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This presentation describes the effect of processing and storage conditions on nutrients in food namely carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals.
Development of Nutraceuticals & functional foodsEkta Belwal
“Nutraceuticals” & “Health food” shops has grown enormously, fostered by wide media coverage of their benefits. There has been a boom in their sales as patients rush to self-medicate, either in the hope that these products will be effective in treating diseases unsatisfactorily treated with pharmaceuticals, or that the adverse effects of some pharmaceuticals may be avoided.
Functional food & Phytonutrients
Definition
Examples of some functional food worldwide
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Cereals as functional food
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Vegetables as functional food
Fruits as functional foods
Probiotics as functional food
Functional food and fortification
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General functions of phytonutrients
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2. • Functional food is a food where a new ingredient(s)
(or more of an existing ingredient) has been added to a
food and the new product has a new function (often
one related to health-promotion or disease
prevention).
• Functional foods are one of the fastest-growing
segments of the food industry.
In some countries, functional foods have already
become part of the dietary landscape.
Millions of Americans already eat functional foods. (1)
http://nutrition.about.com/od/nutrition101/a/functio
nalfoods.htm
3. • Functional foods, according to their generally
accepted definition, are foods including whole
foods and fortified, enriched, or enhanced
foods or dietary components that may reduce
the risk of chronic disease and provide a
health and physiological benefit beyond the
traditional nutrients it contains(2).
4. • Health Canada defines functional foods as
being "similar in appearance to, or may be, a
conventional food, is consumed as part of a
usual diet, and is demonstrated to have
physiological benefits and/or reduce the risk
of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional
functions.
5. • European Commission Concerted Action on Functiona
considers foods to be functional if they have a
beneficial affect on one or more functions of
the body and are still in the form of food, not
a dietary supplement.(3)
6. • The American Dietetic Association (ADA) defines
functional foods as foods "that include whole
foods and fortified, enriched or enhanced foods
have a potentially beneficial effect on health
when consumed as part of a varied diet on a
regular basis, at effective levels.“
• The ADA breaks down functional foods into four
categories: conventional foods, modified foods,
medical foods, and foods for special dietary use.
7. • Conventional Foods
• Conventional foods are the most basic of the
functional foods because they haven't been
modified by enrichment or fortification;
they're still in their natural state. Most whole
fruits and vegetables fall into this category
because they're rich in phytochemicals such as
lycopene and lutein, as well as other
beneficial compounds.
8. • Modified Foods
• Modified foods have been enriched, fortified or
enhanced with nutrients or other beneficial
ingredients. Calcium-fortified orange juice,
folic acid enriched breads and margarine
enhanced with plant sterols are functional foods
that have been modified. Energy drinks that have
been enhanced with herbs such as ginseng and
guarana, as well as other potentially
controversial foods, also fall into this category.
9. • Medical Foods
• The FDA defines medical food as "food which
is formulated to be consumed or administered
enterally under the supervision of a physician
and which is intended for the specific dietary
management of a disease or condition for
which distinctive nutritional requirements,
based on recognized scientific principles, are
established by medical evaluation."
10. • Foods for Special Dietary Use
• Foods for special dietary use are similar to
medical foods, but they're available
commercially and don't require the
supervision of a health care provider.
11. • The healing power of foods is a popular concept
that focuses on how "super foods" can have
health protecting properties.
• Functional food products typically include
health claims on their label touting their benefits:
for example: "Cereal is a significant source of
fiber.
• Studies have shown that an increased amount of
fiber in one's diet can decrease the risk of certain
types of cancer in
(4)individuals.“(http://www.cancerproject.org/di
et_cancer/nutrition/fiber.php)
12. • Some countries, such as Canada, Sweden, the
United States and the European Union, have
specific laws concerning the labeling of such
products. In the United States, the kinds of
claims which are allowed are overseen and
regulated by the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
13. • Ninety-five percent of functional foods
haven’t been clinically tested and are making
claims unsupported by clinical data,” says
Steven DeFelice, chairman of the Foundation
of Innovation in Medicine in Cranford, New
Jersey. (5,21)
Are functional foods safe? Do they deliver
what they promise? You’ve got to evaluate
each one on its own merits. Here are some
questions to ask:
14. • The first question we need to ask is does
functional food work. We have to pay
attention for information about how much
beneficial ingredients does it contain. Some
food products contain only a fraction of the
amount that may be beneficial.(6)
15. • The next question should concern the safety
of functional food .(7)Many herbs or other
ingredients used in functional foods are not
tested for governmental approval. Meanwhile
some of them may create several health
problems.
