Summery - X - Striving for better Environment Part II Ednexa
The document discusses sustainable development and environmental protection in India. It outlines several objectives of sustainable development including reducing pollution, restraining natural resource use, protecting the environment, and ensuring social equality and continuous economic growth. It then describes various Indian laws and acts related to environmental protection, such as the Water Act, Air Act, Environment Protection Act, and waste management rules. The document emphasizes that sustainable development and environmental conservation should go hand in hand. Protection of the environment is a shared responsibility of the public, governments, and private sector.
This document summarizes the relationship between industry and the environment. It discusses how the chemical, mining, and energy industries negatively impact the environment through various forms of pollution. The chemical industry produces toxic wastes that pollute waterways. Mining destroys forests and turns land into wastelands. Energy production releases air pollutants and carbon dioxide when burning fossil fuels, and nuclear power accidents can contaminate surrounding areas with radioactivity. While regulations exist in some countries, pollution is a major problem exacerbated by lack of enforcement and industrial support. Overall environmental protection and sustainable energy solutions are needed to balance industry and environment for future generations.
Environmental pollution is a common problem that affects human health, safety, and lives. It is caused by both natural phenomena and human activities. The types of environmental pollution include water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. Water pollution can be caused by erosion, sewage, and chemicals from homes, agriculture, and industry. Air pollution stems from natural sources as well as human activities like vehicle emissions. Soil pollution occurs when chemicals contaminate the land. Environmental pollution has negative impacts like damage to living things, ecosystem changes, decreased agricultural output, and various health effects. Handling pollution involves remediation techniques like cleaning contaminated areas on-site or off-site, as well as bioremediation using microorganisms.
Environmental pollution is a common problem that affects human health, safety, and lives. It is caused by both natural phenomena and human activities. The document discusses the definition of the environment and types of environmental pollution such as water, air, and soil pollution. It examines the causes of pollution, including human waste and chemical runoff. The impacts of pollution are described, such as damage to living things and ecosystems. Methods of handling pollution include remediation of contaminated areas and bioremediation using microorganisms. The conclusion is that environmental pollution reduces human immunity and impacts health, so efforts are needed to maintain a healthy environment.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse effects. The document defines several types of pollution such as air, water, soil, noise, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It then discusses the causes of each type which include vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, agricultural runoff, and other human activities. The consequences of pollution are outlined as negative health impacts, reduced biodiversity, climate change effects, and economic damages. Approaches to addressing pollution prevention are presented, along with relevant legal provisions and initiatives by environmental non-governmental organizations in India. The role of social workers in creating awareness and finding sustainable solutions is also covered.
this slide for biology students and helpful for intermediate and bachelor level students. students can learn about air pollution very easily. it gives a detailed description of air pollutants, their causes, and preventive measures with a clear photograph.
Important Notes - 10th Science - Striving for Better EnvironmentEdnexa
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. It focuses on air pollution, describing the main sources as transportation, industry, agriculture, and various types of burning. The effects of air pollution are discussed, including both short-term impacts like respiratory issues, and long-term impacts like cardiovascular disease and cancer. Acid rain and ozone layer depletion are also summarized as major environmental issues caused by air pollution.
Summery - X - Striving for better Environment Part II Ednexa
The document discusses sustainable development and environmental protection in India. It outlines several objectives of sustainable development including reducing pollution, restraining natural resource use, protecting the environment, and ensuring social equality and continuous economic growth. It then describes various Indian laws and acts related to environmental protection, such as the Water Act, Air Act, Environment Protection Act, and waste management rules. The document emphasizes that sustainable development and environmental conservation should go hand in hand. Protection of the environment is a shared responsibility of the public, governments, and private sector.
This document summarizes the relationship between industry and the environment. It discusses how the chemical, mining, and energy industries negatively impact the environment through various forms of pollution. The chemical industry produces toxic wastes that pollute waterways. Mining destroys forests and turns land into wastelands. Energy production releases air pollutants and carbon dioxide when burning fossil fuels, and nuclear power accidents can contaminate surrounding areas with radioactivity. While regulations exist in some countries, pollution is a major problem exacerbated by lack of enforcement and industrial support. Overall environmental protection and sustainable energy solutions are needed to balance industry and environment for future generations.
Environmental pollution is a common problem that affects human health, safety, and lives. It is caused by both natural phenomena and human activities. The types of environmental pollution include water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. Water pollution can be caused by erosion, sewage, and chemicals from homes, agriculture, and industry. Air pollution stems from natural sources as well as human activities like vehicle emissions. Soil pollution occurs when chemicals contaminate the land. Environmental pollution has negative impacts like damage to living things, ecosystem changes, decreased agricultural output, and various health effects. Handling pollution involves remediation techniques like cleaning contaminated areas on-site or off-site, as well as bioremediation using microorganisms.
Environmental pollution is a common problem that affects human health, safety, and lives. It is caused by both natural phenomena and human activities. The document discusses the definition of the environment and types of environmental pollution such as water, air, and soil pollution. It examines the causes of pollution, including human waste and chemical runoff. The impacts of pollution are described, such as damage to living things and ecosystems. Methods of handling pollution include remediation of contaminated areas and bioremediation using microorganisms. The conclusion is that environmental pollution reduces human immunity and impacts health, so efforts are needed to maintain a healthy environment.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse effects. The document defines several types of pollution such as air, water, soil, noise, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It then discusses the causes of each type which include vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, agricultural runoff, and other human activities. The consequences of pollution are outlined as negative health impacts, reduced biodiversity, climate change effects, and economic damages. Approaches to addressing pollution prevention are presented, along with relevant legal provisions and initiatives by environmental non-governmental organizations in India. The role of social workers in creating awareness and finding sustainable solutions is also covered.
this slide for biology students and helpful for intermediate and bachelor level students. students can learn about air pollution very easily. it gives a detailed description of air pollutants, their causes, and preventive measures with a clear photograph.
Important Notes - 10th Science - Striving for Better EnvironmentEdnexa
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. It focuses on air pollution, describing the main sources as transportation, industry, agriculture, and various types of burning. The effects of air pollution are discussed, including both short-term impacts like respiratory issues, and long-term impacts like cardiovascular disease and cancer. Acid rain and ozone layer depletion are also summarized as major environmental issues caused by air pollution.
This document provides an overview of environmental law and sustainable development in India. It begins by defining key terms like environment and environmental pollution. It then discusses various types of pollution like water, air, noise, land, and nuclear pollution. It emphasizes the need to protect the environment for human survival. Several laws enacted by the Indian government are mentioned, including the Water Pollution Act, Air Pollution Act, and Environment Protection Act, which established pollution control boards. The Constitution of India also places duties on the state and citizens to protect the environment.
Pollution has become a more serious problem with the development of crowded industrial cities and machines that cause pollution like automobiles. While pollution is necessary for things like transportation, jobs, and producing goods, it can also cause illness, death by polluting the air, water and soil. Pollution is a complicated issue but it can be reduced gradually by scientists finding ways to reduce pollution from sources like automobiles and factories, and governments passing laws requiring enterprises to take measures to reduce their pollution.
deals with basic consept related to linkages in between Globalization and the degradation of the environment.
also suggests possible options to meet the chalange of environmental degradation in globalized environment
This Project is on environmental studies which topic is Pollution.
In this Project includes Air, Water, Noise, and Soil Pollution. This Project is also shows some creativity work on Project.
Environment and Industry in West Bengal: Post Kyoto ProtocolProbal Mojumder
We all know the Kyoto Protocol provided certain measures on climate change. Our report tries to evaluate the impact of Kyoto Protocol on the Economy of West Bengal.
The document discusses World Ozone Day which is observed annually on September 16th to commemorate the signing of the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. It provides background on the formation of the ozone layer and how it allowed life to evolve on land. It also describes the causes and effects of ozone depletion and the various international agreements to phase out ozone depleting substances like CFCs. Satellite images show the Antarctic ozone hole has reduced in size in recent decades but recovery is still ongoing. Continued enforcement of protocols and further scientific study are needed.
This document provides a summary of air pollution incidents and legislation in the United States. It begins with a brief history of air pollution events dating back to medieval England. It then outlines key air pollution incidents that occurred in the US between the early 1900s and 1992. The document also summarizes major US air pollution laws passed between 1955 and 1990, highlighting increased regulation and standards over time. Finally, it lists various educational resource materials on air pollution, including audiovisual and print resources.
Plan actions zero pollution europe 2050PatrickTanz
This document outlines the European Commission's plan to achieve zero pollution for air, water, and soil by 2050. It establishes targets to reduce various types of pollution by 2030. Key actions include aligning EU air quality standards with WHO guidelines, addressing pollution from agriculture, transport, and buildings. The plan aims to prevent pollution at the source through a "zero pollution hierarchy." Overall, the plan seeks to improve public health and the environment while supporting green growth and jobs in Europe.
Environmental issues affect all nations. While some countries still use fossil fuels, natural gas is more economically and environmentally friendly than petroleum or coal. This paper discusses environmental damage in Indonesia, its causes, efforts to prevent further harm, and sustainable development. Key causes of environmental degradation in Indonesia include deforestation, pollution, and natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes exacerbated by climate change. The government and communities are taking actions like reforestation, pollution control, and green energy to promote long-term environmental conservation and sustainable resource use.
Soil pollution occurs when toxic chemicals are present in soil at levels that pose risks to human or ecosystem health. Soil pollutants include natural and man-made contaminants. Major man-made pollutants come from agricultural practices using pesticides and fertilizers, industrial and urban waste, and radioactive emissions. Key soil contaminants are heavy metals such as lead, mercury, copper, arsenic, and zinc, which can damage human health and cause diseases like cancer if exposed through inhalation or ingestion. Children are especially vulnerable to soil pollution health effects.
Pollution is defined as the addition of substances that harm the environment at a rate faster than it can be rendered harmless. Pollution can be natural or anthropogenic and come from point sources like factories that can be mapped, or non-point sources like vehicle emissions that are more dispersed. Major sources of pollution include sewage, mining, agriculture, industry, and waste. Pollution can seriously harm public health, water quality, soil quality, and lead to death in some cases. DDT was a widely used pesticide that was banned in many countries after being found to cause harm by weakening bird egg shells and linking to birth defects and cancer in other animals.
Lecture-3 The Challenges of Environmental polluion and Enforcement of lawsShankor Paul
The document summarizes environmental pollution and enforcement of environmental laws in Bangladesh. It discusses major challenges like water, air, and soil pollution from industrial waste, vehicles, and agriculture. Enforcement is challenging due to lack of awareness, reluctance of authorities, and inadequate resources. The Environment Court Act established environment courts, appeal courts, and special magistrate courts to try environmental cases. However, the system remains dependent on executives and has limited appeal options.
A briefly discussion on global environmental issues .copyAsishMana
This document discusses several global environmental conferences and organizations. It summarizes the Stockholm Conference in 1972, where representatives from over 100 countries established the United Nations Environment Programme and agreed upon 26 principles in the Stockholm Declaration addressing issues such as pollution, conservation, and the relationship between environment and development. It also discusses the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, where the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, and a statement on forests were adopted. Finally, it outlines the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, formed in 1988, which has produced assessment reports on climate change and the risks and impacts of human-induced warming.
