Heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals too. The work of this heart is to pump the blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. This blood provides oxygen to the body and removes metabolic wastes. It is located in between the lungs an the middle compartment of the chest.
The basic fundamental plan of the aortic arches is similar in different vertebrates during embryonic stages.
But in adult the condition of the arrangement is changed either being lost or modified considerably.
The number of aortic arches is gradually reduced as the scale of evolution of vertebrates is ascended.
The embryonic aortic arches were basically six pairs.
But with progressive evolution , there has been consequent reduction in numbers of aortic arches.
In the basic pattern the major arterial channels consists of
A ventral aorta emerging from the heart and passing forward beneath the pharynx
A dorsal aorta paired above the pharynx and passing caudal above the digestive tract.
Six pairs of aortic arches connecting ventral aorta to with the dorsal aorta.
1st aortic arch= Mandibular aortic arch
2nd Aortic arch= hyoid aortic arch
3rd ,4th ,5th and 6th aortic arches in case of aquatic animal , known as branchial aortic arches.
Managing Flawless Execution in BusinessPete Aldino
The term Flawless Execution gets used frequently in business. Here is a description of what it is, how it breaks down, how to improve the environment to avoid common pitfalls.
Heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals too. The work of this heart is to pump the blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. This blood provides oxygen to the body and removes metabolic wastes. It is located in between the lungs an the middle compartment of the chest.
The basic fundamental plan of the aortic arches is similar in different vertebrates during embryonic stages.
But in adult the condition of the arrangement is changed either being lost or modified considerably.
The number of aortic arches is gradually reduced as the scale of evolution of vertebrates is ascended.
The embryonic aortic arches were basically six pairs.
But with progressive evolution , there has been consequent reduction in numbers of aortic arches.
In the basic pattern the major arterial channels consists of
A ventral aorta emerging from the heart and passing forward beneath the pharynx
A dorsal aorta paired above the pharynx and passing caudal above the digestive tract.
Six pairs of aortic arches connecting ventral aorta to with the dorsal aorta.
1st aortic arch= Mandibular aortic arch
2nd Aortic arch= hyoid aortic arch
3rd ,4th ,5th and 6th aortic arches in case of aquatic animal , known as branchial aortic arches.
Managing Flawless Execution in BusinessPete Aldino
The term Flawless Execution gets used frequently in business. Here is a description of what it is, how it breaks down, how to improve the environment to avoid common pitfalls.
The left and right ventricles are referred to as systemic and pulmona.pdffaxteldelhi
The graph at right represents the frequency of a neutral allele (A_1) in a population as it
becomes fixed. If the allele is neutral, what effect will natural selection have on it? Would you
predict that this will become fixed or be lost? Did the population size change during the time
period covered by the graph? How do you know?
Solution
a) neutral gene in the organism will not change the fitness for survival and reproduction in the
habitat and hence there will be no role played by natural selection on them.
b) the expression of the allele depends on the chances of survival. natural selection theory hold
good when the survival of the fittest happens of the organism due to the presence of the allele
and hence the number of those organisms increases. so the natural selection only can decide
about the allelic frequency (retained or lost).
c) according to the graph the frequency of the allele has shown variable ups and downs but if we
focus from start to end, the two end points denote the raise in frequency. this means if the
frequency of the allele is more, it is favoured by nature and hence the population size is more. the
times in between you can see the downfall in the frequency is the time when this allele was not
favoured by nature and the population size went low..
A red blood cell enters the right atrium from the superior vena cava..pdfamitbagga0808
A red blood cell enters the right atrium from the superior vena cava. In order, list ALL the
structures it passes through to reach the right coronary artery. Be sure to include ALL the
chambers of the heart, and the valves of the heart that it passes through. A red blood cell enters
the celiac trunk from the aorta. In order, list ALL the structures it passes through to reach the
right carotid artery. Be sure to include ALL the chambers of the heart, and the valves of the heart
that it passes through.
Solution
Q.No 1
Heart contains four chambers, two atria and a couple of ventricles. The blood that is definitely
returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated and s passed into the right ventricle to be pumped
through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for reoxygenation and elimination of carbon dioxide.
The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood through the lungs with the pulmonary veins,
that may be passed throughout the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the
various organs of one\'s body.
Superior Vena Cava
The superior vena cava is one of these two main veins bringing de-oxygenated blood from the
entire body to heart. Veins through the head and upper body feed into the superior vena cava,
which empties into the right atrium of the heart.
Inferior Vena Cava
The inferior vena cava is one of these two main veins bringing de-oxygenated blood from the
entire body to heart. Veins through the legs reducing torso feed into the inferior vena cava, which
empties into the right atrium of the heart.
Aorta
The aorta is the main single circulatory around the body. It is around the diameter from your
thumb. This vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to different parts of one\'s
body.
Pulmonary Artery
The pulmonary artery is the vessel transporting de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to
the lungs. Perhaps the most common misconception is all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood. It
really is appropriate to classify arteries as vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Pulmonary Vein
The pulmonary vein is the vessel transporting oxygen-rich blood through the lungs to the left
atrium. Perhaps the most common misconception is all veins carry de-oxygenated blood. It really
is appropriate to classify veins as vessels carrying blood to heart.
Papillary Muscles
The papillary muscles attach to the reduced percentage of the interior wall of one\'s ventricles.
They connect with the chordae tendineae, which attach to the tricuspid valve in the right
ventricle and the mitral valve around the left ventricle. The contraction of the papillary muscles
closes these valves. When the papillary muscles relax, the valves open.