16. • It is also very important to be sure that
processed functional food is healthy. For
instance a calcium-fortified functional food
with sugar and water is less healthful because
the additional nutrients found in orange juice
are missing.
17. • During evaluation of functional food we have
to check the information provided through
nutritional labeling on food products, which
may serve as useful guide in finding foods
that have nutrient density and are healthful
choices.
18. • The Daily Value(DV) for a single serving on a
food label represents the percentage of
nutrient such as saturated fat or
carbohydrate ,that is recommended for an
individual consuming 2,000 Calories daily.
19. • We can chose the product which contain less amount
of cholesterol ,high percentage of protein, or no
artificial colors. If the food is unprocessed ,it must be
in its raw state, having not been frozen or subjected to
other forms of processing. Fresh does not apply to
processed food such as fresh milk or fresh bread.
• We have to know that health claims may be placed on
food labels only if they have been approved by the
FDA and are supported by adequate scientific data.
(8)
20. Health Claims and the FDA
• The FDA allows certain health claims to be
placed on food labels. Nutrient content
claims, structure and function claims, or
health claims can be placed on labels. Nutrient
content claims describe the content of the
foods and can include words like "free," "low,"
and "reduced."
21. • Calorie-free foods, low-fat foods and reduced-
sodium foods display these types of claims.
Structure and function claims describe the role of
a nutrient in the function of your body. A yogurt
label, for example, can claim "calcium builds
strong bones." Health claims must be approved
by the FDA. For example, foods that contain
olive oil or oats and oatmeal can make specific
claims about how those ingredients affect health.
•
22. • Since 1993, the FDA has approved ten health
claims. But most functional-food-makers have
figured out how to short-circuit the rules.
Instead of making a health claim, which
mentions a disease, companies make claims that
a food can affect the structure or function of the
body. The FDA doesn’t have to approve them,
and they can appear on any food, no matter how
unhealthy. And they’ve gotten bolder.
23. • No matter how impressive-looking a
functional food’s name or package claim,
check the Nutrition Facts label before deciding
whether it’s good for you. Fortified junk foods
are still junk.
24. • Fruits and vegetables, whole grains, beans, and
low-fat milk and yogurt are packed with nutrients
or phytochemicals that may cut the risk of
cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, eye
disease, and other health problems. Chips, candy
bars, and cookies—even if they’re fat-free, low-
salt, and contain no preservatives—can’t take the
place of foods that come with no label, no
advertising, and no gimmicks.(8)
25.
• The best foods are those that are the most nutrient-
dense.
• Nutrient-density is a measure of the amount of nutrients a
food contains in comparison with the number of calories it
has. The higher the level of nutrients compared to the
number of calories, the more nutrient-dense a food has.
• By eating the healthy foods, we'll get all the essential
nutrients that we need for excellent health, including
vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, essential fatty acids,
fiber and more.
(8a)http://www.whfoods.com/foodstoc.php)
26. Examples of natural functional food:
• 1. Blueberries are often referred to as a
super-food.
- What health benefits are associated with the
consumption of blueberries? What
component of blueberries are beneficial to
health?
• Blueberries are flowering plants of the genus
Vaccinium with dark-blue berries.
27. Especially in wild species, blueberries contain
anthocyanins(flavonoids), the antioxidant
pigments and various phytochemicals possibly
having a role in reducing risks of some
diseases, including inflammation and certain
cancers.(9)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberries#cite_note-19)
28. Potential anti-disease effects.
• Researchers have shown that blueberry
anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, resveratrol,
flavonols, and tannins inhibit mechanisms of
cancer cell development and inflammation
in vitro. Similar to red grape, some blueberry
species contain in their skins significant levels
of resveratrol, a phytochemical.