10 major causes of environmental damage environment todayzubeditufail
The document discusses 10 major causes of environmental damage:
1. High exhaust gas emissions from industries such as CO2, SO2, and NH3 that contribute to global warming and ozone depletion.
2. Deforestation which reduces oxygen production, affects rain patterns, and decreases trees that clean the environment.
3. Mining which releases particulate matter that harms human respiratory systems.
4. Chemical effluents from industries that pollute waterways.
5. Increased vehicles that contribute to air pollution through emissions.
Environmental hazards can be categorized as chemical, physical, biological, or psychosocial. Chemical hazards include accidental chemical releases from industrial facilities that can harm human health or the environment. Physical hazards refer to workplace dangers such as unguarded machinery, excessive noise levels, or falls. Biological hazards are biological agents like microbes, viruses, or toxins that threaten human health. Psychosocial hazards impact mental well-being and can overwhelm individual coping abilities. Major environmental disasters caused by humans include nuclear accidents like Chernobyl, industrial accidents like the Bhopal gas leak, and oil spills like the 2010 BP Gulf of Mexico spill.
Land Pollution Pertaining to Garbage Disposal in the PhilippinesJovy Delfin
This presentation is our group's report about Land Pollution Pertaining to Garbage Disposal in the Philippines to fulfill a requirement in Introduction to Ecology.
Economic activities rely heavily on the burning of fossil fuels, which causes global issues like global warming, acid rain, and air pollution. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the air, leading to higher global temperatures and rising sea levels. This climate change threatens coastal communities and could spread diseases. While international agreements have aimed to reduce emissions, no binding plan has solved the problem. Acid rain stems from sulfur and nitrogen emissions from fuel burning, and damages forests, lakes, and buildings. Reducing fossil fuel usage through conservation and renewable energy is necessary to curb these environmental effects in the long run.
1. The document discusses World Environment Day which is celebrated annually on June 5th to raise awareness about protecting nature and the planet.
2. It notes that environmental pollution can cause issues like global warming, impact human and animal health, and increase natural disasters. Different types of pollution including air, water, noise, land, and radioactive pollution are also discussed.
3. Steps that individuals can take to reduce pollution are provided, such as going paperless, avoiding single-use plastic bottles, not smoking, and practicing waste management. Protecting the environment and sustainability are emphasized.
The document summarizes a roundtable discussion on global environmental issues between Uzbekistan Fulbright Alumni and representatives from the US Embassy. It covered topics of climate change, desertification, biodiversity, and water issues. For climate change, it discussed definitions, causes, impacts and examples of US initiatives. For desertification, it discussed causes, consequences and US commitments to combating it. For biodiversity, it covered threats and examples of US partnerships. For water, it discussed issues of access, related deaths, transboundary waters, and the US response through legislation and State Department programs. It also provided examples of US-Uzbekistan environmental cooperation.
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study assessing air pollution and environmental health effects from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study distributed questionnaires to over 87,000 men across the state's 18 local government areas, finding that the number of smokers ranged from around 4,000 to over 6,000 per area. The average number of cigarettes consumed per day varied significantly between areas but was generally between 12-30 cigarettes. The study also interviewed patients and found high numbers of people suffering from diseases linked to smoking like lung cancer, heart attacks, and strokes. In conclusion, the data collected suggests that cigarette smoking is a major contributor to air pollution and negative health effects in Cross River State.
The document lists several 3D models and renderings David C. Mueller created using different software programs. It mentions conceptual models for "Radiance Village" and "Felicity Towers" created in Rhino. It also includes a residential complex rendering made with TrueSpace and Corel Draw/Photo-Paint and a rendering for "Serenity Temple 1" produced with TrueSpace and Photoshop.
This document provides an overview of environmental law and sustainable development in India. It begins by defining key terms like environment and environmental pollution. It then discusses various types of pollution like water, air, noise, land, and nuclear pollution. It emphasizes the need to protect the environment for human survival. Several laws enacted by the Indian government are mentioned, including the Water Pollution Act, Air Pollution Act, and Environment Protection Act, which established pollution control boards. The Constitution of India also places duties on the state and citizens to protect the environment.
Pollution has become a more serious problem with the development of crowded industrial cities and machines that cause pollution like automobiles. While pollution is necessary for things like transportation, jobs, and producing goods, it can also cause illness, death by polluting the air, water and soil. Pollution is a complicated issue but it can be reduced gradually by scientists finding ways to reduce pollution from sources like automobiles and factories, and governments passing laws requiring enterprises to take measures to reduce their pollution.
deals with basic consept related to linkages in between Globalization and the degradation of the environment.
also suggests possible options to meet the chalange of environmental degradation in globalized environment
This Project is on environmental studies which topic is Pollution.
In this Project includes Air, Water, Noise, and Soil Pollution. This Project is also shows some creativity work on Project.
Environment and Industry in West Bengal: Post Kyoto ProtocolProbal Mojumder
We all know the Kyoto Protocol provided certain measures on climate change. Our report tries to evaluate the impact of Kyoto Protocol on the Economy of West Bengal.
The document discusses World Ozone Day which is observed annually on September 16th to commemorate the signing of the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. It provides background on the formation of the ozone layer and how it allowed life to evolve on land. It also describes the causes and effects of ozone depletion and the various international agreements to phase out ozone depleting substances like CFCs. Satellite images show the Antarctic ozone hole has reduced in size in recent decades but recovery is still ongoing. Continued enforcement of protocols and further scientific study are needed.
This document provides a summary of air pollution incidents and legislation in the United States. It begins with a brief history of air pollution events dating back to medieval England. It then outlines key air pollution incidents that occurred in the US between the early 1900s and 1992. The document also summarizes major US air pollution laws passed between 1955 and 1990, highlighting increased regulation and standards over time. Finally, it lists various educational resource materials on air pollution, including audiovisual and print resources.
Plan actions zero pollution europe 2050PatrickTanz
This document outlines the European Commission's plan to achieve zero pollution for air, water, and soil by 2050. It establishes targets to reduce various types of pollution by 2030. Key actions include aligning EU air quality standards with WHO guidelines, addressing pollution from agriculture, transport, and buildings. The plan aims to prevent pollution at the source through a "zero pollution hierarchy." Overall, the plan seeks to improve public health and the environment while supporting green growth and jobs in Europe.
Environmental issues affect all nations. While some countries still use fossil fuels, natural gas is more economically and environmentally friendly than petroleum or coal. This paper discusses environmental damage in Indonesia, its causes, efforts to prevent further harm, and sustainable development. Key causes of environmental degradation in Indonesia include deforestation, pollution, and natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes exacerbated by climate change. The government and communities are taking actions like reforestation, pollution control, and green energy to promote long-term environmental conservation and sustainable resource use.
Soil pollution occurs when toxic chemicals are present in soil at levels that pose risks to human or ecosystem health. Soil pollutants include natural and man-made contaminants. Major man-made pollutants come from agricultural practices using pesticides and fertilizers, industrial and urban waste, and radioactive emissions. Key soil contaminants are heavy metals such as lead, mercury, copper, arsenic, and zinc, which can damage human health and cause diseases like cancer if exposed through inhalation or ingestion. Children are especially vulnerable to soil pollution health effects.
Pollution is defined as the addition of substances that harm the environment at a rate faster than it can be rendered harmless. Pollution can be natural or anthropogenic and come from point sources like factories that can be mapped, or non-point sources like vehicle emissions that are more dispersed. Major sources of pollution include sewage, mining, agriculture, industry, and waste. Pollution can seriously harm public health, water quality, soil quality, and lead to death in some cases. DDT was a widely used pesticide that was banned in many countries after being found to cause harm by weakening bird egg shells and linking to birth defects and cancer in other animals.
Lecture-3 The Challenges of Environmental polluion and Enforcement of lawsShankor Paul
The document summarizes environmental pollution and enforcement of environmental laws in Bangladesh. It discusses major challenges like water, air, and soil pollution from industrial waste, vehicles, and agriculture. Enforcement is challenging due to lack of awareness, reluctance of authorities, and inadequate resources. The Environment Court Act established environment courts, appeal courts, and special magistrate courts to try environmental cases. However, the system remains dependent on executives and has limited appeal options.
A briefly discussion on global environmental issues .copyAsishMana
This document discusses several global environmental conferences and organizations. It summarizes the Stockholm Conference in 1972, where representatives from over 100 countries established the United Nations Environment Programme and agreed upon 26 principles in the Stockholm Declaration addressing issues such as pollution, conservation, and the relationship between environment and development. It also discusses the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, where the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, and a statement on forests were adopted. Finally, it outlines the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, formed in 1988, which has produced assessment reports on climate change and the risks and impacts of human-induced warming.
10 major causes of environmental damage environment todayzubeditufail
The document discusses 10 major causes of environmental damage:
1. High exhaust gas emissions from industries such as CO2, SO2, and NH3 that contribute to global warming and ozone depletion.
2. Deforestation which reduces oxygen production, affects rain patterns, and decreases trees that clean the environment.
3. Mining which releases particulate matter that harms human respiratory systems.
4. Chemical effluents from industries that pollute waterways.
5. Increased vehicles that contribute to air pollution through emissions.
Environmental hazards can be categorized as chemical, physical, biological, or psychosocial. Chemical hazards include accidental chemical releases from industrial facilities that can harm human health or the environment. Physical hazards refer to workplace dangers such as unguarded machinery, excessive noise levels, or falls. Biological hazards are biological agents like microbes, viruses, or toxins that threaten human health. Psychosocial hazards impact mental well-being and can overwhelm individual coping abilities. Major environmental disasters caused by humans include nuclear accidents like Chernobyl, industrial accidents like the Bhopal gas leak, and oil spills like the 2010 BP Gulf of Mexico spill.
Land Pollution Pertaining to Garbage Disposal in the PhilippinesJovy Delfin
This presentation is our group's report about Land Pollution Pertaining to Garbage Disposal in the Philippines to fulfill a requirement in Introduction to Ecology.
Economic activities rely heavily on the burning of fossil fuels, which causes global issues like global warming, acid rain, and air pollution. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the air, leading to higher global temperatures and rising sea levels. This climate change threatens coastal communities and could spread diseases. While international agreements have aimed to reduce emissions, no binding plan has solved the problem. Acid rain stems from sulfur and nitrogen emissions from fuel burning, and damages forests, lakes, and buildings. Reducing fossil fuel usage through conservation and renewable energy is necessary to curb these environmental effects in the long run.
1. The document discusses World Environment Day which is celebrated annually on June 5th to raise awareness about protecting nature and the planet.
2. It notes that environmental pollution can cause issues like global warming, impact human and animal health, and increase natural disasters. Different types of pollution including air, water, noise, land, and radioactive pollution are also discussed.
3. Steps that individuals can take to reduce pollution are provided, such as going paperless, avoiding single-use plastic bottles, not smoking, and practicing waste management. Protecting the environment and sustainability are emphasized.
