and prevent insect resistance.
Trichoderma ppt
Mode of action and commercial products available in market and its application. This ppt is very helpful for u guys.
Protease inhibitor and molecular interaction in insect
commonly recognized as a significant component of natural plant defense, as they inactivate digestive proteases upon insect herbivory.
Insects resistance docs
Insects resistance plants , is a transgenic plant in which a particular desire gene are transferred into host plant.
Insect resisance ppt
1. The seminar discusses developing transgenic plants resistant to insects through the transfer of resistance genes from microorganisms, higher plants, and animals into crop plants.
2. Major objectives of plant biotechnology are to develop plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Resistance to insects has been achieved by introducing genes encoding Bt toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and other insecticidal proteins.
3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
Effectiveness of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate against house sparrow (...
Among avian pests, house sparrow caused serious depredations, not only to seeds, but also seedlings of various crops particularly in the organic farming. Different mechanical and chemical ways have been reported to manage these losses all over the world. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of two bird repellents namely methylanthranilate and anthraquinone to manage the depredations of wheat seeds and seedlings against house sparrow in captivity. For this purpose house sparrows were offered with treated and untreated seeds and seedlings of wheat in two aviaries. By providing treated seeds and seedlings with these repellents, the relative effectiveness was appraised by comparing the consumed and unconsumed seeds and seedlings. Feeding responses of these birds against different doses of these repellents were investigated with the help of the closed circuit cameras adjusted in the aviaries. During the whole experiment among trial and control group highly significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) variance when wheat seeds and seedlings were offered to house sparrows. House sparrows were influenced more quickly by consuming wheat seeds and seedlings treated with both repellents. Sparrows displayed noticeable head-shaking and feather ruffling behavior by consuming the treated seeds and seedlings. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Resistance ppt
This document discusses genetic engineering for resistance to biotic stress. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms that can damage crops. Various techniques for genetically engineering plants for resistance are described, including using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to make plants resistant to certain insects. Case studies on developing resistance to the European corn borer in Bt corn and developing glyphosate resistance in crops through different strategies are summarized. The development of transgenic crops with traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are also briefly outlined.
Toxic Effects of some Pungent Smelling Seed Extracts and Powders on Sitophilu...
Sitophilus zeamais is a notorious field-to-store pest of maize in the Tropic. The use of chemical insecticides, regardless of its adverse effects has been the major means of managing this pest. In this study, bio-insecticides of plant origin was used to control maize weevil in the store. The dry fruits of Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta were extracted with ethanol, using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts and powders were evaluated on S. zeamais Motschulsky for mortality, oviposition and adult emergence. The long term storage of the treated maize was also investigated. The results obtained shows that all extracts and powders from C. frutescens and P. guineense caused 100 % mortality by day 12 of exposure with all extract concentrations and doses of powder applied. Powders of A. melegueta was able to achieve 100 % mortality only by day 12 of exposure. The extracts also suppressed oviposition and subsequent adult emergence. Extracts and powders of A. melegueta and P. guineense completely prevented infestation and hence damage of the treated maize grains for a period of three months. The result obtained suggests that extracts and powders of the test plants most especially that of P. guineense and C. frutescens can be utilized in protecting stored maize grains from infestation by S. zeamais.
Antibiotics etc. anupam 2017
This document provides information on various antibiotics used to control bacterial and fungal diseases in plants. It discusses the history and discovery of penicillin as the first antibiotic. It describes commonly used plant antibiotics like streptomycin, oxytetracycline and gentamicin. It also covers antifungal antibiotics such as aureofungin, griseofulvin and blasticidin. The document concludes by outlining various modes of action of antibiotics, including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis.
Effect of Agrobacterium Induced Necrosis, Antibiotic Induced Phytotoxicity an...
This document discusses the challenges of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in plants. Specifically, it examines the biotic and abiotic stress factors imposed on plant tissues during the transformation process, such as necrosis caused by Agrobacterium infection and phytotoxicity from antibiotic treatment. The study investigated these stress effects on the transformation of two plants - Ammi majus (a medicinal plant) and pearl millet (a cereal crop). It found the explant survival rates after transformation were low (8% for A. majus and 5% for pearl millet), and identified Agrobacterium infection, antibiotic treatment, and other factors as being responsible for lower transformation efficiency and survival. The document discusses strategies to
Transgenics in biotic stress management
Transgenic crops can help manage biotic stress by engineering plants to resist pathogens and pests. Bt crops produce Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis that are toxic to insect pests but safe for humans and animals. Bt maize, brinjal, rice and other crops have been engineered with Cry genes to resist key insect pests. Protease inhibitors have also been used to transform plants to interfere with insect digestion. Additionally, genes encoding chitinase and glucanase have been introduced to plants to enhance their resistance to fungal diseases like Rhizoctonia solani. The combined expression of these genes results in more effective prevention of disease development.
