International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Exergetic efficiency analysis of hydrogen–air detonation in pulse detonation ...BBIT Kolkata
Exergy losses during the combustion process, heat transfer, and fuel utilization play a vital role in the analysis of the
exergetic efficiency of combustion process. Detonation is thermodynamically more efficient than deflagration mode of
combustion. Detonation combustion technology inside the pulse detonation engine using hydrogen as a fuel is energetic
propulsion system for next generation. In this study, the main objective of this work is to quantify the exergetic efficiency
of hydrogen–air combustion for deflagration and detonation combustion process. Further detonation parameters are
calculated using 0.25, 0.35, and 0.55 of H2 mass concentrations in the combustion process. The simulations have been
performed for converging the solution using commercial computational fluid dynamics package Ansys Fluent solver. The
details of combustion physics in chemical reacting flows of hydrogen–air mixture in two control volumes were simulated
using species transport model with eddy dissipation turbulence chemistry interaction. From these simulations it was
observed that exergy loss in the deflagration combustion process is higher in comparison to the detonation combustion
process. The major observation was that pilot fuel economy for the two combustion processes and augmentation of
exergetic efficiencies are better in the detonation combustion process. The maximum exergetic efficiency of 55.12%,
53.19%, and 23.43% from deflagration combustion process and from detonation combustion process, 67.55%, 57.49%,
and 24.89%, are obtained from aforesaid H2 mass fraction. It was also found that for lesser fuel mass fraction higher
exergetic efficiency was observed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
CFD Analysis on the Effect of Injection Timing for Diesel Combustion and Emis...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the effect of injection timing in diesel combustion. Ansys Fluent a computational fluid dynamics tool is used to study the combustion of diesel with three different injection timing. The fuel is injected before TDC, at TDC and after TDC. The parameters such as temperature, pressure, velocity, density, soot and NOx emission are compared. The specie transport model is used for modelling the combustion. Standard k-e (2 equ) is used for modelling the turbulence. The analysis is carried out by only considering the compression and expansion strokes. The pressure reaches the maximum when the fuel is injected before TDC and the maximum temperature is when injected at TDC. The NOx emission is less when the fuel is injected at TDC and the soot formation is when fuel injected before TDC.
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR OPTIMIZATION OF THE CROSS IGNITION PROCESS IN GASTURBINE-...ijscmcjournal
Reducing of pollutants with simultaneous increase of the gas turbine power, is always a fundamental aim
of the Turbine technology. New developed structures and operating systems in the turbine production have
been established. In the meanwhile, burning instabilities are still appearing in these systems during a
Cross-ignition process (CI), creating pollutants due to high flame temperatures, and are not yet completely
investigated.
The phenomena of a CI is taking place during operation of malty-burner combustion chambers, when one
burner is extinguished and a particular volume of combustible mixture is formed in the distance between
this burner and the adjacent lightened one, which considered to be as an ignition path.
Cross ignition process should be performed along the ignition path in a particularly controlled small time.
So that, no excessive quantities of combustible mixtures will be injected during this time in the combustion
chamber. Otherwise, burning instabilities and mechanical wear will be occurred.
Depending on this illustration, the Cross Ignition Time (CIT) of an extinguished burner, that will be
considered as the evaluation measure for the entire cross-ignition process, should be Possibly as low as its
normal ignition time.
The main objective of this project is to reproduce constructive criteria for controlling of cross ignition
process by influencing the mixing process and heat flux in a defined mixing zone existing along the ignition
path.
Design Criteria for Optimization of the Cross Ignition Process in Gasturbine-...ijscmcj
Reducing of pollutants with simultaneous increase of the gas turbine power, is always a fundamental aim of the Turbine technology. New developed structures and operating systems in the turbine production have been established. In the meanwhile, burning instabilities are still appearing in these systems during a Cross-ignition process (CI), creating pollutants due to high flame temperatures, and are not yet completely investigated.The phenomena of a CI is taking place during operation of malty-burner combustion chambers, when one burner is extinguished and a particular volume of combustible mixture is formed in the distance between this burner and the adjacent lightened one, which considered to be as an ignition path. Cross ignition process should be performed along the ignition path in a particularly controlled small time.So that, no excessive quantities of combustible mixtures will be injected during this time in the combustion chamber. Otherwise, burning instabilities and mechanical wear will be occurred. Depending on this illustration, the Cross Ignition Time (CIT) of an extinguished burner, that will be considered as the evaluation measure for the entire cross-ignition process, should be Possibly as low as its normal ignition time.The main objective of this project is to reproduce constructive criteria for controlling of cross ignition process by influencing the mixing process and heat flux in a defined mixing zone existing along the ignition path.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Exergetic efficiency analysis of hydrogen–air detonation in pulse detonation ...BBIT Kolkata
Exergy losses during the combustion process, heat transfer, and fuel utilization play a vital role in the analysis of the
exergetic efficiency of combustion process. Detonation is thermodynamically more efficient than deflagration mode of
combustion. Detonation combustion technology inside the pulse detonation engine using hydrogen as a fuel is energetic
propulsion system for next generation. In this study, the main objective of this work is to quantify the exergetic efficiency
of hydrogen–air combustion for deflagration and detonation combustion process. Further detonation parameters are
calculated using 0.25, 0.35, and 0.55 of H2 mass concentrations in the combustion process. The simulations have been
performed for converging the solution using commercial computational fluid dynamics package Ansys Fluent solver. The
details of combustion physics in chemical reacting flows of hydrogen–air mixture in two control volumes were simulated
using species transport model with eddy dissipation turbulence chemistry interaction. From these simulations it was
observed that exergy loss in the deflagration combustion process is higher in comparison to the detonation combustion
process. The major observation was that pilot fuel economy for the two combustion processes and augmentation of
exergetic efficiencies are better in the detonation combustion process. The maximum exergetic efficiency of 55.12%,
53.19%, and 23.43% from deflagration combustion process and from detonation combustion process, 67.55%, 57.49%,
and 24.89%, are obtained from aforesaid H2 mass fraction. It was also found that for lesser fuel mass fraction higher
exergetic efficiency was observed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
CFD Analysis on the Effect of Injection Timing for Diesel Combustion and Emis...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the effect of injection timing in diesel combustion. Ansys Fluent a computational fluid dynamics tool is used to study the combustion of diesel with three different injection timing. The fuel is injected before TDC, at TDC and after TDC. The parameters such as temperature, pressure, velocity, density, soot and NOx emission are compared. The specie transport model is used for modelling the combustion. Standard k-e (2 equ) is used for modelling the turbulence. The analysis is carried out by only considering the compression and expansion strokes. The pressure reaches the maximum when the fuel is injected before TDC and the maximum temperature is when injected at TDC. The NOx emission is less when the fuel is injected at TDC and the soot formation is when fuel injected before TDC.