The document summarizes a roundtable discussion on global environmental issues between Uzbekistan Fulbright Alumni and representatives from the US Embassy. It covered topics of climate change, desertification, biodiversity, and water issues. For climate change, it discussed definitions, causes, impacts and examples of US initiatives. For desertification, it discussed causes, consequences and US commitments to combating it. For biodiversity, it covered threats and examples of US partnerships. For water, it discussed issues of access, related deaths, transboundary waters, and the US response through legislation and State Department programs. It also provided examples of US-Uzbekistan environmental cooperation.
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study assessing air pollution and environmental health effects from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study distributed questionnaires to over 87,000 men across the state's 18 local government areas, finding that the number of smokers ranged from around 4,000 to over 6,000 per area. The average number of cigarettes consumed per day varied significantly between areas but was generally between 12-30 cigarettes. The study also interviewed patients and found high numbers of people suffering from diseases linked to smoking like lung cancer, heart attacks, and strokes. In conclusion, the data collected suggests that cigarette smoking is a major contributor to air pollution and negative health effects in Cross River State.
The document lists several 3D models and renderings David C. Mueller created using different software programs. It mentions conceptual models for "Radiance Village" and "Felicity Towers" created in Rhino. It also includes a residential complex rendering made with TrueSpace and Corel Draw/Photo-Paint and a rendering for "Serenity Temple 1" produced with TrueSpace and Photoshop.
Ecological succession is the gradual replacement of one community by another over time. It is initiated by disturbances that remove existing organisms or alter resources and habitat. There are two types of succession: primary succession occurs in areas without soil, while secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil following a disturbance. In both cases, pioneer species are the first to colonize, and succession progresses gradually until an equilibrium climax community dominated by less tolerant species is reached if undisturbed.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including:
1) It describes five levels of ecological organization from the biosphere level down to the individual organism level.
2) It explains the interdependence between organisms and their environment and how ecological models are used to study these relationships.
3) It discusses important ecological concepts such as producers, consumers, trophic levels, biogeochemical cycles, and energy flow through ecosystems.
This document provides an introduction to ecology, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It explains that ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments. It describes the different levels of ecological organization from the biosphere down to the individual organism. It also defines biomes as large geographical areas with similar climates and ecosystems, and lists some major biomes such as tundra, taiga, and tropical rainforest. Finally, it discusses adaptations as traits that enhance an organism's survival and are maintained by natural selection.
Lecture 1 ns 5 ecology and ecosystem concepts 2010Marilen Parungao
Ecologists studied declining amphibian populations and deformities, finding they were signs of environmental problems even in pristine areas. Ecology is defined as the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment, including biotic and abiotic factors that determine distribution and abundance. The main components of ecosystems are producers, consumers, and decomposers that interact with climate, soil resources, and other abiotic factors according to feedbacks and the laws of ecology.
The document discusses various topics in ecology including ecosystems, ecological succession, food chains, food webs, and different types of ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic ecosystems. It provides information on key concepts such as how ecosystems are defined, the process of ecological succession, how energy passes between producers and consumers in food chains and webs, and examples of different forest, grassland, desert and aquatic ecosystems. In the end, it emphasizes man's responsibility to conserve and protect ecosystems.
In this persentation I give a short description about ecology and the history of it. I also show the ecological crisis as well as environmental situation for ethical and social awareness.
Ecological succession describes the process by which the species in an ecosystem change over time following a disturbance. It can be primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces like lava flows with no previous life, or secondary succession, which follows a disruption but not destruction of an existing community like after a forest fire. Succession proceeds as pioneering species like grasses establish and modify the environment, making it possible for other plants like shrubs and trees to grow and eventually form a stable community. Examples of succession include forests reestablishing on the island of Krakatoa after its 1883 eruption destroyed all life and sand dunes transforming into forests over time along shorelines.
This document provides an overview of ecology and interactions between organisms and their environment. It begins by defining key terms like ecosystem, abiotic and biotic factors, and pH. It then discusses food webs and energy transfer between trophic levels. Population growth and limiting factors are explained using graphs. Examples of symbiotic relationships and the carbon cycle are provided. Finally, human impacts like overpopulation and pollution are discussed.
Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It examines different levels of biological organization, from species to biomes. Energy from the sun or inorganic compounds flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis in autotrophs and is consumed by heterotrophs in a food chain. Only about 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, as shown in ecological pyramids. Matter cycles through ecosystems in nutrient, carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
Ecological succession is the process of change in species composition of an ecological community over time. There are two main types: primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous life, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance in an existing ecosystem. Succession will continue through different stages as species colonize an area and change the environment, eventually reaching a climax community that is stable and able to reproduce itself until the next disturbance. Humans can impact ecological succession through activities like agriculture that clear land and disrupt existing ecosystems.
This document discusses key concepts in ecology, including food chains, food webs, populations, and bioaccumulation. It explains that ecology is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment. It also describes how energy flows between organisms in a food chain and how multiple food chains combine to form a food web within an ecosystem. Finally, it outlines how toxins can accumulate in organisms at higher levels of the food web and impact populations.
This document introduces the key concepts of ecology, including:
1) Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other.
2) Organisms are organized into levels ranging from cells to the biosphere.
3) The environment consists of biotic and abiotic factors that surround organisms.
4) All organisms are interdependent and interact through competition, predation, and nutrient recycling.
This document outlines the syllabus and important concepts for the Ecology & Ecosystems unit. It covers topics like introduction to ecology, ecosystem structure and function, components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. and energy flow within ecosystems. Other topics covered are food chains, ecological pyramids, and different ecosystem types. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in ecology. It also includes important questions related to the syllabus.
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of ecology, including:
- Ecology is defined as the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It was coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1869 from Greek roots meaning "house" and "study."
- Ecology examines the interrelationships between living things and non-living components at different organizational levels from individual species to entire biomes. Key areas of study include autecology, synecology, aquatic ecology, terrestrial ecology, and classifications based on the environment.
- Ecosystems are the functional units of ecology, containing all the living and non-living components that interact within a defined space. Major ecosystem types include
There are four major types of ecosystems: grassland, forest, aquatic, and desert. Each ecosystem is defined by its biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include living organisms, while abiotic factors include non-living elements like air, soil, water, and sunlight. Ecosystems are classified based on these factors and provide important functions such as purifying water, recycling nutrients, and supporting biodiversity.
This chapter discusses Japan's experience with environmental pollution and control measures over time. It was divided into four periods: 1) beginnings of pollution before 1945 with an emphasis on economic growth over environmental protection; 2) increased social awareness of pollution problems from 1945-1954 during rapid industrialization; 3) control measures commenced in earnest from 1965-1974 but then lost momentum; and 4) increased global environmental concerns from 1985 onward. The chapter aims to help prevent worsening health in developing countries by learning from Japan's successes and challenges in addressing pollution.
SO2, As A Pollutant With High Reactivity, Attracts...Monica Turner
SO2 is a highly reactive pollutant that forms acid rain and sulfoxy radicals, which can seriously damage the environment. It impacts health and increases blood pressure, especially in winter. Pollutants interact with each other and weather conditions to negatively impact both the environment and human health at all ages. Light pollution disrupts sleep cycles and forces organisms to adapt unnaturally to artificial light.
Given the March 2011 Japan earthquake, what kind of air pollution pr.pdffootstatus
Given the March 2011 Japan earthquake, what kind of air pollution problems has developed
from it? Has this incident changed your views on nuclear energy as a viable energy source to
help to reduce current air pollution problems? Explain.
Solution
On the 11th March 2011, a magnitude nine Richter earthquakes hit the northeast coast of Japan
and is followed tsunami caused massive and irremediable damage to the nuclear reactors of
Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, which caused releasing of harmful radiation elements and
substances into the environment. Since then, many experts, government officers, professionals in
related spheres and journalists from numerous countries had been talking about the impact and
results of these radiation leakages on environment and public health in Japan.
In this article, the author would like to focus on the next aspects, which on his opinion are most
urgent for present time: environment and industry, environment and agriculture, marine
environment and radiation expose, public health and radiation expose.
The disaster wrought devastation from Aomori prefecture in the north to Chiba prefecture in the
south, which located only about 35 km east of Tokyo. The results of earthquake and tsunami are
terrible:
The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) gave the highest level on seriousness of nuclear
accident on Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant “ level 7, the same as the Chernobyl nuclear disaster
in 1986
In Ibaraki prefecture, Kashima city, which serve as the home for the largest number of
petrochemical hard industrial complexes in Japan, also suffered from earthquake and tsunami
damage. There located Mitsubishi chemical plant “ one of the largest Japan’s chemicals
manufactures, Adeka company plant, Shin-Etsu chemical plant, Sumitomo metal plant, Asahi
glass plant and many others which produce chemicals and various types of materials used in
building construction.Due to catastrophic tsunami, they were wiped out a strip of coast
supporting construction and a wide range of industries capacity. For example, the Iwate
prefecture sea cost has many fishing communities, cement and plywood productions which were
affected by tsunami. The Miyage prefecture coastline had approximately 1,000 different
manufactures, one of them is refinery plant located in Sendai with 145,000 barrel oil capacity per
day. Marine products processing plants and rice farms in the Sendai area, which according to one
data, provide approximately 8% of Japan’s rice production, as well as Fukushima’s chemical
plants and fishery industries, have also been affected greatly.
Also, in the affected territories there located some capacity of companies, including famous
companies such as Canon, Fujitsu, Honda, Nissan, Panasonic, Sony and others. According to the
reports from the Japanese Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry, Fire and Disaster Management Agency, harmful chemicals were leaked out to the
environment from these plants, includin.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT VS EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH; A CASE STUD...koketso Kanekane
This document discusses the relationship between economic development and air pollution in Botswana. It outlines various sources of air pollution in the country, including industries, fossil fuel combustion, vehicles, and agriculture. In particular, mining operations like the BCL Mine in Selebi Phikwe are highlighted as major polluters. While economic growth is needed, unchecked industrialization has caused air quality problems and negative health effects. The document argues that environmental protection and economic development must be balanced to ensure sustainable development and a clean environment for the future. The study aims to evaluate air pollution impacts, provide policy recommendations, and help Botswana implement international agreements to mitigate pollution.
This document outlines a student group project on sustainable living and global energy consumption. The group members are listed. The objectives of the project are to raise awareness of environmental challenges and promote sustainable societies using green technologies. The document then summarizes global energy consumption sources, with oil, natural gas, and coal making up the majority. It also discusses challenges associated with increasing non-renewable energy consumption, such as climate change, pollution, and health impacts. Finally, it summarizes the main energy sources used in Malaysia and challenges to increasing renewable energy adoption, such as high costs and weather dependence.
History of environmental planning and management since mid 20th centuryGeofrey Yator
Environmental planning and management began in the mid-20th century due to increasing environmental degradation from industrialization and population growth. Several major pollution events in the 1940s-1960s caused health issues and brought environmental problems into focus. In 1972 the UN held its first global environmental convention, outlining 26 principles including that humans impact and rely on the environment, and international cooperation is needed to protect the environment for human well-being. Numerous national environmental laws were subsequently passed through the 1970s-1990s to regulate air, water, and hazardous waste pollution.
