The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and has three main functions: delivering materials to cells, carrying wastes away, and fighting disease. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system involves regular exercise, a balanced diet low in saturated fat, and avoiding smoking.

1. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Your cardiovascular system, or the circulatory
system, consists of your heart, blood vessels, and
blood.
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
• The main functions of the cardiovascular system
include
• delivering materials to cells
• carrying wastes away
• In addition, blood contains cells that fight disease.

2. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Your heart continually pumps the blood in your blood
vessels throughout your body.
Delivering Materials
• Many substances that your body needs dissolve in
the blood.

3. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Your cardiovascular system transports wastes from
your cells.
Removing Wastes
• Your blood picks up carbon dioxide and transports it
to the lungs, where it is exhaled.

4. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Your blood contains cells that attack microorganisms
that cause disease.
Fighting Disease
• It also contains substances that seal cuts.

5. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Think of your cardiovascular system as a network of
blood vessels with two major loops.
The Heart
• The first loop leads from your heart to your lungs.
• Each time the heart beats, strong cardiac muscles
push blood through the blood vessels.
• The second loop circles through to the rest of
your body.

6. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Each side of the heart has two chambers: an upper
chamber called an atrium (plural, atria) and a lower
chamber, or ventricle.
Structure of the Heart
• The atria receive blood entering the heart.
• Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles, which
pump blood out of the heart.

7. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
4) Right Ventricle
The right ventricle
pumps oxygen-poor
blood to the lungs.
3) Right Atrium
The right atrium
receives blood from
the body that is low
in oxygen and high
in carbon dioxide.
The Heart
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
94
1) Major vessel from
upper body to heart
2) Vessels from
lung to heart
5) The aorta carries
blood from the left
ventricle to the body.
6) Vessel from
heart to lungs
7) Vessels from
lung to heart
8) Left Atrium
Oxygen-rich blood
is carried from the
lungs to the left
atrium.
9) Left Ventricle
The left ventricle
pumps oxygen-rich
blood from the heart.

8. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• The action of the heart has two main phases.
Your Heartbeat
• The rate at which your heart muscles contract is
regulated by the pacemaker, a small group of cells in
the wall of the right atrium.
• Average heart rate varies from one person to the
next and from one situation to the next.
• In the first phase, the heart relaxes and the atria
fill with blood.
• In the second phase, the heart contracts and
pumps blood.

9. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels
• Your heart pumps blood through an extensive
network of blood vessels.
• The three main types of blood vessels in your
body are
• arteries
• capillaries
• veins

10. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels
Artery
Artery
Cross Section
Layer of cells
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle

11. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
are called arteries.
Arteries
• Most arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.
• The largest artery in the body is the
aorta (ay AWR tuh).
• Arteries have thick walls that are both strong and
flexible.

12. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Branching from the smallest arteries are capillaries,
the smallest blood vessels in your body.
Capillaries
• As blood flows through the capillaries, oxygen and
dissolved nutrients diffuse through the capillary walls
and into your body’s cells.
• Capillaries are involved in temperature regulation.

13. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• From the capillaries, blood flows into small blood
vessels that join together to form veins.
Veins
• Veins are large, thin-walled blood vessels that carry
blood to the heart.

14. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels
Capillary
Capillary
Cross Section
Single layer of cells
Vein
Layer of cells
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Vein Cross Section

15. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Blood pressure is the force with which blood
pushes against the walls of your blood vessels.
Measuring Blood Pressure
• Normal Blood Pressure A blood pressure reading
is considered normal if it falls within the range of
90/60 to 119/79.
• Low Blood Pressure Blood pressure lower than
90/60 is considered to be low blood pressure.
• High Blood Pressure A person whose blood
pressure is consistently 140/90 or greater has high
blood pressure, or hypertension.

16. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System

17. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• The average adult has about 4 to 6 quarts of blood
circulating through his or her blood vessels.
Blood
• The four components of blood are
• plasma
• red blood cells
• white blood cells
• platelets

18. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• The liquid component of the blood is called plasma.
Plasma
• This straw-colored liquid makes up about 55 percent
of the blood.
• Plasma is mostly water, with substances such as
nutrients, hormones, and salts dissolved in it.

19. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• The cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to all the
parts of your body are red blood cells.
Red Blood Cells
• Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is an
iron-containing substance to which oxygen binds.

20. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• White blood cells help protect you against diseases
and foreign substances.
White Blood Cells
• Some white blood cells make chemicals that help
your body resist diseases such as cancer.
• Others destroy invading microorganisms by
surrounding and consuming them.

21. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• Platelets (PLAYT lits) are cell fragments that play an
important role in the blood clotting process.
Platelets
• When you get a cut, platelets stick to the edges of
the cut and release proteins called clotting factors.

22. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• A person’s blood type is determined by the proteins
present on the surface of the red blood cells.
Blood Types
• Depending on which proteins are present, a person’s
blood type can be type A, B, AB, or O.
• A second blood type is determined by the presence
or absence of the Rh factor protein.

23. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
• After an injury, surgery, or some illnesses, a person
may require a blood transfusion.
Transfusions
• During a transfusion, blood from a donor is
transferred to the patient’s bloodstream.

24. Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System
Transfusions

25. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health
• Hypertension and high blood cholesterol are two
factors that increase your risk of heart attack and
stroke.
Cardiovascular Diseases
• Both factors may begin in your teens.

26. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health
• A person whose blood pressure is consistently
140/90 or greater has hypertension.
Hypertension
• Hypertension damages blood vessel walls due to the
increased force of the blood.
• The heart must work extra hard to pump blood
through the body.

27. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health
• Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) carry cholesterol to
body tissues for use or storage.
Blood Cholesterol
• High-density lipoproteins (HDL) pick up excess
cholesterol from body tissues and artery walls and
carry it to the liver.
• Plaque is a substance that builds up in
artery walls.
• Atherosclerosis is a condition in which an
artery wall hardens and thickens due to
plaque buildup.

28. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health
• As artery walls thicken, blood flow is constricted.
Heart Attack and Stroke
• Some cells may not receive adequate oxygen or a
blood clot could block the narrowed artery.
• If the artery carries blood to your heart muscles, a
heart attack may result.
• If the artery carries blood to your brain, a stroke
may result.

29. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health
• Heart Murmur is an extra sound, in addition to the
lub-dub, a doctor hears when listening to a
heartbeat.
Other Cardiovascular Disorders
• Opening in Heart Wall is a hole in the wall
separating the two atria. Oxygen-rich and oxygen-
poor blood will mix in the heart, reducing its
efficiency.
• Arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat.

30. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health
• Establishing healthy habits now will decrease your
risk of serious health problems in the future.
Keeping Healthy
• exercise regularly
• To help maintain cardiovascular health, you should
• eat a nutrient-rich, balanced diet
• avoid smoking

31. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health
Exercise
Teens should spend 60 minutes performing physical
activity every day, or at least most days.
• Heart muscles strengthen, allowing more blood to
be pumped with each beat.
• Blood pressure may decrease.
• HDL levels may increase.
• Stress levels may lower.

32. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health
Diet
• No matter how much you exercise, you still need to
pay attention to what and how much you eat.
• To reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease
• limit your intake of fried or processed foods and
of foods made from animal products
• eat high-fiber foods
• limit your salt intake

33. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health

34. Section 12.2 Cardiovascular Health
• Tobacco products damage blood vessels and
contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and
hypertension.
Avoid Smoking
• Smokers are two to three times more likely to have a
heart attack than nonsmokers.

35. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
• The respiratory system is responsible for bringing
oxygen from the outside environment into the body.
The Respiratory System
• It also removes carbon dioxide from the body.

36. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
On its way to the lungs, air passes through the
The Pathway of Air
• nose
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi

37. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
The Respiratory System
Nose and Nasal Cavities
Air enters the body through two
nostrils and then moves into the
nasal cavities.
Pharynx
Next air enters the pharynx, or
throat. The mouth also connects
to the pharynx.
Epiglottis and Larynx
Air travels from the pharynx to
the larynx. The larynx contains
the vocal cords. When you
swallow, the epiglottis seals the
larynx to prevent food or liquid
from entering the trachea.
Trachea
The trachea, or windpipe, leads
from the larynx to the lungs.
Lung
In the lungs, bronchi divide like
branches of a tree into smaller
tubes. At the end of the smallest
tubes are the alveoli. Oxygen
and carbon dioxide are
exchanged in alveoli.
Bronchus
The trachea divides into two
bronchi (singular, bronchus),
which are cartilage-ringed tubes
that enter each lung.
Cilia
Cilia line most of the respiratory tract. Cilia
capture mucus that contains dust and
microorganisms and sweep it toward your
throat to be swallowed.

38. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
• At the end of the smallest tubes in the lungs
are millions of tiny sacs that look like bunches
of grapes.
Gas Exchange
• These sacs, called alveoli (singular, alveolus),
are where gases are exchanged between the
air and the blood.

39. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
Alveoli
Capillary
Blood rich in
carbon dioxide
Blood rich
in oxygen

40. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
The breathing process is controlled by the actions of
muscles in your ribs and chest.
The Breathing Process
• Inhalation
• When you inhale, the diaphragm (DY uh fram), a dome-
shaped muscle that lies below the lungs, flattens.
• The chest cavity enlarges, the volume of the lungs
increases, and air flows in.
• Exhalation
• When you exhale, or breathe out, the diaphragm
moves upward.
• The rib muscles relax and the ribs drop.
• These movements make the chest cavity smaller and
squeeze air from the lungs.

41. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
Inhalation
The volume of the
lungs increases,
and air flows in.
Exhalation
The volume of the
lungs decreases,
and air is pushed
out.

42. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
You can keep your respiratory system healthy by
Keeping Healthy
• avoiding tobacco smoke and air pollution
• treating asthma if you have it
• avoid respiratory infections
• get regular exercise
• maintain a healthy weight

43. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
• The most important think you can do to protect your
respiratory system is not to smoke.
Avoiding Smoking and Air Pollution
• It is also important to avoid exposure to air pollutants
whenever possible.
• Before exercising outdoors on a hot, sunny day, check
local news reports for warnings about air quality.
• Work in a well-ventilated area when you paint or use
other chemicals.
• If you do work that generates fumes or dust wear a
mask.

44. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
• Asthma (AZ muh) is a disorder in which respiratory
passageways become inflamed.
Living With Asthma
• During an asthma attack, the passageways narrow
until air can barely pass through.
• As a result, the person wheezes, coughs, and has
difficulty breathing.

45. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health

46. Section 12.3 Respiratory Health
• Avoid Respiratory Infections Bronchitis is an
infection that causes the mucous membranes lining
the bronchi to become inflamed.
Other Healthful Behaviors
• Get Regular Exercise Exercise helps your lungs
become more efficient at taking in oxygen and
eliminating carbon dioxide.
• Maintain a Healthy Weight The respiratory system
of an overweight person must work harder to deliver
adequate oxygen than the system of a normal weight
person.