Chordae Tendineae
The chordae tendineae are tendons linking the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve in the
right ventricle and the mitral valve around the left ventricle. As the papillary muscles contract
and relax, the chordae tendineae transmit the resulting increase and reduce in tension to
respecti.
TEST BANK For ECGs Made Easy, 7th Edition by Barbara J Aehlert, Verified Chap...robinsonayot
TEST BANK For ECGs Made Easy, 7th Edition by Barbara J Aehlert, Verified Chapters 1 - 10, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For ECGs Made Easy, 7th Edition by Barbara J Aehlert, Verified Chapters 1 - 10, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Question 1. 1. When the semilunar valves are open, is the foll.docxIRESH3
Question 1. 1.
When the semilunar valves are open, is the following statement true or false?
The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open.
(Points : 1)
TRUE
FALSE
Question 2. 2.
When the semilunar valves are open, is the following statement true or false?
The atria contract.
(Points : 1)
TRUE
FALSE
Question 3. 3.
When the semilunar vlaves of the heart are open, the following statement is true or false?
The blood enters the aorta.
(Points : 1)
TRUE
FALSE
Question 4. 4.
When the semilunar valves are open, the following statement is true or false?
The blood enters the pulmonary arteries.
(Points : 1)
TRUE
FALSE
Question 5. 5.
When the semilunar valves are open, the following statement is true or false?
The ventricles are in systole.
(Points : 1)
TRUE
FALSE
Question 6. 6.
When the semilunar valves are open, the following statement is true or false?
The ventricles are in diastole.
(Points : 1)
TRUE
FALSE
Question 7. 7. Which of the following contribute(s) to venous return (blood returning to the heart)? (Points : 1)
A. breathing or diaphragm action
B. one way valves in the veins
C. contraction of skeletal muscles
D. B and C only
E. A, B, and C
Question 8. 8. The superior vena cava brings what blood to the heart? (Points : 1)
A. Unoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body.
B. Oxygenated blood from the upper part of the body.
C. Oxygenated blood from the lower part of the body.
D. Unoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body.
Question 9. 9. Blood supply to the heart's myocardium is directly provided by the _____ artery(ies). (Points : 1)
A. aorta
B. coronary
C. jugular
D. pulmonary
Question 10. 10. The mitral valve is located between ... (Points : 1)
A. left atrium and left ventricle
B. right atrium and right ventricle
C. left ventricle and body
D. right ventricle and lungs
Question 11. 11. Specialized cells of the right atrium that act as the heart's pacemaker are called the: (Points : 1)
a. Bundle of His
B. SA node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. AV node
Question 12. 12. The inner lining of the heart is called the: (Points : 1)
A. endocardium
B. myocardium
C. pericardium
D. tunicacardium
Question 13. 13. A heart rate of 100 or more beats per minute (or faster than normal) is called: (Points : 1)
A. arrhythmia
B. hypertension
C. bradycardia
D. tachycardia
Question 14. 14.
"Lupp" or S1 heart sound is due to:
(Points : 1)
A. closure of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves
B. contraction of the ventricles
C. relaxation of the ventricles
D. closure of the pulmonary and aorta semilunar valves
E. conraction of the atria
Question 15. 15. A streptococcal infection may cause this: (Points ...
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Heart
1. Aorta
the body's largest artery. Takesoxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the
body.
Pulmonary Artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Oxygenated
blood carrying oxygen
Deoxygenated
blood carrying little or oxygen
Right Atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Pulmonary Vein
Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Left Ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
Right Ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery
Coronary Vessels
supply the heart muscle with its blood supply
Arteries
carry blood AWAY from the heart
Veins
carry blood TOWARDS the heart
Bicuspid Valve
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Tricuspid Valve
valve between the right atrium an the right ventricle.
Vena Cava
the largest vein in the body, it carries blood from the body back to the heart.
2. 5 Written Questions
1. carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
INCORRECT: You gave no answer
ANSWER: Pulmonary Artery
2. Receives deoxygenated blood from the body
INCORRECT: You gave no answer
ANSWER: Right Atrium
3. the largest vein in the body, it carries blood from the body back to the heart.
INCORRECT: You gave no answer
ANSWER: Vena Cava
4. valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
INCORRECT: You gave no answer
ANSWER: Bicuspid Valve
5. carry blood AWAY from the heart
INCORRECT: You gave no answer
ANSWER: Arteries
5 Multiple Choice Questions
1. Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium(No Answer)
a. Pulmonary Artery
b. CORRECT: Pulmonary Vein
c. Coronary Vessels
d. Oxygenated
2. valve between the right atrium an the right ventricle.(No Answer)
. CORRECT: Tricuspid Valve
a. Right Atrium
b. Vena Cava
c. Bicuspid Valve
3. Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta(No Answer)
. Right Ventricle
a. CORRECT: Left Ventricle
b. Arteries
c. Right Atrium
3. 4. blood carrying oxygen(No Answer)
. Deoxygenated
a. Vena Cava
b. CORRECT: Oxygenated
c. Arteries
5. carry blood TOWARDS the heart(No Answer)
. Vena Cava
a. Aorta
b. Arteries
c. CORRECT: Veins
4 True/False Questions
1. Right Ventricle → Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
This is false. You gave no answer.
It should be Right Ventricle → pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery.
2. Coronary Vessels → supply the heart muscle with its blood supply
This is true. You gave no answer.
3. Deoxygenated → blood carrying little or oxygen
This is true. You gave no answer.
4. Aorta → the body's largest artery. Takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
This is true. You gave no answer.