This document discusses environmental pollution in Bangladesh. It begins by defining pollution and environmental pollution, noting that pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings and disrupt ecosystems. The major causes of environmental pollution are identified as industries, transportation, agricultural activities, trading activities, and residences. The effects of environmental pollution are outlined, including impacts on humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems. Bangladesh is ranked among the worst countries for urban air quality. The document concludes by outlining some governmental steps taken in Bangladesh to control pollution, such as establishing environmental laws and banning certain pollutants.
urban air quality management – experience of kitakyushuUmmi Khairia
- Kitakyushu City experienced severe air pollution problems in the 1960s-1970s as its industries rapidly developed. Local movements protested the pollution.
- In response, the city and industries undertook major initiatives including installing pollution control equipment, switching to cleaner fuels, and developing new technologies to reduce emissions. These efforts helped control air pollution while also improving productivity.
- Through cooperation between government, industries, and citizens, Kitakyushu was able to successfully manage its air quality issues.
Environmental Security Of The Mongolian EconomyKimberly Brooks
The document discusses environmental security issues related to mining in Mongolia. Weak policies from the Mongolian government to protect the environment and natural resources have led to threats to Mongolia's environmental security. The most serious issues are weak mining and water management policies. In the absence of proper oversight and regulations, numerous lakes, rivers and streams have dried up, resulting in severe water scarcity and pollution. Mongolia's mining sector is considered one of the main contributors to environmental destruction unless it is correctly managed and controlled through stronger policies.
Industrial and mining pollution and its effects finalPramoda Raj
Industrial and mining activities cause significant pollution that affects both the environment and human health. Industrial pollution emits various gases and hazardous effluents that contaminate air, water, and soil. This pollution has led to issues like global warming, damage to agriculture, and industrial disasters like the Bhopal gas tragedy. Long-term exposure to industrial pollutants can cause respiratory illnesses and increased risk of cancer. Mining pollution generates large amounts of waste and contaminates water sources with toxic heavy metals. Surface mining techniques severely damage landscapes and ecosystems, while underground mining exposes workers to coal dust and other respiratory hazards. Both industrial and mining pollution threaten human health and the environment on a large scale.
Alice(Yulingling)-Global Environmental Policy -The United Nations and Climate...DrPerryBTizon
1. The document discusses ten major global environmental problems: global warming, ozone layer destruction, declining biodiversity, acid rain, deforestation, land desertification, shortage of resources, water pollution, air pollution, and solid waste.
2. It then covers several aspects of addressing these issues, including establishing international cooperation mechanisms, formulating unified response plans, and clarifying responsibilities between developed and developing countries.
3. Finally, it discusses China's efforts to build capacity to address climate change, including establishing organizations and promulgating laws, regulations, and plans related to energy conservation and emissions reduction.
Causes Of Air Pollution Essay
Essay on Air Pollutants
Air And Water Pollution Essay
Air and Water Pollution essay
Cause And Effect Essay On Air Pollution
Air Pollution Essay
Environmental Problems: Air Pollution Essay
Essay On Air Pollution
Air pollution Essay example
Air Pollution Essay
Causes Of Air Pollution Essay
Thesis Statement On Air Pollution
Effects Of Air Pollution Essay
Effects Of Air Pollution Essay
Essay On Air Pollution
The Importance of Air Essay
Essay On Air Pollution
Essay On Ocean Pollution
Argumentative Essay On Air Pollution
Contributions of the Environmental Non Governmental Organisations and interna...IJEAB
This document discusses the contributions of environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international law on climate change. It finds that NGOs have played an important role in raising awareness about climate change and participating in international negotiations. Key NGOs mentioned are Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, World Wildlife Fund, and Sierra Club. The document outlines international agreements on climate change, including the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. It examines how NGOs have cooperated with states and worked to educate citizens and policymakers on climate issues to influence international law and policies around climate change.
Pollution under International Environmental LawAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Various activities of humans especially in the industrial world in any given civilized State pose
serious threat to the existence of man by way of emitting various pollutants into the environment (water,
atmosphere, soil etc.) As a result of these emissions of pollutants, sovereign States have made efforts to protect
the environment from pollution internationally. This is owing to the fact that man‟s existence on earth is
constantly being seriously threatened as a result of activities from civilized living. Pollution of the environment
occurs in almost every industrial activity as a result of emissions of pollutants. Notable examples of such acts of
pollution of the environment are air pollution by artificial heating using firewood, coal, gas or oil and the
burning of fossil fuels and forests – increases the atmospheric carbon dioxide and leads to increase in the
warmth of the earth. The research considered the various instruments regulating pollution in the international
plane. The research found that sovereign States should ensure that various industrial activities carried out within
their jurisdictions are so done in line with international standards and agreements so as not to cause damage to a
neighbouring State via pollution. More so, State parties to international agreements on protection of the
environment against pollution should uphold and apply the agreements in their various States.
KEYWORDS: Pollution, Environment
China’s Development Model Consequences for the EnvironmeJinElias52
China’s Development Model
Consequences for the Environment and Health
Outline of the lectureChina’s development model: changing goals and priorities (economic growth and globalisation)The consequences of structural reform on the environment and the provision of public services (health care)Reconciling economic growth with sustainability and the right to health
Development as a Value SystemCompeting developing models throughout the 20th Century (achieve different forms of modernity):
Capitalism and Western liberal democracy and CommunismCollapse of the USSR and China’s adoption of a market economy: the end of history? Does China offer a new model of development?
Fukuyama (1989) All viable alternatives to Western liberal democracy have failed.
Capitalism is ultimately the only viable economic system in the modern world and all states must ultimately adopt free market capitalism.
All human societies, regardless of their cultural or historical make-up, are inevitably drawn into a global consumer culture.
*
The Implications of Development & Economic Growth Development (with economic growth at its core) implies industrialization, urbanization and intensification of resource usePopulation growth; increased demand for food, housing, water supply, electricity supply, etc. Land conversion, loss of biodiversity, pollution, etc.
China’s Rapid TransformationRapid urban growth:
1978 – 17% (urban)
2007 – 42% (urban)
2011 – urban population passes the
50% mark for the first time in Chinese history
2030 – 70% (urban)Since 1978 China’s urban population has grown by about 430 millionEnormous use of resources: infrastructure, housing, services, etc. (China’s second wave of industrialisation)
*
China’s Rapid TransformationRapid integration with the global economy; China becomes the ‘factory of the world’China’s population reaps the benefits of economic growth (better living standards)While developing a taste for conspicuous consumption
Fuelling China’s economic growthChina: largest energy consumer in the world; second oil consumer after the USAnnual energy consumption growth rate:
1980-1999: 4%
2000-2005: 10%
2006-2010: 6.6%
Goal: 4.3% annual growth rateChina is the largest CO2 emitterInefficient use of resources: water, electricity, oil, coal
Energy Consumption
Australia is the largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (30% of China’s imports) and of coal (Australia and Indonesia provide 50% of China’s coal imports); Australia is also the largest exporter of coal in the world
*
Environmental Consequences of Economic Growth
China’s Environmental Crisis - The New York Times#Air pollution: (CO2 & SO2 emissions from coal and fuel)Water pollution/water scarcity: (industrial and human waste) More than 70% of China’s lakes and rivers are highly pollutedLand erosion and desertification: (climate change, agricultural land conversion, deforestation)
Develop first, clean up later?Given the emphasis on economic growth, until r ...
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.pptxkacari4545
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different areas.
Shaping Current Circumstances In different are
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using ornamental plants to improve air quality in cities. It discusses the importance of air quality to human and plant health, sources and types of air pollution, effects of air pollution on people and plants, and criteria for selecting plant species well-suited for controlling urban air pollution. It provides examples of research assessing how urban trees and greenery remove air pollutants. The document concludes that strategic planting of indigenous, pollution-tolerant species can help clean the air and create healthier urban environments.
Gensler, a leading design firm globally, spent three years researching and conducting several experiments related to smog and altitude, indoor pollution and living walls, and outdoor green spaces. The study aims to come up with ideas and methods for how architecture and engineering can improve the way we design buildings to address air quality both indoors and outdoors. Fortunately, their results were very insightful. We believe that buildings themselves can become the filters; not just for the users, but also for the whole population.
In this presentation, Kyle presents us the results from three years of research that he and his team conducted to discover how to address air quality both indoors and outdoors through the way we design buildings. Their studies included the efficiency of Living Walls, the effectivity of particulates at various altitudes, and conceptualization of a prototype lung to passively clean air.
Kyle is the Founder and Research Director for Gensler’s “Design for Polluted and Toxic Environments”. His research seeks to use design as a way to problem solve issues related to indoor and outdoor air quality. He has received awards for his work as a designer from AIA, IIDA, US Green Building Council, ID Best of the Year Award, FX International Interior Design Award, Blue Print Design Award, Surface Design Award, and A2asia Award. Additionally, Kyle is a Lecturer at Tongji University’s Design Innovation School & FabO Maker Space, and recently joined forces with the Climate Reality Project, led by former US Vice President Al Gore as a “Global Climate Leader” and Mentor.
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the environment and seeks solutions to environmental problems. It incorporates areas like biology, ecology, geology, and social sciences. There are several important components of environmental science, including atmospheric science, geosciences, and ecology. Major international organizations that work in environmental science include the Earth System Governance Project, Global Environmental Facility, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and International Union for Conservation of Nature. Key issues addressed in environmental science are climate change, deforestation, waste disposal, loss of biodiversity, and various forms of pollution.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
1. Chapter 6
Environmental Pollution Control Measures
While modern societies face growing concern
about global environmental issues, developing
countries are experiencing complex, serious and
fast-growing pollution problems of their own. The
potent combination of industrialization, urban
development and mass consumption trends is
exacerbated by foreign companies operating with
little regard for the impact on the local environment.
Environmental pollution is more than just a health
issue; it is a wider social issue in that pollution has
the potential to destroy homes and communities.
Pollution problems are also closely tied to the mode
of development in developing countries. Despite this,
many developing countries either have not developed
environmental pollution control measures, or have
not provided adequate implementation structures
to ensure that policies are effective.
During the period of rapid economic growth
after the Second World War, Japan experienced a
variety of terrible environmental problems on a
scale unprecedented in the world. These
environmental problems can be attributed to the
prevailing emphasis at the time on economic
growth and profits at the expense of public health.
For this reason, the government was unwilling to
pursue environmental strategies. Worsening
environmental problems led to the emergence of
numerous victims’ groups and turned the tide of
public opinion, so that governments at the
prefectural and national level were forced to act.
Eventually, after much trial and error, effective
strategies for dealing with environmental pollution
were put in place and as a result the quality of the
environment began to improve.
By describing Japan’s experiences with respect
to the problems caused by the initial reluctance to
address environmental issues, as well as the success
of subsequent environmental initiatives, it is hoped
that we can help to prevent worsening health
problems in developing countries and promote
sound and healthy social development.