29. • At a 2007 symposium on berry health benefits
were reports showing consumption of
blueberries (and similar berry fruits including
cranberries) may alleviate the cognitive
decline occurring in Alzheimer's disease and
other conditions of aging.
30. • In a USDA Human Nutrition Research Center
laboratory, neuroscientists discovered that
feeding blueberries to laboratory rats slowed
age-related loss in their mental capacity, a
finding that has important implications for
humans.(10 ) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueBerries
31. 2. Cacao bean, the seed of Theobroma cacao, is
known to be rich in polyphenols, such as the
procyanidin monomers ((+)-catechin and (−)-
epicatechin) and oligomers (B-type
procyanidins that are linked by C4–C8 bonds) .
32. • There is now a large body of information that
supports the idea that cacao flavanols and
procyanidins have the ability Cacao flavonols
and procyanidins exert strong antioxidant
effect in vitro.
33. • Several in vivo studies have provided strong
support for the hypothesis that consumption
of flavonol –rich foods, such as certain cocoas
and chocolates may be associated with
reduced risk for vascular disease.(11)
35. • Total Fiber is the sum of Dietary Fiber and
Functional Fiber.
• Dietary Fiber consists of nondigestible
carbohydrates and lignin that are
• intrinsic and intact in plants.
• Functional Fiber consists of isolated,
nondigestible carbohydrates that
• have beneficial physiological effects in
humans.
36. • There are three physiological effects of dietary
fiber that currently have sufficient scientific
evidence to be recognized as characteristics
of dietary fiber—a positive effect on laxation,
attenuation of blood cholesterol levels,
and/or attenuation of blood glucose levels;
increasing the water-binding capacity of the
feces, and softening stools. (12)
37. Consumption of spices and herbs for their health
benefits has traditional historic habits in many
countries.
• Ginger-
Health benefits: The active ingredient in ginger is
gingerol, a compound that's thought to relax blood
vessels, stimulate blood flow and relieve pain. It's
commonly used as a digestive aid and contains
compounds that ease motion sickness and nausea and
inhibit vomiting. This makes it a helpful spice for
morning sickness or for people suffering from the side
effects of chemotherapy.(13)
38. • Cinnamon is an anti-microbial food that can
stop the growth of bacteria, fungi and yeast. It
also has anti-clotting and anti-inflammatory
properties, which help prevent unwanted
clumping of blood platelets.
• Cinnamaldehyde (also called cinnamic
aldehyde) has been well-researched for its
effects on blood platelets.(13,14,15)
39. Dairy Products:
• Milk and dairy products have been associated
with health benefits for many years containing
bioactive peptides, probiotic bacteria,
antioxidants, vitamins, specific proteins,
oligosaccharides, organic acids, highly
absorbable calcium, conjugated linoleic acid
and other biologically active components
40. Cheese
• Cheese is manufactured by various methods of
coagulating milk and thus removing liquid called
whey, rennet is normally added to this "curd" to
make it stabilize
Cheese is a very good source of protein and
calcium. It is also a good source of
phosphorus, iodine and selenium. (17)
41. • In recent studies, calcium has been shown to:
• Help protect colon cells from cancer-causing
chemicals
• Help prevent the bone loss that can occur as a
result of menopause or certain conditions such as
rheumatoid arthritis
• Help prevent migraine headaches in those who
suffer from them
• Reduce PMS symptoms during the luteal phase
(the second half) of the menstrual cycle
42. • Calcium is best known for its role in maintaining
the strength and density of bones. In a process
known as bone mineralization, calcium and
phosphorus join to form calcium phosphate.