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR OPTIMIZATION OF THE CROSS IGNITION PROCESS IN GASTURBINE-...ijscmcjournal
Reducing of pollutants with simultaneous increase of the gas turbine power, is always a fundamental aim
of the Turbine technology. New developed structures and operating systems in the turbine production have
been established. In the meanwhile, burning instabilities are still appearing in these systems during a
Cross-ignition process (CI), creating pollutants due to high flame temperatures, and are not yet completely
investigated.
The phenomena of a CI is taking place during operation of malty-burner combustion chambers, when one
burner is extinguished and a particular volume of combustible mixture is formed in the distance between
this burner and the adjacent lightened one, which considered to be as an ignition path.
Cross ignition process should be performed along the ignition path in a particularly controlled small time.
So that, no excessive quantities of combustible mixtures will be injected during this time in the combustion
chamber. Otherwise, burning instabilities and mechanical wear will be occurred.
Depending on this illustration, the Cross Ignition Time (CIT) of an extinguished burner, that will be
considered as the evaluation measure for the entire cross-ignition process, should be Possibly as low as its
normal ignition time.
The main objective of this project is to reproduce constructive criteria for controlling of cross ignition
process by influencing the mixing process and heat flux in a defined mixing zone existing along the ignition
path.
Design Criteria for Optimization of the Cross Ignition Process in Gasturbine-...ijscmcj
Reducing of pollutants with simultaneous increase of the gas turbine power, is always a fundamental aim of the Turbine technology. New developed structures and operating systems in the turbine production have been established. In the meanwhile, burning instabilities are still appearing in these systems during a Cross-ignition process (CI), creating pollutants due to high flame temperatures, and are not yet completely investigated.The phenomena of a CI is taking place during operation of malty-burner combustion chambers, when one burner is extinguished and a particular volume of combustible mixture is formed in the distance between this burner and the adjacent lightened one, which considered to be as an ignition path. Cross ignition process should be performed along the ignition path in a particularly controlled small time.So that, no excessive quantities of combustible mixtures will be injected during this time in the combustion chamber. Otherwise, burning instabilities and mechanical wear will be occurred. Depending on this illustration, the Cross Ignition Time (CIT) of an extinguished burner, that will be considered as the evaluation measure for the entire cross-ignition process, should be Possibly as low as its normal ignition time.The main objective of this project is to reproduce constructive criteria for controlling of cross ignition process by influencing the mixing process and heat flux in a defined mixing zone existing along the ignition path.
Effect of Ambient Temperature and Composition on Liquid Droplet CombustionIJERA Editor
An unsteady, spherically symmetric, single component, diffusion controlled gas phase droplet combustion
model was developed assuming infinite kinetics and no radiation effects. Finite difference technique was used to
solve time dependent equations of energy and species. Adiabatic flame temperature which is important for
calculating thermodynamic properties was calculated by employing a detailed method. Effects of ambient
temperature and composition on important combustion parameters like adiabatic flame temperature, droplet
mass burning rate, burning constant and droplet lifetime were obtained. Results indicated that flame
temperature, burning constant and mass burning rate increased with an increase in ambient temperature while
the droplet life time decreased. The present gas phase code was used in conjunction with the Olikara and
Borman code for obtaining concentration of important species. Emission results showed that for a 100m nheptane
droplet burning in standard atmosphere, an increase in ambient temperature led to an increase in NO
and CO concentrations and a decrease in CO2 and H2O concentrations. Extinction diameter for a 3000m nheptane
droplet burning in oxygen-helium environment was determined. Also, effects of ambient temperature
and composition were obtained on droplet lifetime and mass burning rate as a function of initial droplet
diameter. The present gas phase model is simple but realistic and can be incorporated in spray combustion
codes.
A general interest to reduce fossil fuel consumption and to limit combustion
emissions, increase the efficiency of combustion chambers. One of the most important
processes in a gas turbine combustor, influencing to a large extent the efficiency of the
entire combustion process is the mixing between a swirling annular jet (primary air) and
the non-swirling inner jet (fuel).In normal swirling combustor, primary swirling air is
only supplied to the chamber and is mixed with the fuel but we here introduce a small
duct in the chamber containing a small amount of air without swirl and make it to mix
with the fuel and the primary swirling air. We have modified the design of the swirl
combustor by introducing a bluff body over the flow of the turbulent jet through which the
turbulent air will pass causing the axial velocity. For the purpose of simulation of the
required model of swirl combustor we are using the recent tools like ANSYS, ICEM, CFD
and FLUENT software’s. Using these tools the numerical investigation has been done.
The various values that are obtained are compared with the previous results of the swirl
combustor and the increase in the efficiency of the combustion has been noted
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Optimizing Bunsen burner Performance Using CFD AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A COMBINED CYCLE GAS TURBINE UNDER VARYING OPERATING ...meijjournal
The combined cycle gas turbine integrates the Brayton cycle as topping cycle and the steam turbine
Rankine cycle as bottoming cycle in order to achieve higher thermal efficiency and proper utilization of
energy by minimizing the energy loss to a minimum. In this work, the effect of various operating
parameters such as maximum temperature and pressure of Rankine cycle, turbine inlet temperature and
pressure ratio of Brayton cycle on the net output work and thermal efficiency of the combine cycle are
investigated. The outcome of this work can be utilized in order to facilitate the design of a combined cycle
with higher efficiency and output work. A MATLAB simulation has been carried out to study the effects and
influences of the above mentioned parameters on the efficiency and work output.