This chapter presents an overview of the
Table 6-1 Seven Categories of Pollution
Category
Major causes
Major symptoms
Examples
Atmospheric
pollution
Smoke, dust, exhaust fumes, toxic substances (such as
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide)
Asthma, bronchitis
Photochemical smog, “Yokkaichi
Asthma”
Water pollution
Polluted waste water, waste fluids (such as
petroleum), sludge, household sewage, sewage
discharge, general waste, agricultural chemicals
Noxious odors, poisoning
Minamata Disease, “Itai-Itai”
Disease (cadmium poisoning),
PCB poisoning
Soil pollution
Arsenic, heavy metals (especially in agricultural
chemicals)
Noise
Factories, construction work, road traffic, trains and
aircraft, late-night commercial operations,
advertising
Headaches, insomnia,
depression, hearing loss,
impaired development
Osaka Airport noise
Vibration
Factories, construction work, road traffic, trains and
aircraft
Dizziness, discomfort,
structural damage to homes
Shinkansen (bullet train)
vibration
Ground
subsidence
Upswelling of groundwater, gravel quarrying, coal
mining
Structural damage to
buildings
Koto Ward, Tokyo
Noxious odors
Exhaust fumes, river contamination,
sanitation facilities, accumulated sewage,
livestock farms, etc.
Headaches, discomfort
Sewage in the Sumida River
Poisoning
Source: Based on the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control.
145
2. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
Table 6-2 The History of Environmental Pollution Control Measures
Classifications used in Chapter 6
The history of environmental pollution control measures (Iijima 1993)
1. Prior to 1868 (before the Edo Era): First protest actions by victims of pollution
2. 1869–1914 (Meiji Era to First World War): Emphasis on industrial development
Beginnings of environmental pollution
3. 1914–1945 (First World War through to end of Second World War): Emphasis on nation-building
4. 1945–1954: Pollution becomes an issue in wider society
5. 1955–1964: Extensive pollution damage during period of rapid industrial growth
Social awareness of environmental pollution
6. 1965–1974: Pollution problems continue to worsen
Environmental pollution control measures commenced in earnest
7. 1975–1984: Lack of commitment in environmental policy
Pollution control measures lose momentum,
increased awareness of environmental problems
8. 1985–present: Mounting concern for global environmental issues
Source: Based on Iijima, Nobuko (1993) report.
history of pollution problems and countermeasures
in Japan. The specific case of Minamata Disease
will be discussed in detail, looking at questions such
as the difficulties encountered in the implementation
of pollution initiatives and the wider social roles of
those responsible for, or otherwise related to, the
initial problem. This will be followed by an analysis
of environmental policy and philosophy in Japan to
identify those experiences and initiatives that have
relevance for developing countries today.
1. Overview of Environmental Pollution
Control Measures
1-1 What is Environmental Pollution?
The Basic Law for Environmental Pollution
Control defines environmental pollution as any
activity, by corporations or individuals, which
compromises the health and/or environment of
other persons in a localized area, where the causal
link is clearly established. There are seven categories
of environmental pollution. (see Table 6-2)
1-2 Change Over Time in Environmental
Pollution Control Measures
Table 6-2 shows the history of pollution and
pollution control measures in Japan, divided into
eight distinct phases from before the Edo Era
(1603~1868) up to the present day 1 . For the
purposes of this document, the eight phases have
1
been grouped into four main periods to clarify the
past experiences of Japan that are of relevance to
developing countries today. Below we present an
overview of the social background in each period
and the development of pollution control measures.
1-3 Trends in Environmental Pollution
Control Measures
1-3-1 Beginning of Environmental Pollution
(1600s~1945)
The first known instance of pollution damage
in Japan involved emissions of wastewater
containing heavy metals by mining operations back
in the 1600’s, before the Edo Era. Affected farmers
and fishermen launched bitter protests against the
environmental pollution and sought compensation
for damages, and their efforts generated
widespread public interest.
From the Meiji Era through to the beginning
of the First World War (1868~1914), a strong
emphasis on national prosperity, military power
and industrial growth saw considerable resources
devoted to development of the three core industries
of mining, cloth spinning, and steel manufacturing.
These policies led to environmental problems such
as smoke, noise and water pollution. Environmental
damage was not confined to the areas surrounding
such operations; city dwellers were often affected
too. Local governments were the first to take the
initiative to address the situation, introducing a
Iijima, Nobuko (1993) Kankyo Shakaigaku [Environmental Sociology] Yukikaku.
146
3. Chapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
range of regulations and restrictions. At the
national level, however, the government welcomed
pollution as evidence of progress and prosperity,
and consequently very few of the environmental
pollution control measures contained in the
Factories Act (1911) and the Mining Law (1905)
were actually enforced.
From the commencement of the First World
War until the end of the Second World War
(1914~1945), priority was given at the national
level to the development of industries to meet the
demands of the military—in particular steel
production and heavy industries. Increased
production levels generated a range of problems
including atmospheric pollution, water pollution,
noxious odors, noise, and land subsidence of fields
and other areas. These in turn prompted efforts to
create pollution reduction initiatives such as the
world’s first ever pollution prevention system,
developed by Sumitomo Metal Mining. Given the
overriding emphasis on national prosperity, however,
public health issues received scant attention and
protests by victims of pollution were largely
overlooked.
1-3-2 Social Awareness of Environmental
Pollution (1946~1964)
The main priority in the aftermath of the Second
World War was nation rebuilding; consequently,
economic growth was the top priority from the late
1950s onwards. Considerable effort was put into the
development of heavy industries and the construction
of petrochemical plants. The steel, oil, aluminum and
power industries generated huge quantities of a range
of pollutants, which in the absence of effective
pollution countermeasures led to a rash of health
problems on a scale unprecedented in the world at
that time, including Minamata Disease, “Itai-Itai”
Disease and pollution-related asthma. In the year
1960, the city of Osaka recorded smog on 156 days,
and the rivers resembled open sewers.
Post-war environmental pollution control
measures were initiated in Japan at the local
government level during the 1950s. The first formal
measures were the Factory Pollution Control
Ordinance, enacted by the Tokyo Metropolitan
Government in 1959. Unfortunately, these regulations
were largely ineffective, due to the lax criteria and the
level of opposition from industry. This experience
prompted local governments to take a tougher stance
on imposing emission standards, building treatment
and processing facilities, monitoring pollution
emissions, and providing administrative guidance
where necessary. Taxation and other incentives were
also introduced to encourage the adoption of
environmental pollution control measures by industry.
In response to the increasingly strident protests
of pollution victims, the national government also
began preparing legislation to control environmental
pollution, building on the work of local governments.
The process was delayed, however, by difficulties in
obtaining consensus among the relevant ministries
and agencies, compounded by fierce opposition
from industry groups. When it finally arrived, the
legislation was largely ineffectual. In 1961, the first
national environmental pollution control laws were
enacted, in the form of the Two Water Quality
Regulation Laws for the regulation of pollution
sources. Here again, the legislation lacked teeth,
and environmental damage continued to worsen. It
should be remembered, though, that the pollution
control measures were introduced in the context of
the main priority at that time of promoting
economic growth, and were therefore designed to
avoid conflict with this overriding objective.
1-3-3 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
Commenced in Earnest (1965~1974)
The combination of rapid industrial development
(particularly in the petrochemical and heavy
industries), strong economic growth, and
unprecedented urban expansion led to a
tremendous increase in pollutant emissions. A
succession of new and different pollutants began to
appear, and the problems worsened. For example,
in 1971 sulfur dioxide emissions in the three major
municipal areas in Japan were three times the
national average, and nine times the 1955 level of
16 t. On some days it was not possible to go outside
at all. Afflictions such as Minamata Disease and “Itai-
147
4. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
Itai” Disease began to appear in other areas of the
country. Japan became known as the pollution capital
of the world.
Public protests became increasingly vociferous
and were taken up by the mass media, which had
the effect of raising general public awareness and
concern about pollution issues. Scientists and other
academics began organizing environmental
assessments and resident awareness meetings.
Interestingly, residents’ groups focused on local
governments rather than the national government,
a strategy that proved most effective. Mounting
public dissatisfaction at the unwillingness of the
national government to take proper action on
pollution issues impacted on approval ratings, and
the government was eventually forced to give
priority to public health and lifestyle issues.
The early 1970s saw a steady succession of
legal actions against polluters, resulting in victories
in the four major pollution trials (Minamata
Disease in Niigata, Yokkaichi Asthma, “Itai-Itai”
Disease and Minamata Disease in Kumamoto). The
findings in favor of the victims prompted a revision
of environmental standards and compensation
plans, and caused a fundamental shift in thinking on
pollution, from being considered acceptable for the
overall public good to being considered generally
unacceptable.
The combination of rising public opposition
and the success of the pollution trials prompted a
flurry of activity on the part of the government,
resulting in a range of measures such as the Basic
Law for Environmental Pollution Control, a special
pollution session of the national diet, and the
Environment Agency. This period also saw a
reversal of the approach adopted in environmental
regulation. Instead of imposing emission limits on
specific pollutants, regulations now sought to
provide target environmental standards as the
ultimate objectives to be achieved. Environmental
standards for sulfur dioxide emissions were released
in 1969, followed by vehicle exhaust and water
pollution level limits in 1970, noise pollution limits in
1971 and carbon dioxide and photochemical oxidant
emissions limits in 1973. As a result, atmospheric
and water pollution levels were improved
significantly in a relatively short period of time.
1-3-4 Pollution Control Measures Lose
Momentum, Increased Awareness of
Environmental Problems (1975 onwards)
The combined impact of the “oil shock” and an
economic downturn in the latter half of the 1970s led
to increased criticism of and opposition to pollution
controls in business and economic circles, and the
government was obliged to modify its stance. The
level of public protests had also weakened
somewhat. Domestic companies began looking to
set up offshore operations, primarily in Asian
countries with less stringent pollution controls.
Worsening Pollution Problems
Photo 1: Smoke from chimney stacks fills the sky
(December 1972; photo by Mainichi Shimbun Co. Ltd)
148
Photo 2: Children take lessons wearing face masks to
block out the smell (Arakawa Ward, Tokyo, December
1967; photo by Mainichi Shimbun Co. Ltd)
5. Chapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
Figure 6-1 Expenses Associated with Local Government
Environmental Pollution Control Measures
(billion yen) 1,500
Other
Operating costs
Other construction expenses
1,000
Waste processing facilities
Sewerage systems
500
0
1970
71
72
73
74
75
Source: White Paper on the Environment 1977 (Prime Minister’s Office)
Table 6-3 Summary of the Four Major Pollution Trials
Yokkaichi Asthma
Minamata Disease in
Kumamoto
“Itai-Itai” Disease
Minamata Disease in Niigata
Cause
Cadmium from mining
operations released into the
Jinzu River
Organic mercury waste from
power production released
into the Agano River
Smoke from industrial
complexes
Marine life in Minamata Bay
contaminated with organic
mercury
Symptoms
Bone distortion and
fractures
Minamata Disease
Asthma
Disruption to nervous
system, speech impairment
No. plaintiffs
33
76
12
138
Year of trial
1968
1967
1967
1969
Year of judgment
1972
1971
1972
1973
Damages awarded
¥148.2 million
¥277.78 million
¥88.21 million
¥937.3 million
Damages sought
¥151.2 million
¥522.67 million
¥200.58 million
¥1,588.25 million
Source: Shibata, Tokue and Murata, Yuko (1976)
Legislation to impose an environmental impact
assessment system to prevent environmental
pollution at the outset was proposed in 1984 but
then shelved; it would not be until 1997 that the
Environmental Impact Assessment Law was finally
enacted. Environmental standards for NO 2
emissions were relaxed, designation of Type 1
regions for pollution controls and compensation
were lifted, and a number of other environmental
controls were put on hold; and at the same time the
criteria for recognition of pollution-related health
damage were tightened. Under 1973 legislation on
compensation for health problems caused by
environmental pollution, new claims from victims
of atmospheric pollution were dismissed, and many
victims of Minamata Disease went unrecognized.
