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health and safty
The document discusses health and safety in the workplace, defining key terms like hazards, risks, accidents, and illnesses and outlining an employer's responsibilities to promote employee well-being, protect them from harm, and continually improve health and safety policies and management. It also covers topics like safety management systems, risk assessment processes, and principles for controlling hazards and preventing risks.
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health and safty
- 1. Health and Safety Theterm Health and Safety is generally used to mean an employer should: •Promote and maintain the mental, physical and social well-being of employees •Protect employees and others affected by an organisation’s activities to harm from risk •Establish a management framework to implement policies and achieve continual improvement in health and safety
- 2. Health: The protectionof the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting from the materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace Safety: The protection of people from physical injury
- 3. The differences between Safety and Health The borderline between Safety and health is the ill-defined the two words are used together to indicates concerns for the physical and mental well-being of an individual in the workplace
- 4. The differences between Safety and Health Safety Health Slips, trips, falls Exposure to hazardous Falls from height chemicals Struck by vehicles Exposure to asbestos, Contact with electricity dusts, etc. Contact with moving Repetitive strain parts injuries
- 5. Definitions used in Health and Safety Welfare Looking after people’s basic needs Environment The surroundings in which an organisation operates including land, air and water, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelationships
- 6. Accident Definitions An Accident Anunwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which results in a loss of some kind. Near Miss (Incident) An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that had the potential to result in a loss Dangerous Occurrence (High Potential Near Miss) A near miss with serious injury potential
- 7. Ill-health Definitions Acute Short termexposure with immediate effect, usually reversible Chronic Repeated or long term exposure, often irreversible
- 8. Hazard Something withthe potential to cause harm Physical Chemical Biological Ergonomic Psychological
- 9. Risk The likelihood thatharm will occur and the severity of the harm The extent of risks cover the population affected and the consequences for them
- 10. Reasons for Good Health & Safety Practice Humanitarian/Moral Ethical and responsible behaviour Legal Criminal and civil liability Cost The costs of injuries and ill- health © TWI Gulf WLL 2008
- 11. Fatal Injuries byCause UK 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 Falls from height 68 74 69 50 67 Struck by falling object 35 51 46 30 29 Hit by moving vehicle 34 64 39 39 44 Contact with machinery 14 19 22 21 11 Trapped by collapse or 16 40 8 11 7 overturning Contact with electricity 18 14 12 15 13 Drowning/asphyxiation 7 6 11 8 21 Others 28 24 44 53 43 Total 220 292 251 227 235 © TWI Gulf WLL 2008
- 12. Worldwide Work-Related Disease Deaths (ILO) Causes of death Number of deaths attributed to occupation Cancer 30+years 456,240 Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease 200,025 15-60 years Chronic respiratory disease 15+ years 275,000 Pneumoconiosis (Proportional estimate 36,000 from US figures) Nervous system disorders 15+ years 12,080 Renal disorders (kidney disorders) 15+ years 13,100 Total 992,445 © TWI Gulf WLL 2008
- 13. Costs of Accidentsat Work Iceberg Model of Accident Costs: … Visible Costs Liability insurance $1 Invisible Costs $16-75
- 14. Hidden Costs ofAccidents Accident investigation Loss of reputation Payments to injured Damage repair person Replacement plant Payments non productive time Compensation Replacement labour Legal fees Training Insurance Business interruption
- 15. Employer’s Insurance Compulsory in many countries £1 Insurance is increasingly expensive £8 - £36 In UK claims have increased at about twice the rate of premium increases Limited liability which may be linked to performance
- 16. Employer’s Insurance © TWI Gulf WLL 2008
- 17. Benefits of GoodHealth and Safety Practice 1) Increased levels of compliance 2) Improved production 3) Improved staff morale 4) Improved company reputation 5) Reduced accidents 6) Reduced ill health 7) Reduced damage to equipment 8) Reduced staff complaints 9) Reduced staff turnover 10) Reduced insurance premiums 11) Reduced fines and compensation claims
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- 19. Safety Management Systems Plan ISO 9001 P Do D Step 1 Step 2 ISO 14001 Establish standards for health & safety Implement plans to management based on achieve objectives risk assessment and and standards legal requirements Plan Do Step 4 Step 3 Check Review against objectives and Measure progress with plans and Act standards and take compliance with Act appropriate action standards A C Check
- 20. Safety Management Systems Policy Organisation Auditing Planning and implementing Measuring performance Reviewing performance
- 21. Safety Management Systems Policy:Health and Safety aims and objectives of the organisation, and management commitment Organisation: Clear roles and lines of responsibility, competence, commitment and control, co-operation and communication Planning and Implementation: Identify hazards, assess risks and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance can be measured