Combustion and Mixing Analysis of a Scramjet Combustor Using CFDijsrd.com
The present study is to determine flow field in the three-dimensional scramjet engine combustor with coupled implicit NS equations, the standard k-ε turbulence model are used and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation reaction model has to be applied to simulate numerically for the flow field of the hydrogen, diesel and methane fueled scramjet combustor with a planer strut flame holder under two different working conditions, the working condition include the cold flow and engine ignition. ANSYS Fluent software is used to solve the analysis, with hot and cold inlet velocities, the mach number for air and fluids are 2 and 1 respectively, inflow fluids are varied as hydrogen, diesel and methane. Due to combustion the recirculation region behind the wedge becomes larger as compared to mixing case and it acts as a flame holder for the methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2) and diesel (C10H22) diffusion. It is also evident from the simulation studies; the combustion affects the flow field significantly. The leading edge shock reflected off the upper and lower combustor walls facilitates on setting of combustion when it hits the wake in a region where large portions of the injected fuel have been mixed up with the air. The pressure, velocity and temperature distributions along the geometry are estimated and discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
The blowoff limits and flashback limits for different diameter to length rati...Jameel Tawfiq
A 129 kWh swirl gas burner was used, where the effect of the burner geometry on the operation window was studied. Using LPG. The length of the burner edge was studied by taking three values of length (5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm) which represent the ratio (1,2 and 3) to the diameter of the burner respectively. To enhance the combustion stability a swirl vane guide was used to obtain swirl flow and improve the flame structure. The result show that the increase in length of burner neck will decrease the swirl coherent structure and turn the flow to diffusion flow which increase the ability to have boundary layer flashback. However with the limit of burner used, increasing the length of burner neck gives a good result in blowoff side by bush it to leaner limits around ɸ=0.38 but in term of flashback it will bring it to leaner limits too, which is not preferable.. Although, this improvement is linked to the fuel type in first place but the flow structure has a significant impact on flame stability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The energy costs of a power plant consist of startup cost and cost of power usage. In contrast to
the existing literature, this study introduces at startup cost based on the duration of thermal power plant
downtime. The approach of startup cost function in this research is done by using startup type. Startup of a
steam power plant depends on its condition. Generally, there are three types of startup the power plant
when the turbine temperature is still very high, i.e. hot start, very hot start and very-very hot start. This
paper uses multistage optimization to solve the problem of hydrothermal scheduling with including the
startup type cost in the objective function. The simulation results showed operating cost savings when the
objective function for optimization also consider the cost based on startup type i.e. when compared with
the optimization result which the objective function does not take the cost of startup type.
The present paper describes some results of research in the area of twin spark ignition engine. The potential of dual plug spark ignition engine is assessed by studying its performance and emission characteristics relative to that of single plug ignition engine using gasoline as fuel at different ignition timings. A new dual ignition engine has been developed by introducing two spark plugs at suitable locations. Experiments were conducted at different load conditions and three different ignition timings. The results have shown that performance of dual plug engine is comparatively better than the conventional single plug ignition engine under all three ignition timings. The results have shown considerable performance improvement in power output and thermal efficiency, as well as reduction in BSFC, HC, and CO emission in dual plug mode of operation.
Investigation on multi cylinder s.i engine using blends of hydrogen and cngeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Simulation Studies Of Premixed N-Pentane/Air Liquid Micro CombustionIJERA Editor
With latest improvements in MEMS, combustion based Micro-Power generation devices are seen as alternatives for conventional batteries because of the high energy densities of Hydrogen and other hydrocarbon fuels. An important feature of micro-power system is to utilize the combustion of fuel or propellant in the micro-burner to produce the gas with high temperature and high pressure to drive turbines or other power units, which convert chemical into energy directly or indirectly other forms of energy, for example heat or power. We have concentrated on the usage of Micro combustion as a substitute for conventional batteries .In our study, a Micro Combustor of 1mm x 10mm is taken for Numerical Study. Combustion characteristics of N Pentane-Air mixture in a planar micro-channel is studied numerically. We have performed the liquid fuel combustion of n-Pentane and air to study the effects of liquid fuel combustion in a micro channel. The effect of axial velocity inlet, on exhaust gas temperature and Hydrogen Peroxide addition on exhaust gas concentration was analyzed respectively. We also investigated numerically the combustion characteristics under different conditions such as by varying the DPM, Number of Fuel Streams, and Spray Angle and so on. For this numerical analysis, an experimental model is considered as reference, and the geometry and the boundary conditions are taken from it for the purpose of simulation. In this study, n-Pentane is introduced as liquid droplets at the centerline and the liquid combustion is simulated numerically.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Ambient Temperature and Composition on Liquid Droplet CombustionIJERA Editor
An unsteady, spherically symmetric, single component, diffusion controlled gas phase droplet combustion
model was developed assuming infinite kinetics and no radiation effects. Finite difference technique was used to
solve time dependent equations of energy and species. Adiabatic flame temperature which is important for
calculating thermodynamic properties was calculated by employing a detailed method. Effects of ambient
temperature and composition on important combustion parameters like adiabatic flame temperature, droplet
mass burning rate, burning constant and droplet lifetime were obtained. Results indicated that flame
temperature, burning constant and mass burning rate increased with an increase in ambient temperature while
the droplet life time decreased. The present gas phase code was used in conjunction with the Olikara and
Borman code for obtaining concentration of important species. Emission results showed that for a 100m nheptane
droplet burning in standard atmosphere, an increase in ambient temperature led to an increase in NO
and CO concentrations and a decrease in CO2 and H2O concentrations. Extinction diameter for a 3000m nheptane
droplet burning in oxygen-helium environment was determined. Also, effects of ambient temperature
and composition were obtained on droplet lifetime and mass burning rate as a function of initial droplet
diameter. The present gas phase model is simple but realistic and can be incorporated in spray combustion
codes.