From around 1985, mass consumption began to
emerge as the root cause of many forms of
environmental destruction. Road vehicles, synthetic
detergents, chemical fertilizers and insecticides were
all identified as pollution sources, which meant that
ordinary citizens were no longer the victims, but were
in fact the unwitting perpetrators of environmental
destruction. At the same time, environmental
pollution had become a much more complex
problem, as exemplified by chemical substances such
as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and dioxins that
are not conducive to treatment or processing.
149
6. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
In the 1990s, prompted by rising awareness
around the world of the need to protect the global
environment, the government returned to
environmental policy with renewed vigor, enacting
the Waste Management and Public Cleaning Law,
the Recycling Law and legislation for the
conservation of plant and animal species. In 1993, the
Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control and
the Nature Conservation Law were integrated into a
single piece of legislation, the Basic Environment
Law, detailing basic environmental programs,
requirements for environmental impact assessments,
and financial penalty systems.
Box 6-1 Promulgation of the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control
The Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control was enacted in 1967 in recognition of the
need for coordinated environmental pollution legislation and government policy based on a set of
consistent principles. This legislation was prepared by a liaison committee for environmental pollution
control measures, with vice-ministerial representatives from the relevant ministries, based on the
report of an advisory body to the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
The Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control was the first legislation in Japan to set out a
comprehensive framework for environmental pollution control measures. This law supplies definitions
of environmental pollution; delineates the responsibilities of business, government at the national and
local levels, and residents; describes the basic features of strategies for preventing environmental
pollution; and provides an overall structure for environmental pollution legislation and strategies. In
its initial incarnation, the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control was designed to
complement healthy economic growth and development, and not from the perspective of the
residential environment. To this end, the law contained the so-called economic harmonization articles,
and did not include any pollution controls with the potential to obstruct economic progress. As a
result, environmental damage continued to escalate. The economic harmonization articles were
subsequently removed in 1970 in the face of mounting criticism of the Law.
The main features of the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control are:
1.
Numerical standards for environmental pollution
2.
Regulation of emissions of polluting substances
3.
Regulation of the manufacturing sector
4.
Land use regulations
5.
Monitoring and measurement regimes
6.
Pollution prevention programs
7.
Pollution prevention facilities and systems
8.
Subsidy schemes for businesses to reduce pollution levels
9.
Compensation for pollution victims
10.
Dispute resolution mechanisms
The Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control served as the basis for a number of other
pieces of legislation. Starting with the 1969 Law Concerning Special Measures for the Relief of the
Pollution-related Health Damage, the government sought to provide legislation for reconciliation and
compensation of victims of pollution. The legislative framework represented an important
breakthrough, because many civil compensation cases for pollution damages had foundered due to the
difficulty of proving a causative relationship between negligence on the part of the perpetrator and the
damages suffered by the victim. Such legislation enabled victims to claim medical expenses and
150
7. Chapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
treatment and nursing care allowances from the public and private sector. Under the 1970 Law for the
Settlement of Environmental Pollution Disputes, pollution committees were set up at the national
level (reporting to the Prime Minister’s Office) and in all prefectures to provide mediation, arbitration
and reconciliation services.
Box 6-2 Pollution Session of the Diet
July 1970 saw the establishment of the Headquarters for Countermeasures for Environmental
Pollution, chaired by the Prime Minister and featuring representatives of all ministries and agencies.
The Headquarters was set up in response to public concern over pollution issues, which had reached a
level that threatened to bring down the government. Pollution bills were hastily prepared by a
ministerial-level conference on pollution control measures over the following month and presented to
an extraordinary session of the diet in December convened specifically for the purpose of debating the
bills (the so-called pollution session of the diet). All 14 pollution bills were passed successfully. The
main features of the bills were as follows:
1. Amendments to the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control, including
removal of the economic harmonization articles
2. Broader definitions of pollution
3. Nationwide expansion of the scope of the Air Pollution Control Law; recognition
of additional regulations at the prefectural level
4. Formal acknowledgement of the national government’s responsibilities for
environmental conservation, accompanied by stronger regulation
5. Techniques for calculating the costs to businesses of preventing environmental
pollution
6. Criminal prosecution for pollution crimes
Box 6-3 Establishment of Environment Agency
Although the late 1960s through to the 1970s saw a succession of new laws on environmental
pollution control, most notably the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control, responsibility for
enforcement of pollution regulations was scattered throughout different arms of the government,
compromising the consistency of the government’s policy approach. For example, atmospheric
pollution came under the jurisdiction of both the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of
International Trade and Industry; water pollution was the responsibility of the Economic Planning
Agency, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the
Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry; and noise pollution
was regulated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry, the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Construction. The Environment Agency was
set up in 1971 to assume responsibility for the implementation and enforcement of all pollution
regulations and provide a coordinated focus for environmental policy. The Agency was promoted to
the Environment Ministry under the reorganization of government departments in 2001 to provide a
more unified approach to environmental policy.
151
8. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
Table 6-4 History of Environmental Pollution
Domestic and global developments
Pollution incidents and legal action in Japan
Beginnings of environmental pollution (up to 1945)
Smoke emission regulations (UK, USA)
Legal action over copper poisoning from mining operations
Public Health Act (UK)
1883 Huge increase in smoke pollution in Osaka
Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars
1890 Environmental damage throughout Watarase River basin area from Ashio Copper Mine
First World War
1932 Osaka Smoke Regulations introduced
Social awareness of environmental pollution (1945~1964)
End of Second World War
1946 Mine pollution and soil devastation at coal mines such as Chikuho
1951 Water pollution from pulp factories becomes a nationwide issue
1956 Mass outbreak of Minamata Disease victims in Kumamoto
1960 Income-Doubling Program
1962 National Development Program
1961 First reports of “Itai-Itai” Disease
Large-scale outbreak of Yokkaichi Asthma
1963 Development of industrial complexes
1964 Worsening environmental problems at Mizushima Industrial Complex
Environmental pollution control measures commenced in earnest (1965~1974)
1965 Mass outbreak of Minamata Disease in the Agano River Basin in Niigata Prefecture
1967 Niigata Minamata Disease Trial begins
Yokkaichi Pollution Damage Trial begins
1968 “Itai-Itai” Disease Trial begins
Judgment released regarding pollution sources in Minamata Disease and Niigata
Minamata Disease
1969 Kanemi Yusho Oil Poisoning Trial begins
Kumamoto Minamata Disease Trial begins
All-day smog warnings in Tokyo
Osaka Airport Noise Trial begins
1970 Japan becomes world’s biggest steel
producer
US submits special message on pollution
Japan–US Pollution Conference
OECD establishes Environment Policy
Committee
Japan’s first nuclear reactor becomes
operational
1970 First citizens against pollution meeting in Tokyo
Cadmium contamination of farmland in Toyama Prefecture
Non-certified Minamata Disease victims demand review of complaints process
Shizuoka Prefecture sludge pollution trial begins
Kanemi Yusho Oil Poisoning victims launch class action
1971 SMON Trial begins
Victory for plaintiffs in “Itai-Itai” Trial
Victory for plaintiffs in Niigata Minamata Trial
1972 Rebuilding the Japan Archipelago
Program
Vehicle ownership quadruples in ten
years
Polluter-pays Principle adopted
UN Conference on the Human
Environment
1972 National Federation of Lawyers Groups Against Environmental Pollution formed
Victory for plaintiffs in Yokkaichi Trial
1973 First Oil Shock
1973 Morinaga Milk Powder Arsenic Poisoning Trial begins
152
9. Chapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
Government response
1953 Liaison Conference for the Prevention of Water Contamination
1955 Guidelines to the Law on Standards for the Prevention of Pollution in the Living Environment
1958 Legislation to maintain the quality of public water resources
1959 Factory pollution regulations introduced in Tokyo
1961 Legislation to regulate smoke emissions
1963 Ministry of Health and Welfare and Ministry of International Trade and Industry set up study group to investigate atmospheric
pollution in Yokkaichi
1964 Pollution Department established by Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Environmental Pollution Control Measures Committee established by Prime Minister’s Office
1965 Special Committees on Industrial Pollution Control Measures established in Upper and Lower Houses
Environmental Pollution Control Service Corporation Law enacted
1967 Basic Law for Environmental Pollution enacted
1968 National Liaison Council for Environmental Pollution Control Measures
1969 Law concerning Special Measures for the Relief of the Pollution-related Health Damage
First White Paper on Pollution released
Environmental standards for sulfur dioxide
1970 Law for the Settlement of Environmental Pollution Disputes; Environmental Pollution Control Measures Headquarters; Ministeriallevel conference on environmental pollution control measures
14 pollution bills passed by the pollution session of the Diet
Environmental standards on carbon monoxide in vehicle exhaust gases
Environmental standards on water contamination for conservation of residential environments
Environmental standard on noise from sources such as factories and road vehicles
Environmental standards on suspended particulate matter (SPM)
Environmental standards on carbon dioxide and photochemical oxidants
Environmental standards on aircraft noise
1971 Environmental standards on Shinkansen (bullet train) noise
Central Conference for Environmental Pollution Control Measures inaugurated
Environment Agency founded; White Paper on the Environment becomes Environment White Paper
1972 Nature Conservation Law enacted
1973 Law Concerning Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation and other Measures enacted
153
10. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
Domestic and global developments
Pollution incidents and legal action in Japan
Pollution control measures lose momentum, increased awareness of environmental problems (1975 onwards)
1977 Yen appreciation
1977 Osaka Airport pollution trial begins
Nagoya Shinkansen pollution trial begins
1978 Structural recession
Bankruptcies reach record post-war
levels
1978 Widespread concern over chromium pollution
1979 Court case to stop major development at Lake Biwa
1979 Second Oil Shock
1984 World Commission on
Environment and Development
1982 Second Niigata Minamata Disease Trial begins
1983 Increase in groundwater pollution by toxic chemicals
1987 Bubble economy period; recession
caused by yen appreciation
1988 Verdict in Minamata Criminal Trial: company guilty of involuntary manslaughter
1992 Niigata Minamata victims lose case
1992 Earth Summit
154
11. Chapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
Government response
1977 Substantial scaling back of environmental standards on nitrous oxide
1980 Environmental assessment legislation shelved
1986 Expert committee on dioxins set up
1986 Designation of Type 1 regions for pollution controls and compensation lifted
1990 Water Pollution Control Act amended
1991 Recycling Law
1992 Implementation guidelines for general control measures for Minamata Disease
1993 Basic Environment Law
1997 Environmental Impact Assessment Law
155
12. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
2. Main Responses to Environmental
Pollution
2-1 History of the Response to Minamata
Disease (Mercury Poisoning) and
Discussion
Given the scale of the tragedy and its terrible
consequences, Minamata Disease is often
considered the first major incident of
environmental pollution in the course of Japanese
history. The history of the response to Minamata
Disease is also that of the struggle by victims for
recognition of the problem2. The experience of
Minamata Disease and its tragic consequences
teaches us much about the inadequacy of the initial
response and the roles and responsibilities of those
involved in preventing pollution—private industry,
government and the medical profession.