Calcium phosphate is a major component of the
mineral complex (called hydroxyapatite) that
gives structure and strength to bones. One ounce
of low-fat mozzarella cheese provides 18.3% of
the daily value for calcium along with 13.1% of
the DV for phosphorus( 18)
43. Conclusion
• Functional foods offer great potential to
improve health and/or help prevent certain
diseases when taken as part of a balanced diet
and healthy lifestyle. The subject of health
claims is becoming increasingly important and
there is broad consensus that there needs to
be a regulatory framework that will protect
consumers, promote fair trade and encourage
product innovation in the food industry.
44. • The research opportunities in nutrition to
explore the relationship between a food or a
food component and an improved state of
health and well-being, or reduction of disease,
present the greatest challenge to scientists
now and in the future
45. • The communication of health benefits to
consumers is also of critical importance so
that they have the knowledge to make
informed choices about the foods they eat
and enjoy. (21,22)
46. Bibliography
1.From The July 2000 Issue of Nutrition Science News
Functional Foods & Nutraceuticals
by Mary Mulry, Ph.D.
2.What you need to know about health benefits of
functional foods. Iowa State University
Adapted from “Focus on Functional
Foods” (Melinda Hemmelgarn, University
of Missouri, 1999) by Elisabeth Schafer,
extension communication specialist……..
Editor's Notes
Food function http://nutrition.about.com/od/nutrition101/a/functionalfoods.htm
"Food and nutrition professionals are uniquely qualified to interpret scientific findings on functional foods and translate such findings into practical dietary applications for consumers, other health professionals, policy makers, and the media," they said.
Health Canada chronic disease
A.T. Diplock et al. , Editors. Scientific Concepts of Functional Foods in Europe - Consensus Document. British Journal of Nutrition 1999;81(1):1-27.
F. Bellisle et al., Editors. Functional Food Science in Europe - Theme Papers. British Journal of Nutrition 1998;80(1):1-193.
European Commission Concerted Action on Functional Food Science in Europe
dietary supplement
American Dietetic Association
Phytochemicals lycopene lutein
Calcium-fortified orange juice, folic acid margarine plant sterols Energy drinks
Medical foods include specialized formulas designed for people who have specific health problems. These foods require the help and supervision of a health care provider.
These foods fill special dietary needs that are due to specific health conditions, such as celiac disease, lactose intolerance, or obesity. Gluten-free foods, lactose-free dairy products and foods designed to aid weight loss are considered foods for special dietary use if you have those conditions. Infant foods are also in this category.
Hasler CM, Brown AC; American Dietetic Association. "Position of the American Dietetic Association: functional foods." J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Apr;109(4):735-46.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "Claims That Can Be Made for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements." Accessed August 16, 2011. http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/LabelClaims/ucm111447.htm
Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:169-176.
health claims Cereal fiber
Studies risk cancer
http://www.cancerproject.org/diet_cancer/nutrition/fiber.php
However, some claims will fall outside of the purview of the FDA and be accompanied by the disclaimer: "These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease."
Such a disclaimer typically accompanies supplements rather than foods, but since the definition of functional food is still evolving and somewhat amorphous, a functional food may find itself bearing the warning.
Canada, Sweden United States European Union
Labeling Food and Drug Administration
Steven DeFelice, chairman of the Foundation of Innovation in Medicine in Cranford, New Jersey. (http://www.cspinet.org/nah/4_99/functional_foods.htm
If a food is fortified with vitamins or minerals, the label has to tell you exactly how much or how little has been added. That’s not the case with herbs or other added ingredients. Snapple, for example, refuses to divulge the amount of ginseng it puts into its Ginseng Tea. And even when labels say how much is in each serving, most shoppers have no idea whether that’s a lot or a little. For example, according to its label, each cup of Peace Cereal Vanilla Almond Crisp with Ginkgo & Gotu Kola (“an Herbal Brain Power Cereal”) contains two milligrams of ginkgo leaf extract. What it doesn’t say is that two milligrams is just one or two percent of the 120 to 320 milligrams that were used as a daily dose in studies of people with Alzheimer’s. How do companies decide how much herb or other “functional” ingredient to add to their foods? Do they evaluate the scientific literature to determine how much is effective...or safe? Don’t bet on it.