Transgenic plant
This seminar discusses transgenic plants. Transgenic plants are genetically modified to contain genes artificially inserted through engineering. This allows traits like pest resistance, increased yield, and growth in stressful conditions. The seminar outlines methods for creating transgenic plants, including using bacteria to insert DNA. Examples given are plants resistant to viruses, insects, and herbicides. Both advantages, like improved food supply, and disadvantages, like possible human health effects, are discussed. The seminar concludes that transgenic plants offer a way to produce medicines and vaccines for developing nations.
ROLE OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
1. Secondary metabolites in plants play an important role in innate immunity and disease resistance. They are classified into terpenes, phenolics, and nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds.
2. Terpenes are the largest class of secondary metabolites derived from acetyl-CoA or glycolytic intermediates. Phenolic compounds include coumarins, lignins, flavonoids, and tanins.
3. Secondary metabolites can act as phytoanticipins, which are constitutively present, or phytoalexins, which are induced after pathogen attack. Phytoanticipins include glucosinolates, cyanogenic glucosides, and benzoxazinone glucosides.
Neem Sigma Xi
The neem tree has many medicinal and pesticidal properties that have been used for over 2000 years. The study evaluated neem extracts against the army worm, finding that the extracts killed eggs and all life stages of the worm. Neem extracts are a safe, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling insects in gardens and around homes. The extracts affected development, feeding, and survival of the army worm through various modes of action. The research demonstrates neem's potential for insect control for small farmers and homeowners.
application of plant transformation for productivity and performance
This document discusses pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in plants. It notes that plants produce PR proteins when under pathogen attack, like from fungi. There are over 14 families of PR proteins with different functions, such as having antifungal, glucanase, or chitinase activity. The document outlines several specific PR proteins (PR-1 through PR-5), describing their molecular weights, presence in various plant species, and antifungal mechanisms. It also mentions several other types of antifungal proteins found in plants.
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Transgenic strategies for improving rice disease resistance
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Hemant seminar
- 1. Submitted By Hemant Sharma Seminar On Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor And Alpha Amylase Inhibitor
- 2. introduction Loss of agriculture 37% pest and dieases. 13% insects Use of chemicals is harmful for plants and also for other animals and birds.. Future planning ……environment friendly methods of insect resistance by breeding techniques.e.g somatic hybrid potato have resistance against potato beetle.. ( J. Cheng et all,2002)
- 3. Use of plant-derived genes Plants derived proteins protects plants from insect attack..importantly protect from those insect that attack on seeds. Different proteins as proteases inhibitors interfere with growth and development of larvae of insects and cause death of them. (C.A. Ryan,2000)
- 5. Cereal trypsin/-amylase Trypsin is a serine protease found in the digestive system of human and animals. An amylase is en enzyme that present in the saliva of humans and mamals where it begins the chemical process of digestion.
- 6. A Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor(CpTI) A trypsin inhibitor is a type of serine protease inhibitor that reduces the biological activity of trypsin. Trypsin is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of many different proteins including as part of digestion in plant and humans. As a result protease inhibitors that interfere with its activity can have an antinutritional effect.
- 7. • A trypsin inhibitor was purified from mature Cowpea seed. • A full length cDNA encoding the trypsin inhibitor protein was isolated from a cDNA library that was construct using mRNA from developing seed. • Tobacco protoplast were transformed with a construct composed of CaMV 35S promoter, CpTI gene and using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated direcr gene transfer. The CpTI gene has been integrated into the plant genome , and expressed CpTI protein from transgenic plants was catalytically active.
- 8. a-Amylase inhibitors Common bean Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) have seed protein a.amylase (a.AI). a.amylase defense against insects. A.amylase from common bean resistance to bruchid beetle (Bruchus pisorum).
- 9. Transfer of a.amylase gene to azuki bean protect it from 3 species of bruchids. Drawback: in nature Acnathoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes subfasciatus feed on those plants that produced a.amylase.having serine proteases that able to cleave a.amylase.. (M. Ishimoto,1996)
- 10. New insecticidal genes Struggle for identification of new insecticidal products. Usually plant samples…….tropical plants and bacteria of different physiology stages. B.thuringensis produced a protein Vip3A against Lepidoptera e.g. cutworms (corn pest). (J.J. Estruch et all,2003) Streptomyces secretes cholesterol oxydase against boll weevil. (H.-J. Cho et all,2005) These are new interesting sources for engineering resistance.
- 11. conclusions: Engineering crops with insecticidal protein genes is one of first major projects in plant biotechnology. The value of such technology to the Seed biotechnology industry, the farmer, the environment and the consumer is obvious. Insect-resistant crops could reduce the cost, time and efforts spent protecting crops from insects. Environment friendly… Continuing research on new sources of resistance is essential for the long term control of insect pests.
- 12. Continuing research on new sources of resistance is essential for the long term control of insect pests. In a first step, studies on the expression and potential of the new insecticidal genes can be performed in model plants such as tobacco. In a second step, the selected gene(s) must be introduced into the target crop. In another step, field trials must be performed in different locations and for several years. (M.O. Santos et all,2006)
- 13. THANKYOU!