A general interest to reduce fossil fuel consumption and to limit combustion
emissions, increase the efficiency of combustion chambers. One of the most important
processes in a gas turbine combustor, influencing to a large extent the efficiency of the
entire combustion process is the mixing between a swirling annular jet (primary air) and
the non-swirling inner jet (fuel).In normal swirling combustor, primary swirling air is
only supplied to the chamber and is mixed with the fuel but we here introduce a small
duct in the chamber containing a small amount of air without swirl and make it to mix
with the fuel and the primary swirling air. We have modified the design of the swirl
combustor by introducing a bluff body over the flow of the turbulent jet through which the
turbulent air will pass causing the axial velocity. For the purpose of simulation of the
required model of swirl combustor we are using the recent tools like ANSYS, ICEM, CFD
and FLUENT software’s. Using these tools the numerical investigation has been done.
The various values that are obtained are compared with the previous results of the swirl
combustor and the increase in the efficiency of the combustion has been noted
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Optimizing Bunsen burner Performance Using CFD AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A COMBINED CYCLE GAS TURBINE UNDER VARYING OPERATING ...meijjournal
The combined cycle gas turbine integrates the Brayton cycle as topping cycle and the steam turbine
Rankine cycle as bottoming cycle in order to achieve higher thermal efficiency and proper utilization of
energy by minimizing the energy loss to a minimum. In this work, the effect of various operating
parameters such as maximum temperature and pressure of Rankine cycle, turbine inlet temperature and
pressure ratio of Brayton cycle on the net output work and thermal efficiency of the combine cycle are
investigated. The outcome of this work can be utilized in order to facilitate the design of a combined cycle
with higher efficiency and output work. A MATLAB simulation has been carried out to study the effects and
influences of the above mentioned parameters on the efficiency and work output.
Combustion and Mixing Analysis of a Scramjet Combustor Using CFDijsrd.com
The present study is to determine flow field in the three-dimensional scramjet engine combustor with coupled implicit NS equations, the standard k-ε turbulence model are used and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation reaction model has to be applied to simulate numerically for the flow field of the hydrogen, diesel and methane fueled scramjet combustor with a planer strut flame holder under two different working conditions, the working condition include the cold flow and engine ignition. ANSYS Fluent software is used to solve the analysis, with hot and cold inlet velocities, the mach number for air and fluids are 2 and 1 respectively, inflow fluids are varied as hydrogen, diesel and methane. Due to combustion the recirculation region behind the wedge becomes larger as compared to mixing case and it acts as a flame holder for the methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2) and diesel (C10H22) diffusion. It is also evident from the simulation studies; the combustion affects the flow field significantly. The leading edge shock reflected off the upper and lower combustor walls facilitates on setting of combustion when it hits the wake in a region where large portions of the injected fuel have been mixed up with the air. The pressure, velocity and temperature distributions along the geometry are estimated and discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
The blowoff limits and flashback limits for different diameter to length rati...Jameel Tawfiq
A 129 kWh swirl gas burner was used, where the effect of the burner geometry on the operation window was studied. Using LPG. The length of the burner edge was studied by taking three values of length (5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm) which represent the ratio (1,2 and 3) to the diameter of the burner respectively. To enhance the combustion stability a swirl vane guide was used to obtain swirl flow and improve the flame structure. The result show that the increase in length of burner neck will decrease the swirl coherent structure and turn the flow to diffusion flow which increase the ability to have boundary layer flashback. However with the limit of burner used, increasing the length of burner neck gives a good result in blowoff side by bush it to leaner limits around ɸ=0.38 but in term of flashback it will bring it to leaner limits too, which is not preferable.. Although, this improvement is linked to the fuel type in first place but the flow structure has a significant impact on flame stability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The energy costs of a power plant consist of startup cost and cost of power usage. In contrast to
the existing literature, this study introduces at startup cost based on the duration of thermal power plant
downtime. The approach of startup cost function in this research is done by using startup type. Startup of a
steam power plant depends on its condition. Generally, there are three types of startup the power plant
when the turbine temperature is still very high, i.e. hot start, very hot start and very-very hot start. This
paper uses multistage optimization to solve the problem of hydrothermal scheduling with including the
startup type cost in the objective function. The simulation results showed operating cost savings when the
objective function for optimization also consider the cost based on startup type i.e. when compared with
the optimization result which the objective function does not take the cost of startup type.
The present paper describes some results of research in the area of twin spark ignition engine. The potential of dual plug spark ignition engine is assessed by studying its performance and emission characteristics relative to that of single plug ignition engine using gasoline as fuel at different ignition timings. A new dual ignition engine has been developed by introducing two spark plugs at suitable locations. Experiments were conducted at different load conditions and three different ignition timings. The results have shown that performance of dual plug engine is comparatively better than the conventional single plug ignition engine under all three ignition timings. The results have shown considerable performance improvement in power output and thermal efficiency, as well as reduction in BSFC, HC, and CO emission in dual plug mode of operation.
Investigation on multi cylinder s.i engine using blends of hydrogen and cngeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Simulation Studies Of Premixed N-Pentane/Air Liquid Micro CombustionIJERA Editor
With latest improvements in MEMS, combustion based Micro-Power generation devices are seen as alternatives for conventional batteries because of the high energy densities of Hydrogen and other hydrocarbon fuels. An important feature of micro-power system is to utilize the combustion of fuel or propellant in the micro-burner to produce the gas with high temperature and high pressure to drive turbines or other power units, which convert chemical into energy directly or indirectly other forms of energy, for example heat or power. We have concentrated on the usage of Micro combustion as a substitute for conventional batteries .In our study, a Micro Combustor of 1mm x 10mm is taken for Numerical Study. Combustion characteristics of N Pentane-Air mixture in a planar micro-channel is studied numerically. We have performed the liquid fuel combustion of n-Pentane and air to study the effects of liquid fuel combustion in a micro channel. The effect of axial velocity inlet, on exhaust gas temperature and Hydrogen Peroxide addition on exhaust gas concentration was analyzed respectively. We also investigated numerically the combustion characteristics under different conditions such as by varying the DPM, Number of Fuel Streams, and Spray Angle and so on. For this numerical analysis, an experimental model is considered as reference, and the geometry and the boundary conditions are taken from it for the purpose of simulation. In this study, n-Pentane is introduced as liquid droplets at the centerline and the liquid combustion is simulated numerically.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Numerical Simulation of Flow in a Solid Rocket Motor: Combustion Coupled Pres...inventionjournals
Acomputational study is performed for the simulation of reactive fluid flow in a solid rocket motor chamber with pressure dependent propellant burning surface regression. The model geometry consists of a 2D end burning lab-scale motor. Complete conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy and species are solved with finite rate chemistry. The pressure dependent regressive boundary in the combustion chamber is treated by use of remeshing techniques. Hydrogen and propane combustion processes are examined. Time dependent pressure and burning rate variations are illustrated comprehensively. Temperature and species mass fraction variations are given within the flame zone. Temperature, velocity and density distributions are compared for both constant burning rate and pressure dependent burning rate simulations.