“It’s highly probable that many functional foods either block or increase the absorption of drugs, which could increase their toxicity or block their effectiveness,” says Stephen DeFelice of the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine. “We urgently need more studies on interactions between functional foods and pharmaceuticals.”
food labels
Sodium olive oil oats and oatmeal
The concept of functional foods first became popular in Japan in the 1980s. The Japanese government developed a regulatory agency to oversee the approval of functional foods in 1991. The name of this agency is called Foods for Specified Health Use (FOSHU).
Functional foods are increasingly popular in the United States. A significant number of popular, mainstream brand name products are available on the market. The Nutrition Action Healthletter notes that an increasing number of major brands are planning or developing labels that purport the benefits of eating their functional foods. Furthermore, functional foods are reported as one of the fastest growing segments of the food economy in United States. In the past decade, functional foods have become so popular that other governments, including Japan, Canada, and the United Kingdom have devoted major health initiatives to investigating the usefulness and safety of functional foods.
Some foods are said to be inherently functional foods, such as green tea, which has antioxidants, and salmon, which contains omega 3 fatty acids.
Functional foods are also often created when foods are processed. Foods may be fortified to include more fiber or calcium, for example. Consumers are advised to choose foods that appear healthy according to the way they fit into their food pyramid, rather than on the claims of additional, and usually unproven, beneficial properties.
Nutrition bars contain herbs, supplements, vitamin, minerals and or/protein. There are many different forms including protein bars, meal replacement bars, energy bars and diets bars.
In addition to nutrition bars, fermented foods are also included in the functional food category. A common example is yogurt, which often contains live bacterial cultures known as probiotics. These fermented foods are thought to promote a healthy environment in the body.
By Beth Brophy & David Schardt
http://www.cspinet.org/nah/4_99/functional_foods.htm
anthocyanins proanthocyanidins resveratrol flavonols tannins cancer inflammation in vitro grape phytochemical
Although most studies below were conducted using the highbush cultivar of blueberries (V. corymbosum), content of polyphenol antioxidants and anthocyanins in lowbush (wild) blueberries (V. angustifolium) exceeds values found in highbush species.
Cranberries Alzheimer's disease
Brain stroke Research at Rutgers has also shown that blueberries may help prevent urinary tract infections.
Other animal studies found that blueberry consumption lowered cholesterol and total blood lipid levels, possibly affecting symptoms of heart disease. Additional research showed that blueberry consumption in rats altered glycosaminoglycans which are vascular cell components affecting control of blood pressure(3)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueBerries
11.ARCH INTERN MED/VOL 167, APR 9, 2007 WWW.ARCHINTERNMED.COMEffect of Cocoa and Tea Intake on Blood Pressure
A Meta-analysis
Dirk Taubert, MD, PhD; Renate Roesen, PhD; Edgar Scho¨mig, MD
These nutrients have been shown to affect numerous intracellular signaling cascades and to influence the cardiovascular system by enhancing vascular function and decreasing platelet reactivity.(from the Lecture 3)
One of the in vivo studies(4) was evaluated the effect of cacao procyanidins (CP) on plasma lipid levels in high cholesterol-fed rats. These results suggested that one of the mechanisms of CP to lower plasma cholesterol is inhibition of intestinal absorption of cholesterol.
Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that the ingestion of monomers of procyanidins prevents coronary heart diseases . In addition, several reports have indicated that the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidation was significantly decreased in humans and high cholesterolemic rabbits by dietary supplementation with cocoa or its procyanidins fraction. Moreover, many reports support the possibility that procyanidins in cacao can prevent cardiovascular disease by improving blood flow rate , improving platelet function , changing inflammatory responses in endothelial cells of blood vessels and so on.(5)
Dietary fiber can be soluble (able to dissolve in water) or insoluble. Fiber cannot be digested. However, soluble fiber is fermented by bacteria in the digestive tract, and absorbs water to become a gelatinous substance. Insoluble fiber has bulking action but is mostly not fermentated.( 7
Chemically, dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides such as cellulose and many other plant components such as dextrins, inulin, lignin, waxes, chitins, pectins, beta-glucans and oligosaccharides.