2-1-1 Overview of Minamata Disease
Minamata Disease was caused by methyl
mercury poisoning that gradually accumulated
toxic levels of organic mercury as a result of
eating fish and shellfish that grew in an
environment contaminated by industrial waste
water. Typical symptoms includs disorders of the
central nervous system and sensory disturbances
in the extremities. Minamata Disease was first
identified along the coast of Minamata Bay in
Kumamoto Prefecture. By around 1955, people
in the region already understood that the
poisoning came from eating fish. The source was
traced to the Minamata Factory of the Shin
Nihon Chisso Hiryo Company (now Chisso
Corporation). Victims were paid a paltry level of
compensation, and the company continued
releasing pollutants into the bay while pressuring
the government and scientists into delaying
studies to evaluate the causal relation3.
As a result, official government recognition of
the disease did not come until 12 years after the first
victims were identified, and five years after the final
report of the government’s own study group, during
which time the problem continued to grow.
Table 6-5 History of Minamata Disease
1956
• Minamata Disease formally identified - notification to public
1965
• Outbreak of Minamata Disease in Niigata
health center of Shin Nihon Chisso Hiryo Company (now
1968
• Minamata Disease linked to pollution; discharge of wastewater
• Kumamoto University Medical School sets up research team
1969
• Victims group launches compensation action against Chisso
• Kumamoto Prefectural Government application for fishing ban
1971
• Environment Agency takes the position, “If Minamata Disease
1973
• Verdict in favor of Minamata victims
1974
• Administrative litigation over delays in victim certification by
Chisso Corporation)
1957
halted
under the Food Sanitation Act rejected by Ministry of Health
and Welfare
1958
• Chisso Corporate changes location of waste outlet;
cannot be ruled out, it is Minamata Disease”
contamination continues and health problems worsen
1959
• Kumamoto University Medical School releases findings: organic
mercury identified as cause
Kumamoto Prefecture
1976
• Victory for victims in administrative litigation
1980
• Non-certified victims launch legal action for compensation against
1987
• Kumamoto District Court orders the national government,
1995
• National government presents victims with final proposal;
• Food Sanitation Investigation Council notifies the Ministry of
Health and Welfare of organic mercury finding and is disbanded
Chisso, the national government and Kumamoto Prefecture
on the day
1963
• Kumamoto University Medical School identifies link between
Minamata Disease and factory wastewater
2
3
Kumamoto Prefecture and Chisso to pay compensation
accepted by most victims’ groups
NHK Archives (2001) TV no Seishun, Documentary “Waga Uchinaru ‘Minamata’ - Kokuhakuteki Ishiron
[Minamata Disease - Confessing Doctors’ Perspective] Airdate: March 4, 2001.
Ui, Jun (2001) “Nihon no Kogai Taiken [Japan’s Experience of Environmental Pollution] Yoshida, Fumikazu and
Miyamoto, Kenichi, Iwanami Koza Kankyo Keizaigaku 2 kan, Kankyo to Kaihatsu [Iwanami Lecture
Environmental Economics Vol. 2, Environment and Development].
156
13. Chapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
Furthermore, compensation for Minamata
victims who had not been certified, and
acceptance of the settlement, did not occur
until 1995, some 40 years after the formal
announcement of Minamata Disease.
2-1-2 Response to Minamata Disease by
those Concerned and Lessons to be
Gained
(1) Response by Corporations
Chisso Corporation, the polluter,
fearing the negative ramifications of the
worsening pollution crisis on its corporate
activities and profits, refused to recognize
any causal link between the pollutants
and the disease. Chisso also withheld
information and refused to cooperate
Protest action by victims of Minamata Disease: Sit-in
Minamata Disease protesters are forcibly removed by police
(March 1978, Mainichi Shimbun Co. Ltd)
Box 6-4 The Public Health Center’s Response
On April 21 and 29, 1956, two sisters with serious disorders of the nervous system presented to
the hospital attached to the Shin Nihon Chisso Hiryo Factory at Minamata. On May 1, the hospital
director, Dr. Hajime Hosokawa, described the disease as “unprecedented” in a report to the
Minamata Public Health Center. Following the notification, Dr. Hosokawa and his colleagues joined
together with staff from the public health center to conduct a study of the afflicted sisters and other
families in the immediate area. They found many others with similar symptoms, as well as evidence of
related deaths. On May 4, the doctors submitted a written report to the Director of the Kumamoto
Prefectural Health Bureau requesting permission to conduct a study of possible poisoning of well
water. The ensuing preliminary study by Dr. Hosokawa’s group and the public health center staff
generated highly significant findings. The public health center subsequently determined that
contaminants had been ingested via consumption of fish and shellfish caught in Minamata Bay, and
requested a suspension of fishing activities. This was refused by the Ministry of Health and Welfare on
the basis that not all fish and shellfish could be shown to be contaminated. The Chisso Minamata
Factory was named as the suspected source of contaminants, but the Food Sanitation Investigation
Council, an advisory body to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, refused to grant approval for on-site
inspections. The public health center and the prefectural government were therefore unable to
identify and eliminate the cause, much less institute preventative measures. The most important
reason for this situation was the lack of response from the overseeing body, the Ministry of Health and
Welfare. Today in Japan, under the Community Health Law local governments are able to monitor
the planning and regulation of private sector operations.
Source: Doi, Rikuo (2003) “Hoken-jo ha do Ugoitaka [How the Public Health Center Responsed,” Public
Health, Vol. 67 No. 3 summarized in part
157
14. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
Box 6-5 Background to the Delayed Response
In 1959, acting on a report from the Kumamoto University Medical School research group, the
Minamata Food Poisoning Committee of the Food Sanitation Investigation Council (an advisory body
to the Ministry of Health and Welfare) presented the Minister for Health and Welfare with a report
identifying organic mercury as the cause of Minamata Disease. The national and prefectural
governments, keen to maintain the momentum of strong economic growth and avoid any adverse
impact to the chemical industry, did nothing to stop the Minamata Factory wastewater discharge. The
report was shelved the day after it was received following a submission by the Minister for
International Trade and Industry to the Cabinet. The Minister argued that the disease was not linked
to mercury, instead distributing copies of academic papers claiming toxic amine as the culprit. The
Director of the Environmental Sanitation Unit at the Ministry of Health and Welfare visited the
Minamata Factory to announce the government’s stance refuting the organic mercury findings; he
proposed that research predicated on factory wastewater as the likely cause should be abandoned and
replaced by a fresh study, this time with the full cooperation of the factory. Chisso refused to release
details of its production processes and wastewater output, and concealed the results of experiments
proving that organic mercury was the cause of the disease. Scientists closely linked to the Japan
Chemical Industry Association (JCIA) colluded with the government to propound a range of other
theories and stymie genuine research, while the Japanese Association of Medical Science (JAMS)
publicly disputed the findings of the Kumamoto University researchers. The government set up its
own investigation council, supposedly to determine the cause of Minamata Disease, but no findings
were ever delivered, and the council was subsequently disbanded without achieving its stated aim.
Source: Kurihara, Akira ed. (2000) Shogen Minamata-byo [Testimony: Minamata Disease] Iwanami Shoten
summarized in part
with the Kumamoto University Medical School
research team that was trying to determine the
cause of the “strange disease,” and refuted the
findings of the research team upon release. In this
way, time dragged on without any relief for the
victims of mercury poisoning.
Even after Minamata Disease had been
conclusively linked to its factory wastewater, Chisso
did not attempt to install wastewater treatment or
purification equipment. Instead, the company
diverted the wastewater outlet to a new location.
On the compensation front, the company used
delaying tactics while trying to force victims and
fishermen, who were in a significantly weaker
position, to accept a paltry settlement.
(2) Response by Local Government
Once Minamata Disease had been identified,
158
the local government recognized the need for
countermeasures, but was unable to take effective
action for a number of reasons. Firstly, at that time
local authorities did not have the power to resolve
local issues; environmental pollution control
measures required the approval of the national
government. Secondly, the local government was
keen to maintain cordial relations with the
company, a major contributor to the local
economy through tax revenue and employment
opportunities, and was therefore unwilling to take
any action that might be considered a burden on
the company. Thirdly, the likelihood of strong
opposition from fishing interests deprived of their
income source if a fishing ban was imposed was
also a factor in the inability to take effective
countermeasures.
15. Chapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
(3) Response by the National Government
Boosting fertilizer production and promoting
the chemical industry in general, was a high priority
for the national government and particularly the
Ministry of International Trade and Industry.
Identifying mercury as the pollutant would strike a
blow to the chemical industry, something that the
Ministry was keen to avoid. The government did
not follow up on the findings of the Kumamoto
University research team, but instead sought to
delay the response by launching its own study. The
government should have moved immediately to
provide information and advice and impose
regulations, given that there were many other
factories around the country producing similar
waste discharges; however it did not, and
consequently Minamata Disease began to appear in
other regions of Japan.
(4) Response by Doctors and Scientists
In science and medicine, one cannot make a
definitive conclusion without sufficient
corroborating evidence. Due to the lack of
evidence, doctors and scientists were unable to
properly substantiate a causal relationship
between the contaminants (and their sources) and
Minamata Disease, much less to develop
countermeasures and counter the growing health
problem. Scientists are expected to be neutral,
impartial and scientific; however some of those
involved in investigating Minamata Disease
underrated the role of environmental pollution
and openly disputed the causal relationship.
Figure 6-2 summarizes the proper roles of
industry, local and national governments, and
scientists and researchers, as exemplified by the
experience of Minamata Disease.
Figure 6-2 Roles and Responsibilities for Relevant Parties from
Consideration of Minamata Disease Countermeasures
National government
– Ensure that industry is committed to controlling
environmental pollution and promoting health
– Provide information and warnings on sources of pollution
– Organize studies by experts and research groups
– Provide official certification and monetary
relief for pollution victims
Regional and local government
Companies and industry
– Develop control measures for pollution sources
and regulate industry
– Eliminate contaminants through treatment
and purification
– Provide mediation between vested interests
Response to
health problems
caused by
environmental
pollution
– Monitor and identify pollution sources
– Take action when pollution sources are identified
– Promote local industry
– Install treatment and prevention equipment
– Negotiate settlements with victims
including compensation
Scientists and researchers
– Substantiate causal relationship between
pollution and illness
– Provide diagnosis and treatment of
pollution-related health problems
Source: Compiled by authors
159
16. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
2-2 Environmental Pollution Control
Measures
Following the tragic mistakes of Minamata
Disease, in which a delayed response enabled the
disease to continue to develop, a concerted effort has
been made to address pollution problems through a
raft of environmental pollution control measures.