- 22. Safety Management Systems MeasuringPerformance: A means of determining the extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both reactive and proactive Reviewing: Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether performance is adequate Audit: Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisation’s management systems and procedures
- 23. Setting Policy forHealth and Safety
- 24. Purpose of SafetyPolicy 1. Management Commitment to Safety 2. Organisation and Arrangements for controlling work related hazards 3. Protect people from injury and ill-health 4. Comply with legal requirements 5. Manage health and safety on a cost effective basis
- 25. Safety Policy 1) GeneralStatement Declaration of intent What 2) The Organisation Responsibilities Who 3) Arrangements Procedures How
- 26. Statement of Intent Demonstrates Management’s commitment to health and safety and sets goals and objectives • Signed by most senior person in organisation because: • Shows management commitment • Gives policy authority • Person who signs it has ultimate responsibility
- 27. Organisation To identify healthand safety responsibilities and reporting lines within the company Directors and Senior Managers – setting policy and objectives Line Managers – Implementing policy in their department Supervisors – Checking compliance with the policy Safety Advisors – Advising company on accident and safety compliance Employees – Responsibility for own and others safety Fire Marshals – Ensure evacuation of building and roll calls First Aiders – to provide first aid
- 28. Arrangements Set out indetail the specific systems and procedures for implementing the safety policy • Risk Assessments • Emergency Arrangements e.g. Fire, First Aid, • Written Procedures, e.g. Permits • Training Programmes, e.g. Manual Handling, Fork Lift Trucks • Maintenance Information • Information/Consultation • Personal Protective Equipment
- 29. Safety Policy –Review/Revision a) Accidents / Incidents b) Changes in Organisation c) Processes d) Materials e) Premises f) Legislation g) Work Patterns h) Risk Assessments i) Following Accident Investigation j) Enforcement Action k) Policy Review l) Professional Advise
- 30. Communicating the Policy Employersmust bring the policy to Employees attention. This can be done by: •Displaying it on notice boards •Introducing it on induction and training session •Considering it on team briefings and tool box talks •Using newsletters •Inserts in wage slips •Posters •Build into safe systems and codes of practice •Managers to discuss with workforce
- 31. Objectives and Targets Objectives:General goals Targets: Specific performance requirements Importance to an organisation of setting targets: Gives evidence on Management commitment and motivates staff by giving them something to aim for
- 32. Targets in Healthand Safety • Reduce/Zero Accidents • Zero Prosecutions • Reduced sickness absence • Reduction in compensation claims • Improve reporting of minor accidents • Improve reporting of near misses • Increase numbers trained in health and safety • Improve audit scores
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- 34. Benchmarking Advantages: • Identifies keyperformance indicators • Ensures monitoring procedures are effective • Feeds back into continuous improvement • Helps by learning lessons from others
- 35. Issues that couldbe used to benchmark 1. Existence and quality of health and safety policy 2. Staff roles and responsibilities clearly outlined 3. Documented health and safety plans measured 4. Reporting of accidents 5. Reporting of near misses 6. The quality of risk assessments 7. Type of training provided 8. Level of monitoring i.e. reactive and pro-active
- 36. Ineffective Health &Safety Policies • No commitment or leadership • No annual objectives • Health and Safety not given enough priority • Insufficient resources provided • Personnel do not understand aims • Too much emphasis on employee responsibility • No measure of performance • Management unaware of their role • No training of management in their responsibilities
- 37. Organising for Healthand Safety 37
- 38. Roles and Responsibilities • Employer • Employees • Self-employed • Designers and manufacturers 38
- 39. Management’s Responsibilities for Employees 1. Safe plant and equipment 2. Information, instruction, and training 3. Supervision 4. Safe place of work and access and egress 5. Safe environment and welfare facilities 6. Safety policy 7. Consult and inform employees 39
- 40. Management’s Responsibilities for Employees 8. Risk Assessments 9. Effective health and safety management 10. Competent health and safety assistance 11. Health and surveillance 12. Serious and imminent danger If employer is in control of premises: • Safe premises • Safe access and egress • Safe plant or substances 40
- 41. Non employees include: 1. Contractors 2. Visitors 3. General public 4. Other employees 5. Trespassers 41
- 42. Precautions for visitorssafety • Signing in • Providing identification badges • Providing PPE • Site induction e.g. Fire precautions • Escorting visitor to area of work • Remain with visitor or regular monitoring • Escorting visitor back to reception area • Signing out visitor and removing badge 42
- 43. Duties of Employees a) Not to endanger themselves and others b) Co-operation with their employer c) Not to interfere with anything provided for safety d) Follow instructions and training given e) Inform Employer of dangers and problems with health and safety arrangements 43
- 44.