The natural physician’s healing therapies, Mark Stengler,N.D. 2008)
Websites:
7.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber#cite_note-Anderson-1#cite_note-Anderson-1)
Ginger is also an anti-inflammatory, which means it may be useful in fighting heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and arthritis. Plus, it's high in antioxidants that fight all kinds of diseases. (1)
.1 The World's 7 Most Potent Disease-Fighting Spicesby www.SixWise.com
Platelets are constituents of blood that are meant to clump together under emergency circumstances (like physical injury) as a way to stop bleeding, but under normal circumstances, they can make blood flow inadequate if they clump together too much. The cinnaldehyde in cinnamon helps prevent unwanted clumping of blood platelets. (The way it accomplishes this health-protective act is by inhibiting the release of an inflammatory fatty acid called arachidonic acid from platelet membranes and reducing the formation of an inflammatory messaging molecule called thromboxane A2.) Cinnamon's ability to lower the release of arachidonic acid from cell membranes also puts it in the category of an "anti-inflammatory" food that can be helpful in lessening inflammation.
Cinnamon's essential oils also qualify it as an "anti-microbial" food, and cinnamon has been studied for its ability to help stop the growth of bacteria as well as fungi, including the commonly problematic yeast Candida. In laboratory tests, growth of yeasts that were resistant to the commonly used anti-fungal medication fluconazole was often (though not always) stopped by cinnamon extracts.
People with diabetes should also take note that cinnamon is a useful tool to help control blood sugar.
7. The World's 7 Most Potent Disease-Fighting Spicesby www.SixWise.com
8. ) http://www.whfoods.com/
9. ^ Kail, Robert V.; John C. Cavanaugh (2006). Human Development: A Life-span View (4, illustrated ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 58. ISBN 0495093041, 9780495093046.
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbs#Culinary_herbs
Consumer's increasing interest for maintaining or improving their health by eating these specific food products has led to the development of many new functional dairy products. These dairy products contain many functional ingredients that decrease the absorption of cholesterol, can significantly reduce blood pressure, play role in the regulation of satiety, food intake and obesity-related metabolic disorders and may exert antimicrobial effects.
organic acids
calcium
Calcium also plays a role in many other vital physiological activities, including blood clotting, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, regulation of enzyme activity, cell membrane function and blood pressure regulation. Because these activities are essential to life, the body utilizes complex regulatory systems to tightly control the amount of calcium in the blood, so that sufficient calcium is always available. As a result, when dietary intake of calcium is too low to maintain adequate blood levels of calcium, calcium stores are drawn out of the bones to maintain normal blood concentrations. If a person's diet does not supply adequate calcium, this situation can result in osteoporosis after many years.
For young girls going through the rapid growth spurts of puberty, getting calcium from dairy products, such as cheese, may be better for building bone than taking a calcium supplement, suggests a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.(19)
At the conclusion of the study, girls getting their calcium from cheese had higher whole-body bone mineral density and cortical thickness of the tibia than girls given supplemental calcium + vitamin D, supplemental calcium alone, or placebo. While the researchers noted that differences in the rate at which different children naturally grow might account for some of the differences seen in bone mineral density, they concluded: "Increasing calcium intake by consuming cheese appears to be more beneficial for cortical bone mass accrual than the consumption of tablets containing a similar amount of calcium."( Cheng S, Lyytikainen A, Kroger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Alen M, Koistinen A, Wang QJ, Suuriniemi M, Suominen H, Mahonen A, Nicholson PH, Ivaska KK, Korpela R, Ohlsson C, Vaananen KH, Tylavsky F. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10-12-y-old girls: a 2-y randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;82(5):1115-26. 2005. PMID:16280447. (19 )
adds a new point of protective data: eating more dairy actually decreases gout risk(20)
(Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 11;350(11):1093-103. 2004. PMID:15014182. )
July 2000
Bibliography
1. 1.From The July 2000 Issue of Nutrition Science News
Functional Foods & Nutraceuticals
by Mary Mulry, Ph.D.
http://nutrition.about.com/od/nutrition101/a/functionalfoods.htm
.From The July 2000 Issue of Nutrition Science News Functional Foods & Nutraceuticals
by Mary Mulry, Ph.D.