Here we will describe some of the successful
pollution control initiatives undertaken in Japan.
2-2-1 Environmental Pollution Legislation and
Upgrading Administrative Organization
The Basic Law for Environmental Pollution
Control was enacted to provide a proper basis for
environmental pollution policy and for the
development of other regulations and initiatives.
Similarly, the Environment Agency was established
to promote unified and coordinate policy initiatives,
along with environmental pollution bureaus at the
local government level.
Environmental pollution has many different
causes and affects us in a number of different
ways. For this reason, it is important to have a
comprehensive legal framework in place to enable
the development of effective policy initiatives,
backed by a single organization with jurisdiction
over environmental pollution control measures and
the attendant governmental structures.
2-2-2 Environmental Standards and Waste and
Emission Standards
In Japan, improvements in the state of the
environment were brought about by direct
regulation based on standards for pollution and the
environment. Regulations in many areas - emission
restrictions, emission levels and emission volumes were used to ensure adherence to environmental
standards, making it possible to reduce emission
volumes at minimal cost.
2-2-3 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
and Regional and Local Authorities
The strong stance of regional and local
governments provided the impetus for the
development of environmental pollution control
160
measures in Japan. Since environmental pollution is
generally a localized phenomenon, pollution
strategies at the local level are most important. In
practice, however, controlling pollution proved
difficult, because regional and local governments
did not have the power to enforce pollution
controls and because harsh penalties for exceeding
the national government’s lax regulation criteria
was considered unlawful.
The Basic Law for Environmental Pollution
Control allowed local government to take the
initiative in pursuing pollution controls. The
combination of environmental pollution bylaws and
pollution reduction agreements with industry
proved spectacularly successful.
By 1972, every prefectural government in
Japan was regulating environmental pollution
in accordance with environmental pollution
bylaws and had set up a dedicated pollution
bureau responsible for regulation, monitoring,
measurement, guidance and prosecution. On
average, each pollution bureau had 48 staff, with
each staff member overseeing 36 facilities.
The pollution reduction agreements
represented a form of gentleman’s agreement
between local government and local companies,
where both parties agreed to abide by stricter
regulations than those imposed by the national
government. Local governments sought to improve
environmental conditions through monitoring and
supervision of local industry. The first such
agreement was signed in 1964 between the City of
Yokohama and the power company Electric Power
Development Company (now J Power). Under the
terms of the agreement, the city of Yokohama was
given the right to inspect company facilities and
provide advice on environmental pollution control
measures, and to impose stricter emission standards
than those set down by the national government.
The company was also required to submit regular
survey reports.
2-2-4 Police Prosecutions and Fines for Polluters
In 1970, the National Police Agency set up a
Pollution Control Measures Council and began
17. Chapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
prosecuting environmental pollution offenses.
Pollution inspectors and pollution prosecutors were
appointed to the task of arresting environmental
polluters. The arrest rate rose consistently at a rate
of 25% - 65% per year.
Once companies understood the potential
financial costs of environmental pollution, they
began taking genuine steps to reduce pollution
output. The police prosecutions and fines were
therefore an effective means of forcing polluters to
comply with the pollution regulations.
2-2-5 Financial Assistance for Prevention of
Environmental Damage
Investment in equipment and technology
designed to reduce pollution output can pose a
significant financial burden in difficult economic
circumstances, without providing any direct boost
to company revenue. To encourage investment in
pollution reduction initiatives, government financial
institutions provided preferential taxation and
financial measures, low-interest loans for plant and
equipment investment, tax exemptions and special
depreciation allowances. The Environment
Pollution Control Service Corporation, meanwhile,
promoted pollution reduction initiatives in industry
by setting up green buffer zones and joint facilities
for reducing environmental pollution, building
joint-use production facilities and carrying out land
reclamation projects.
2-2-6 Introduction of Regional Industrial
Planning Policie
Regional industrial planning policies helped
to reduce pollution levels by limiting the density of
pollution sources (particularly factories) in a given
area and encouraging the use of joint pollution
control facilities.
2-2-7 Environmental Assessments
In terms of cost, effort and efficacy, it is much
better to incorporate pollution controls, based on
studies of anticipated environmental effects at the
initial planning stage, rather than attempting to
devise containment strategies after the event. To
this end, the environmental impact assessment is an
important part of the preparatory process.
Environmental impact assessments have been used
in Japan since 1965, mainly for large factory
construction projects. Preliminary studies are
carried out to determine the expected pollutant
emission levels, and the project plans are modified
accordingly, for instance by providing additional
processing and treatment facilities to reduce
emission levels.
2-2-8 Pollution Prevention Research
Reducing environmental pollution requires
specialized research, firstly to identify the types of
pollution and how they are being generated, and
secondly to identify the most effective method for
dealing with them. In Japan, government pollution
research institutes at the local and national level
are staffed with dedicated researchers engaged in
medical and environmental studies on pollution.
Examples include a long-term epidemiological
tracking study on the effects of environmental
pollution on the human body, launched in 1970,
and studies of community health management
systems for anticipated health problems.
2-2-9 Use of the Court
The standard procedure for grievances and
requests for mediation over pollution issues is to
apply to the relevant government agency.
Mediation by a government agency does not always
provide satisfaction for the affected parties, who are
generally in a weaker position than both
government and industry. In such cases, recourse to
legal action may be taken. Victims of pollution in
Japan have often taken legal action against
governments and corporations over acts of
pollution. The four major pollution trials, for
instance, all resulted in comprehensive victories for
the plaintiffs. The basic health and welfare rights of
the public were recognized, compensation was paid
to pollution victims, and the legitimacy of their
demands for an end to pollution was accepted.
In general, however, legal action over pollution
issues is both complex and time-consuming, in light
161
18. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
of the difficulty of demonstrating the causal
relationship between the pollution act and the
illness or affliction, and the need for specialist skills
and knowledge.
2-2-10 Pollution-related Health Damage
Compensation
Japan has many precedents for payment of
compensation for health damage suffered as a
result of pollution, based on the polluter-pays
principle. The Law Concerning Pollution-related
Health Damage Compensation and other
Measures, enacted in 1973, provides for payments
to cover medical expenses, compensation for
disabilities, bereavement payments, child
allowances and funeral related expenses. This was
followed by other measures for paying the medical
expenses of victims of pollution who remained
uncertified for prolonged periods while trying to
establish a causal relationship. Rehabilitation
programs, support for relocation for the purpose of
recovery and recuperation, subsidized medical
equipment for the home, and facilities to provide
these services, are also made available to certified
victims.
2-2-11 Education of Environmental Pollution
Control Personnel for Industry and Local
Government
Controlling environmental pollution requires
not just legislation but people capable of effectively
implementing the legislation. Companies, as the
most common polluters, need staffs who understand
pollution issues, while local governments need
employees to monitor pollution in industry. Since
1971, all major enterprises in Japan have been
required to appoint a pollution prevention officer,
and local government employees are required to
obtain accreditation through certified pollution
prevention training courses. Local governments also
provide pollution enquiry centers that provide
advice on pollution control.
2-2-12 Pollution Awareness Campaigns
The level of commitment to pollution controls
162
and effective outcomes is very much subject to
public opinion. The Japanese media, particularly
television and radio, are constantly working to raise
public awareness of pollution and environmental
issues.
3. Environmental Pollution Control
Measures in Developing Countries in
the Light of Japan’s Experience
Developing countries today tend to focus on
economic growth and development at the expense
of environmental pollution controls, in much the
same way as Japan acted not so long ago. As we
have seen, however, this situation can lead to major
public health problems.
In Japan, pollution problems were allowed to
escalate by the lethargic response of government
and industry. Since then, however, pollution has
been tackled successfully through a range of
initiatives. The poor response to pollution controls
can be attributed to a lack of consensus within
government on the relative priorities of public
health and the value of life versus the importance of
economic progress and corporate profits. This
debate had the effect of delaying the preparation of
legislation and regulatory systems and the
implementation and enforcement of pollution
reduction initiatives. Other contributing factors
included the unwillingness of the private sector,
motivated primarily by the quest for profits, to
make a genuine effort to implement voluntary
controls and resolve pollution problems. This was
exacerbated by the shortage of doctors trained to
identify symptoms of environmental pollution as
well as researchers capable of linking such
symptoms to specific pollution sources. Given the
potential for similar circumstances to arise in
developing countries, it is worth reflecting on
Japan’s experience to prevent delays in the
introduction of environmental pollution control
measures.
Japan subsequently enjoyed spectacular
success in reducing pollution levels through a range
of initiatives by industry and government, but it is
19. Chapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures
Table 6-6 Prerequisites and Considerations Regarding the Application of
Japanese Pollution Strategies in Developing Countries
Japanese approach
Prerequisites/considerations for application in developing countries
Pollution control legislation and establishment of administrative
bodies
Separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, what level of
authority to be afforded to local government
Environmental standards and emission limits
Nature of government intervention
International involvement in environmental and pollution fields
Pollution control by local government
Separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, what level of
authority to be afforded to local government
Police prosecution and penalties for pollution offences
Nature of government intervention
Financial assistance for pollution reduction
Level of industrial development
Introduction of regional industrial development planning
Level of industrial development
Regional structures
Environmental assessments
Level of expertise in pollution technology
Pollution control research and surveys
Level of expertise in pollution technology
Recourse to legal action
Separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, what level of
authority to be afforded to local government
Compensation plans for pollution victims
Public opinion and social movements
Training of environmental pollution control personnel
Level of expertise in pollution technology
Public awareness of pollution issues
Public opinion and social movements
Source: Compiled by authors
important to note that these were driven by public
opposition to pollution and associated protest
activities. Public opinion was in turn driven by
advocacy movements for pollution victims and
media reporting. At the same time, legal verdicts
holding governments and industry responsible for
pollution also helped to force a change of approach
in government. Environmental pollution gradually
came under control as local governments faced with
local pollution problems began introducing their
own initiatives, and increasing numbers of those in
government began to appreciate public sentiment
on pollution. In the same way, public opinion and
media pressure should provide effective forces for
action on pollution in developing countries.
At the same time, we must remember that
conditions in developing countries today are not
the same as those in post-war Japan. In applying
the lessons of Japan, it is important to take into
account the political systems and functions of the
country and region, as well as differences between
peoples and cultures. The following seven
differences between Japan and developing
countries have been identified as potential
influences on the outcomes.
1. Level of industrial development
2. Regional structures
3. Nature of government intervention
4. Public opinion formation and social
movements
163
20. Japan’s Experience in Public Health and Medical Systems
5. Separation of executive, legislative and
judicial powers and level of authority
afforded to local government
6. Level of expertise in pollution technology
7. International involvement in environmental
164
and pollution fields
Table 6-6 summarizes the main prerequisites
and considerations to bear in mind when applying
the Japanese approaches that were effective in
pollution control to today’s developing countries.