Fundamental Aspects of Droplet Combustion ModellingIJERA Editor
The present paper deals with important aspects of liquid droplet evaporation and combustion. A detailed
spherically symmetric, single component droplet combustion model is evolved first by solving time dependent
energy and species conservation equations in the gas phase using finite difference technique. Results indicate
that the flame diameter
F
first increases and then decreases and the square of droplet diameter decreases
linearly with time. Also, the
FD/
ratio increases throughout the droplet burning period unlike the quasi-steady
model where it assumes a large constant value. The spherically symmetric model is then extended to include the
effects of forced convection. Plots of
2 D
and droplet mass burning rate
mf
versus time are obtained for steady
state, droplet heating and heating with convection cases for a n-octane droplet of 1.3 mm diameter burning in
standard atmosphere. It is observed that the mass burning rate is highest for forced convective case and lowest
for droplet heating case. The corresponding values of droplet lifetime follow the inverse relationship with the
mass burning rate as expected. Emission data for a spherically symmetric, 100
m
n-heptane droplet burning
in air are determined using the present gas phase model in conjunction with the Olikara and Borman code [1]
with the aim of providing a qualitative trend rather than quantitative with a simplified approach. It is observed
that the products of combustion maximise in the reaction zone and NO concentration is very sensitive to the
flame temperature. This paper also discusses the general methodology and basic governing equations for
analysing multicomponent and high pressure droplet vaporisation/combustion in a comprehensible manner. The
results of the present study compare fairly well with the experimental/theoretical observations of other authors
for the same conditions. The droplet sub models developed in the present work are accurate and yet simple for
their incorporation in spray combustion codes.
CFD Port Flow Simulation of Air Flow Rate in Spark Ignition EngineDr. Amarjeet Singh
In the early stages of development of internal combustion engine (ICE), limitations such as speed, range, and lifespan led to series of researches resulting in the reduction or elimination of these limitations. Combustion in ICE is a rapid and controlled endothermic reaction between air in oxygen and fuel which is accompanied by significant increase in temperature and pressure with the production of heat, flame and carbon particle deposits. This combustion process is a phenomenon that involves turbulence, loss of air-fuel mixture during inflow and outflow into the cylinder. The objection of this study is to perform port flow analysis on ICE to determine flow rate and swirl at different valve lift under stationary engine parts.Methodology employed to analyze and solve the ICE port flow simulation is the use of CFD software that uses the finite volume method of numerical analysis to solve the continuity, Navier-Stokes and energy equations governing the air medium in the internal combustion engine cylinder. The model geometry for the analysis was generated using the Ansys Design Modeller for one cylinder, one suction port and one exhaust port, and two valves. The domain considered is internal combustion engine suction port with 86741 nodes and 263155 elements.
Study results revealed that air mass was more concentrated around the valve and inlet port cross-section with swirling motion seen, air stream experienced turbulence as it flowed downwards inside the cylinder, air stream spread was turbulent which will eventually enhance smooth combustion, swirling air stream moves towards the cylinder wall where it experienced tumbling and turbulent which will eventually enhance smooth combustion. From the simulation it was revealed that mass flow rate of inlet air increases with valve lift.
The CFD Analysis of Turbulence Characteristics in Combustion Chamber with Non...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Co-Axial jets have applications in areas where the mixing of two fluid jets are necessary, the two
fluid jets can be effectively mixed by producing the turbulence flow. Turbulence is a chaotic behavior of the fluid
particles that comes in to picture when the inertia force of the flow dominates the viscous force and it is
characterized by the Reynolds Number. Co-axial jets are effective in producing the turbulence. In the present
study the free compressible turbulent coaxial jet problem will be computed using CFD, and compare with
different non circular coaxial jets based on constant hydraulic diameter and mass flow rate. Turbulence
characteristics of combustion chamber with circular coaxial and non circular coaxial jets are determined and
compared.
Keywords: Coaxial Jet, Turbulence Modeling, Fuel injector, Combustion chamber.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MODELLING FOR CROSS IGNITION TIME OF A TURBULENT COLD MIXTURE IN A MULTI BURN...ijcsa
The impact of Cross Ignition process (CI) in the gas turbine operation and environmental issue is still
investigated for extending the efficiency of gas turbine engines and meanwhile decreasing the environment
pollution.This paper presents various constructive influential parameters and analysis of their related
interaction during CI. A developed computational model for determination of cross-ignition time (CIT) is
proposed, based on previous relevant models for thermal analysis and for distinguishing of heat fluxes in
combustion processes.
Due to the first analysis of theoretical results, experimental investigation for various operating conditions
were essential to validate the developed computational model of the CIT. Thus, a simple experimental test
rig is designed for this purpose, and for validation of certain conditions of the computational model.
Meanwhile, for expanding the investigations in higher energy conversion and reducing expensive testprocedures,
that are conducted during critical test running, a new strategy is proposed for simulating the
thermal heat fluxes throughout the burners compartment model by implementation of Computational Fluid
Dynamic (CFD).