2.What you need to know about health benefits of functional foods. Iowa State University
Adapted from “Focus on Functional Foods” (Melinda Hemmelgarn, University of Missouri, 1999) by Elisabeth Schafer, extension communication specialist
3 A.T. Diplock et al. , Editors. Scientific Concepts of Functional Foods in Europe - Consensus Document. British Journal of Nutrition 1999;81(1):1-27.
F. Bellisle et al., Editors. Functional Food Science in Europe - Theme Papers. British Journal of Nutrition 1998;80(1):1-193.
4individuals.“(http://www.cancerproject.org/diet_cancer/nutrition/fiber.php)
Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:169-176.
5 http://www.cancerproject.org/diet_cancer/nutrition/fiber.php
6 http://www.cspinet.org/nah/4_99/functional_foods.htm Steven DeFelice, chairman of the Foundation of Innovation in Medicine in Cranford, New Jersey. (
7.http://www.whfoods.com/foodstoc.php
8. By Beth Brophy & David Schardt ,http://www.cspinet.org/nah/4_99/functional_foods.htm
8a. .(8a)http://www.whfoods.com/foodstoc.php)
9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberries#cite_note-19)
10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueBerries
11.ARCH INTERN MED/VOL 167, APR 9, 2007 WWW.ARCHINTERNMED.COMEffect of Cocoa and Tea Intake on Blood Pressure
A Meta-analysis Dirk Taubert, MD, PhD; Renate Roesen, PhD; Edgar Scho¨mig, MD
12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber#cite_note-Anderson-1#cite_note-Anderson-1)
13. 1 The World's 7 Most Potent Disease-Fighting Spicesby www.SixWise.com
14. ) http://www.whfoods.com/
15 Kail, Robert V.; John C. Cavanaugh (2006). Human Development: A Life-span View (4, illustrated ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 58. ISBN 0495093041, 9780495093046.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbs#Culinary_herbs
17. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;82(5):1115-26. 2005. PMID:16280447. )
18 (Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 11;350(11):1093-103. 2004. PMID:15014182. )
19.Milk and Dairy Products as Functional Foods: A Review Z.F. Bhat and Hina Bhat International Journal of Dairy Science, Year: 2011 | Volume: 6 | Issue: 1 | Page No.: 1-12DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2011.1.12
20."( Cheng S, Lyytikainen A, Kroger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Alen M, Koistinen A, Wang QJ, Suuriniemi M, Suominen H, Mahonen A, Nicholson PH, Ivaska KK, Korpela R, Ohlsson C, Vaananen KH, Tylavsky F. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10-12-y-old girls: a 2-y randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;82(5):1115-26. 2005. PMID:16280447. )
21 http://www.cspinet.org/nah/4_99/functional_foods.htm
22.Brown AC, Hasler CM "Position of the American Dietetic Association: Functional Foods" J Am Dietetic Assoc 2009; DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.02.023.
Bibliography :
Milk and Dairy Products as Functional Foods: A Review Z.F. Bhat and Hina Bhat International Journal of Dairy Science, Year: 2011 | Volume: 6 | Issue: 1 | Page No.: 1-12DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2011.1.12
."( Cheng S, Lyytikainen A, Kroger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Alen M, Koistinen A, Wang QJ, Suuriniemi M, Suominen H, Mahonen A, Nicholson PH, Ivaska KK, Korpela R, Ohlsson C, Vaananen KH, Tylavsky F. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10-12-y-old girls: a 2-y randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;82(5):1115-26. 2005. PMID:16280447. )
http://www.cspinet.org/nah/4_99/functional_foods.htm
Brown AC, Hasler CM "Position of the American Dietetic Association: Functional Foods" J Am Dietetic Assoc 2009; DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.02.023.