- 45. INTRODUCTION • The conceptof risk assessment requires to take reasonably practicable precautions to safeguard staff and everyone else who may be affected by the operations. • The risk assessment should be based on a balanced judgement of the extent and realisation of the risk against time, trouble and cost of the steps required to remove or reduce it. • If the cost is grossly disproportionate, then the company is entitled to say that the steps proposed are not reasonably practicable. 45
- 46. Risk Assessment: Definitions Hazard: Somethingwith the potential to cause harm Risk: The likelihood that harm will occur The extent of risks cover the population affected and the consequences for them 46
- 47. Risk Assessment –5 Steps 1) Identify the Hazards 2) Decide who may be harmed and how 3) Evaluate risks & existing precautions 4) Record the findings 5) Review Assessments 47
- 48. Risk Assessment –5 Steps Select a site Step 1 Known or Unknown Identify hazards associated with site Step 3 Step 2 Evaluate the risk arising Decide who & what might From the hazard & evaluate be harmed and how Existing precautions Step 4 Step 5 Record assessment Review assessment by writing out plan 48
- 49. 1) Identify thehazards • Workplace inspections • Task observation • Job safety analysis • Accident, ill-health or near miss data • Documentation • Consultation with the workforce 49
- 50.
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- 52. 2) Who maybe harmed & how? • What are the Hazards? • How likely to occur? • Consequences? • Number of people? • Frequency/Duration? • Effects of exposure? • Competence? • Existing Controls? 52
- 53. Severity and Likelihood Severity Likelihood 1) Minor no lost time 1) Very unlikely 2) Under 3 days 2) Unlikely 3) Over 3 days 3) Likely 4) Disabling injury 4) Very likely 5) Fatality 5) Certain, imminent 1-7 Low risk 8-14 Medium risk 15-25 High risk 53
- 54. Risk Matrix LIKELIHOOD S E 1 2 3 4 5 V E 2 4 6 8 10 R 3 15 I 20 T Y 54
- 55. Likelihood & SeverityExercise 55
- 56. Likelihood & SeverityExercise 56
- 57. Likelihood & SeverityExercise 57
- 58. 3) Evaluate risksand decide whether existing precautions are adequate • The effectiveness of the existing precautions Workplace precautions Risk control systems • An estimation of the risk • What further actions necessary to eliminate risk 58
- 59. 4) Record theSignificant findings • The significant hazards • People affected • Adequacy of controls • Further actions required 59
- 60. 5) Review RiskAssessment Circumstance requiring RA Review • Accidents • Changes in Process • Changes in Work Methods • Changes in Materials • New Plant or Technology • New Information • Changes in Legislation • Prosecutions/Enforcement notices • Changes in Personnel • Monitoring Results not as expected 60
- 61. Risk Assessment Summary Factorsto be considered: • Tasks/activities • Hazards involved • Likelihood and severity of harm • Frequency and duration of activity • Number of employees involved • Frequency of exposure • Competence of employees doing task • Competence of risk assessor • Evaluation of existing control measures • Review/monitoring provision 61
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- 63. Principles of Prevention •Avoid risks (eliminate hazards) • Evaluate risks (risk assessments) • Combat risks at source (enclose noisy equipment) • Adapt to individual (design of workplace) • Adapt to technical progress (automate tasks) • Implement Risk prevention measures • Priority to collective measures • Ensure workers understand what they must do • Promote a positive safety culture 63
- 64. Hazard Control Strategy Hierarchyof control definition: A preferred series of measures to control risks in order of priority starting with elimination and ending with discipline. E liminate: Remove trailing cable R eduction: Use lower voltage tools I solate: Guard dangerous machinery C ontrol: Reduce time/frequency of exposure P ersonal Protective Equipment: Issue PPE D iscipline: Enforce rules and procedures 64
- 65. Permit to Work Definition:A Permit to Work procedure is a formal written system used to control certain types of work which are potentially hazardous Work requiring permits •Confined spaces •Hot work/Cold work •Electrical 65
- 66. Design of Permitsto Work (1) Permit Title Permit Number Date 1) Job Location/Plant Identification 2) Description of work 3) Time limits 4) Description of hazards 5) Tests and checks prior to work commencing 6) Further precautions: emergency procedures, PPE, etc. 66
- 67. Design of Permitto Work (2) 7) Authorisation: Signature by competent person confirming that isolations and precautions have been carried out 8) Acceptance: Signature of person in charge of work confirming understanding of work to be done, hazards involved and precautions required 9) Time Extensions/Shift Change procedures 10) Hand Back: Confirming work completed 11) Cancellation: Confirming work satisfactorily completed Note: All signatures to be legible 67
- 68.