Finally, new constructive criteria based on the validated investigations will enable the future generation of
gas turbine combustors to operate in critical conditions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The white paper was presented at the Combustion Institute Canadian Section (CI/CS) 2017. The Spring Technical Meeting was held on the McGill University campus in Montreal, from May 15-18, 2017.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF POROUS MEDIA COMBUSTION CHAMBER IN DIESE...IAEME Publication
Diesel engines, particularly direct injection types, have been an important choice as prime movers in heavy-duty applications such as on-road, off-road, marine and industrial usage due to their high brake thermal efficiency. The fuel economy and exhaust emission regulations, new technologies, development time and cost reduction require increasingly sophisticated solutions to improve the diesel engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions. In this paper we have analyzed the combustion and emission performance of a diesel engine with a porous media for different blends of fuel.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
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Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
Ap34248254
1. Anurag Mani Tripathi, Parth Panchal, Vidhyadhar Chaudhari / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.248-254
248 | P a g e
TURBULENT FLAME SPEED PREDICTION FOR S.I.
ENGINE USING METHANE AS FUEL
Anurag Mani Tripathi1
, Parth Panchal2
, Vidhyadhar Chaudhari3
1
P.G. Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Moti-Bhoyan,
Gandhinagar, 382721, Gujarat, India
2
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Moti-Bhoyan,
Gandhinagar, 382721, Gujarat, India
3
P.G. Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Moti-Bhoyan,
Gandhinagar, 382721, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Modeling describes the physical
phenomena with the help of the equations &
solving the same to understand more about the
nature of the phenomena. Combustion
modelling describes the combustion process with
the help of mathematical & chemical equations.
In case of spark ignition engine, fuel and
oxidizer are mixed at the molecular level prior
to ignition. Here, Combustion occurs as a flame
front; propagating into the unburnt reactants
called as premixed combustion. This paper
presents the combustion modeling of single
cylinder four stroke spark ignition engine
having compression ratio of 9.2 and
displacement of 124.7 cc using computation fluid
dynamics for predicting turbulent flame speed
by using premixed combustion model. The
methane gas is considered as a fuel in this study.
Prediction of turbulent flame speed at different
equivalence ratio and engine speed is carried out
using FLUENT software.
Keywords—Combustion Modeling, Cold flow
analysis, Premixed combustion, Turbulent flame,
Equivalence ratio.
I. Introduction
Combustion process is a chemical
phenomenon which involves exothermic chemical
reaction between the fuel and the oxidizer (air) [3].
The term combustion is saved for those reactions
that take place very rapidly with large conversion
of chemical energy into sensible energy. When a
combustible fuel-air mixture is ignited with a
spark, a flame propagates with a velocity
determined by the kind of fuel-air mixture and the
external conditions. Accordingly; the velocity of
flame propagation depends on whether the vessel is
taken as a reference or the unburned gas is taken as
reference. Usually, the former is referred to as the
flame travel speed, while the latter is known as the
flame propagation speed or the flame velocity.
Turbulent flame speed for C.I and S.I engine
can be predicted by using non- premixed
combustion, premixed combustion and partially
premixed combustion models. . K. A. Malik [3]
developed a theoretical model for turbulent flame
speed, based on turbulent transport process for
spark ignition engine. This model was then taken
into account and the effect of turbulence was
generated by (i) the expanding flame front and (ii)
the inlet valve geometry. Garner and Ashforth [1]
studied experimentally the effect of pressure on
flame velocities of benzene-air and 2,2,4-trimethyl-
air mixture below atmospheric pressure. They
found that the flame velocity increases with the
decrease in pressure The predicted turbulent flame
speed values were compared with the experimental
values in the speed ranges 600 rpm to 1160 rpm
and fuel air equivalence ratio from 0.8 to 1.25
which were found to be in good agreement with
each other. Abu-Orf [4] developed a new
reaction rate model and validated the results
for premixed turbulent combustion in spark
ignition engines. The governing equations were
transformed into a moving coordinate system to
take into account the piston motion. The model
behaved in a satisfactory manner in response to
changes in fuel type, equivalence ratio,
ignition timing, compression ratio and engine
speed. Sunil U. S. Moda [15] did a computational
investigation of heavy fuel feasibility in a gasoline
direct injection spark ignition engine. He
developed a computational model to explore the
feasibility of heavy fuel in a gasoline direct
injection spark ignition engine. A geometrical
model identical to that of the Pontiac Solstice 2008
was developed using ANSYS and Gambit 2.4. In
accordance with the various literatures, the
combustion modeling of single cylinder four
stroke spark ignition engine of 124.7 cc was done
and the turbulent flame speed was predicted using
pre-mixed combustion.
II. Cold Flow Analysis
The CFD analyses performed can be
classified into:
2. Anurag Mani Tripathi, Parth Panchal, Vidhyadhar Chaudhari / International Journal of
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Port Flow Analysis: Quantification of flow rate,
swirl and tumble, with static engine geometry at
different locations during the engine cycle.
Cold Flow Analysis: Engine cycle with moving
geometry, air flow and no fuel injection or
reactions.
In-Cylinder Combustion Simulation: Power and
exhaust strokes with fuel injection, ignition,
reactions, and pollutant prediction on moving
geometry.
Full Cycle Simulation: Simulation of the entire
engine cycle with air flow, fuel injection,
combustion, and reactions.
Cold flow analysis involves modeling the
airflow and possibly the fuel injection in the
transient engine cycle without reactions. The goal
is to capture the mixture formation process by
accurately accounting for the interaction of moving
geometry with the fluid dynamics of the induction
process. The changing characteristics of the air
flow jet that tumbles into the cylinder with swirl
via intake valves and the exhaust jet through the
exhaust valves as they open and close can be
determined, along with the turbulence production
from swirl and tumble due to compression and
squish. This information is very useful to ensure
that the conditions in the cylinder at the end of the
compression stroke are right for combustion and
flame propagation. High turbulence levels facilitate
rapid flame propagation and complete combustion
during the power stroke. A well-mixed and highly
turbulent air flow is critical to ensure the right
air/fuel ratio throughout the combustion. CFD can
also assess the level of charge stratification. Setting
up the CFD model for cold flow analysis involves
additional work in specifying the necessary
information to compute the motion of the valves
and piston in addition to the boundary conditions,
turbulence models and other parameters. This
includes specifying valve and piston geometry,
along with the lift curves and engine geometric
characteristics in order to calculate their position as
a function of crank angle.
III. Premixed Combustion
In premixed combustion, fuel and oxidizer
are mixed at the molecular level prior to ignition.
Combustion occurs as a flame front propagating
into the unburnt reactants. The turbulent premixed
combustion model, involves the solution of a
transport equation for the reaction progress
variable. The closure of this equation is based on
the definition of the turbulent flame speed.
Examples of premixed combustion include
aspirated internal combustion engines, lean
premixed gas turbine combustors, and gas-leak
explosions. Premixed combustion is much more
difficult to model than non-premixed combustion.
But, the essence of premixed combustion modeling
lies in capturing the turbulent flame speed, which is
influenced by both the laminar flame speed and the
turbulence. The model is based on the assumption
of equilibrium small-scale turbulence inside the
laminar flame, resulting in a turbulent flame speed
expression that is purely in terms of the large-scale
turbulent parameters.
3.1 Propagation of the Flame Front
In many industrial premixed systems,
combustion takes place in a thin flame sheet.
As the flame front moves, combustion of unburnt
reactants occurs, converting unburnt premixed
reactants to burnt products. The premixed
combustion model thus considers the reacting
flow field to be divided into regions of burnt and
unburnt species, separated by the flame sheet. For
computation of perfectly premixed turbulent
combustion, it is common practice to characterize
the progress variable c(for unburned gas c = 0 and
for the product gas c = 1). The transport equation is
as following [22].
Where,
t is time.
xj and uj the coordinate and flow velocity
component respectively.
ρ is the gas density.
is the mean rate of product creation.
3.2 Turbulent Flame Speed
The turbulent flame speed is influenced by
the following factors:
Laminar flame speed, which is, in turn, determined
by the fuel concentration, temperature, and
molecular diffusion properties, as well as the
detailed chemical kinetics
Flame front wrinkling - stretching and flame
thickening. The former is influenced by large
eddies and the latter is influenced by small eddies.
The turbulent flame speed is computed [22]
Where,
A = model constant.
= RMS ( root mean square) velocity (m/s)
Ʈt = lt / u1
turbulence time scale (s)
Ʈc=α / = chemical time scale (s)
IV. CAD Modeling and Meshing
The geometry of the engine of 124.7 cc is
modelled in SOLID EDGE software. To simplify
the meshing, the geometry cleanup is done in
ANSYS meshing module software. A SOLID
EDGE model is imported into FLUENT and the
3. Anurag Mani Tripathi, Parth Panchal, Vidhyadhar Chaudhari / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.248-254
250 | P a g e
geometry clean-up is performed. The simple
geometry is meshed and specific zone names and
types are assigned.
Table 1 Specification of the engine [19].
Input Parameter Value of Parameter
Type
Air cooled, 4-stroke,
O.H.C engine
Cylinder arrangement
Single cylinder 80˚
inclined from vertical.
Bore 52.4 mm
Stroke 57.8 mm
Displacement 124.7 cc
Compression ratio 9.2:1
Inlet Valve Opening (IVO) 5˚ BTDC
Inlet Valve closing (IVC) 30˚ ABDC
Exhaust Valve Opening
(EVO)
30˚ BBDC
Exhaust Valve closing (EVC) 0˚ TDC
4.1 Geometric Model
The fluid model that was designed in
SOLID EDGE is shown below. It was designed
according to the specification obtained from
Workshop ma nual of HONDA shine, Service
Department, Honda Motors Ltd.
Fig.1 Solid edge model created from real
Engine.
4.2 Mesh Motion
The mesh motion which is the basic for
all the simulations is achieved in ANSYS mesh
module. The mesh created is based on the crank
angle specified and the results obtained from the
dynamic mesh generation agreed with the actual
cylinder movement to a considerable extent. The
valve profiles help to exactly replicate the
actual valve motion in the computational
environment. Figure 2 and 3 show the mesh
motion with respect to the crank angle.
Fig. 2 Mesh motion for first stroke
Fig. 3 Mesh motion for second stroke
V. Hypothesis
The combustion analysis includes
hypothesis of the model (flame structure, species
diffusion, chemical species involved, burnt gases
chemical reactions, and chemical equilibrium) and
analysis of the working cycle for calculation of
pressure, temperature and volume for suction,
compression, combustion and expansion process.
5.1 Flame Structure
The main assumption made for this work
is that the combustion of fuel occurs in a premixed
regime, even for very lean or very rich combustion.
The region of fuel consumption is supposed to be
very thin and we assume that it separates unburnt
from burnt gases and also that no fuel remains in
the burnt gases. This assumption can be easily
justified because the high temperature existing in
the burnt gases leads to fuel molecules
decomposition [24].
5.2 Species Diffusion
In the work presented here, all the species
are supposed to have the same diffusivity. As the
main contribution to species diffusion is ―turbulent
diffusion‖, which is a convection term, it is a fair
assumption. The ―turbulent‖ Schmidt number does
not differ from one specie to another. To be
consistent with the finite volume element approach,
all the properties of the fluid are supposed to be
4. Anurag Mani Tripathi, Parth Panchal, Vidhyadhar Chaudhari / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.248-254
251 | P a g e
locally homogeneous and isotropically distributed
[24].
5.3 Chemical Species Involved
It is assumed that the unburnt gases are
only composed of fuel, molecular oxygen and
nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Also it is
assumed that the existence of other
components in the fresh gases will add one
transport equation per added component, which is
not cost effective. The burnt gases are supposed to
be composed of molecular and atomic oxygen,
nitrogen, and hydrogen, carbon monoxide and
dioxide, OH and nitrogen monoxide [24].
5.4 Burnt Gases Chemical Reactions
All the reactions computed in the burnt
gases are supposed to be bulk reactions. That
means that no local structure of the reaction zone is
taken into account and that these reactions are only
function of the mean local quantities computed in
the burnt gases. The reactions are solved using
conditioned burnt gases properties [24].