- 69. Safe Working inConfined Spaces Definition of Confined Space: Any enclosed space, where there is a reasonably foreseeable specified risk associated with that enclosed space. Includes chambers, tanks, vats, silos, pits, trenches, pipes, sewers, flues, wells or other similar spaces. 69
- 70. Specified Risks ofConfined Spaces • Serious injury from fire or explosion • Increased body temperature resulting in unconsciousness • Unconsciousness or asphyxiation resulting from work exposure to gas, fume, vapour, lack of oxygen • Drowning from rising liquid level • Asphyxiation from a free flowing solid • Entrapment in the free flowing solid which prevents escape to a respirable environment 70
- 71. Confined Space Hazards •Previouscontents of confined space (Chemical/biological) •Are there any residues •What cleaning materials are being used •Reactions between residues and cleaning materials •Could there be an oxygen deficient/enrichment atmosphere •Could there be an explosive/toxic atmosphere •What are the access and egress facilities •What tools and equipment need to be used •What are physical dimensions of confined space •Structural collapse 71
- 72. Safe System forWorking in Confined Spaces • Permit to work • • P.P.E. Emptying • Isolation • Communication • Atmospheric tests • Competent staff • Suitable Access & egress • Supervision • Suitable tools/equipment • Emergency arrangements • Lighting 72
- 73. Monitoring, Review &Audit
- 74. Measuring Performance • This helps you know whether targets have been met or whether you are complying with the law. • Typically, a combination of reactive and active monitoring techniques are used to gather performance data. Reactive monitoring (after the event) e.g. accident statistics/investigations Active monitoring (before the event) e.g. inspections , audits
- 75. Reasons for Monitoring • Identify sub-standard H & S practices • Identify Trends • Compare actual performance against targets • To benchmark • Identify use and effectiveness of control measures • Make decisions on suitable remedial measures • Set priorities and establish realistic timescales • Assess compliance with legal requirements • Provide information to Board, Committees etc.
- 76. Monitoring Health andSafety Reactive Monitoring • Examining accident figures • Claims records • Number of defects reported • Prosecutions • Enforcement notices
- 77. Health and SafetyMonitoring Pro-active Monitoring • Safety Audit • Safety Inspections • Safety Surveys • Safety Tour • Safety Sampling • Benchmarking • HAZOPS • Health Surveillance
- 78. Safety Audit A safetyaudit is a thorough, critical examination of an organisation’s safety management systems and procedures. It is normally a lengthy process carried out by a trained auditor, often someone from outside the organisation looking at the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation. It is a structured way of assessing the health and safety performance of an organisation by supplying answers to a series of questions and often involves a scoring system so that improvements can be made.
- 79. Pre - AuditPreparation & Procedure • Setting audit objectives • Selecting the audit team • Requirements from auditees • Information gathering • Interviews • Draw conclusions • Report and presentation • Action by the organisation
- 80. Safety Audit Documents Documentslooked at during audits include: •Safety policy •Safety procedures •Risk assessments •Training records •Inspection records •Previous audit reports •Safety committee minutes •Accident reports and procedure
Editor's Notes
- #6 example: if you are talking about the fauna and flora in a particular area, you are referring to the animals or wildlife in that area (fauna) and the plants and flowers in that area (flora).
- #8 What is the difference between acute and chronic illness? Acute illnesses are those that will eventually resolve without any medical supervision (such as colds and teething). Chronic illnesses are more serious illnesses that require medical supervision (like Tuberculosis or Cancer). Here's a little more detail: An Acute illness typically will "run its course" regardless of whether or not there is drug intervention. Coughs, colds, teething, PMS, sleeplessness are all examples of such illnesses. Usually, medicines for acute illnesses are regulated as OTC (over-the-counter) drugs. A Chronic illness is one that requires medical supervision and is often a disease that has formed over a long period of time. Examples of chronic illnesses are Cancer, AIDS, Kidney Disease and Diabetes. Usually, medicines for chronic illnesses are regulated as Prescription Only. Homeopathy is often used for treatment of both acute and chronic illnesses. As with any disease, if a chronic illness is being treated using homeopathy, medical diagnosis and monitoring is still required.
- #9 Ergonomics derives from two Greek words: ergon, meaning work, and nomoi, meaning natural laws. Combined they create a word that means the science of work and a person’s relationship to that work. In application ergonomics is a discipline focused on making products and tasks comfortable and efficient for the user. Ergonomics is sometimes defined as the science of fitting the work to the user instead of forcing the user to fit the work. However this is more a primary ergonomic principle rather than a definition. Also Known As: Human Factors, Human Engineering, Human Factors Engineering Examples: Using proper posture and body mechanics , good placement of computer equipment, comfortable handles and grips as well as efficient layout of kitchen appliances are all aspects of ergonomics.
- #36 Put simply, a proactive policy involves making a sacrifice now for an uncertain future. It is doing something that can or would prevent a future problem. For example, saving money in a bank account. But being too proactive can be seen as paranoid. A reactive policy however, involves taking action after the problem has already