5.5 Chemical Equilibrium
A single step oxidation of methane with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor is
considered. The following species has been used
for methane combustion fuel O, O2, H2, OH, CO,
CO2 [25].
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
VI. Theoretical Analysis
A S.I. engine works on the principle of
Otto Cycle. The theoretical analysis was done on
the basis of equations obtained from Otto cycle and
also from various other literatures. For instance:
At site condition of engine:
Atmospheric pressure P1 = Pa = 1.01 x 105 bar
Suction temperature T1 = 25˚ C = 298K
Where Mch = 1.00 Kg.
V1 = 0.8736 m3
Similarly, the other values that were obtained are
shown in the table below:
Table 2 Result of Theoretical Analysis.
P1 : 1.01 bar
T1 : 298 K
V1 : 0.8736 m3
P2 : 21.1208 bar
T2 : 677.8635 K
V2 : 0.0950 m3
P3 : 86.8834 bar
T3 : 2788.4885 K
V3 : 0. 0950 m3
P4 : 4.1548 bar
T4 : 1225.85 K
V4 : 0.8736 m3
γ compression 1.37
γ expansion 1.37
VII. Computational Analysis
The computational analysis was
performed in FLUENT. The values that were
obtained using the theoretical analysis were
considered as boundary conditions.
7.1 Input Parameters
Following parameters are taken as input to
fluent:
1. Valve opening and closing position, which includes
Inlet valve opening position, Inlet valve closing
position, Outlet valve opening position and Outlet
valve closing position.
2. Pressure and Temperature at inlet and outlet.
Table 3 Properties of Methane Gas
Property Value
Density 0.6679 kg/ m3
CP 2222 J/Kg-k
Thermal conductivity 0.0332 w/m-k
Viscosity 1.087e-05 Kg/m-s
Molecular weight 16.04303 Kg/Kg mol
Engine Parameter:
a. Crank shaft speed = 1500 rpm to 3000 rpm
b. Crank period = 720˚
c. Crank angle step size = 0.5˚
d. Piston stroke = 0.0578 m
e. Connecting rod length = 0.124 m
7.2 Output Obtained
Turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent
intensity, turbulent flame speed, density and
temperature at different region of cylinder are
obtained from FLUENT which are presented in the
results and discussion.
5. Anurag Mani Tripathi, Parth Panchal, Vidhyadhar Chaudhari / International Journal of
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Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.248-254
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VIII. Results and Discussion
Simulation of single cylinder four stroke
spark ignition engine for premixed combustion
model has been done in FLUENT software by
using methane gas as fuel. Following figure shows
the different results obtained for equivalence ratio
of 0.6 and engine speed of 2500 rpm at 410.5
degree of crank angle.
Fig.4 Contour of temperature (K) at 410.50˚ of
crank
Rotation.
As the spark ignites at 350˚ of crank
rotation, the flame kernel starts developing
which separate unburnt reactants and burnt
reactants. As the combustion takes place, the
temperature inside cylinder is increases from 300
K to 1987 K as shown in figure 4. Increase in
temperature decreases the density of the mixture
inside the cylinder. The density of the mixture
decreases from 1.23 kg/m3
to 0.189 kg/m3
which
is observed from figure 5.
Fig.5 Contour of Density (Kg/m3
) at 410.50˚ of
crank rotation
Turbulence is characterized in terms of
turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent intensity.
Figure 6 shows the result obtained of turbulent
kinetic energy from the simulation.
Fig.6 Contour of Turbulent Kinetic Energy (m2
/s2
)
at 410.50˚ of crank rotation
The turbulent kinetic energy does not
remain constant during the compression and
power stroke. The maximum turbulent kinetic
energy obtained is 558.068 m2
/s2
,that can be
observed from contour of turbulent kinetic energy.
Fig.7 Contour of Turbulent flame speed (m/sec) at
410.50˚ of crank rotation.
The maximum turbulent flame speed obtained in
this study is 9.1 m/sec. From the figure 7, it is
observed that the turbulent flame speed is higher
in the middle region than that at the wall. The
turbulent flame speed is varying in the range from
2.21 m/sec to 9.1 m/sec.
IX. Turbulent Flame Speed
A simulation is conducted on the engine
for speed ranges from 1500 to 3000 rpm and fuel-
air equivalence ratio 0.6 to 1.2 to find the effect
of equivalence ratio and engine speed on
propagation of turbulent flame speed. Table 4
shows the obtained values of turbulent flame
6. Anurag Mani Tripathi, Parth Panchal, Vidhyadhar Chaudhari / International Journal of
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Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.248-254
253 | P a g e
speed at different equivalence ratio and engine
speed using FLUENT software.
Table 4 Values of Turbulent Flame Speed
Equivalence
Ratio
Engine
Speed
(rpm)
Turbulent
Flame
Speed
(m/sec)
0.6 1500 7.3051
0.8 2000 7.5999
1.0 2500 7.9269
1.2 3000 8.4165
Figure 8 and 9 shows clearly the relation between
the three parameters namely Equivalence Ratio,
Engine Speed and Turbulent Flame Speed.
Fig.8 Turbulent flame speed (m/sec) Vs Ф
From the above graph it can be seen that
the turbulent flame speed increases with the
increase in equivalence ratio.
Fig.9 Turbulent flame speed (m/sec) Vs Engine
speed (rpm)
From the above graph it can be seen that higher the
engine speed, the greater the turbulence inside the
cylinder due to which turbulent flame speed
increases.
X. Conclusion
The following can be concluded from the
results:
Turbulent flame speed has increased from
7.1053 m/sec to 8.0386 m/sec for equivalence
ratio of 0.6 to 1.2. Hence it is concluded that
turbulent flame speed increases with increase in
equivalence ratio.
Turbulent flame speed has increased from
7.1053 m/sec to 8.0386 m/sec for engine speed of
1500 rpm to 3000 rpm. Hence it is concluded that
turbulent flame speed increases with increase in
engine speed.
The above results were validated with the work of
K. A. Malik [3] and various other literatures.
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