Head injury refers to any damage to the structures of the head due to trauma. Common causes include falls, road accidents, assaults, and sports injuries. The mechanism of injury can involve acceleration-deceleration forces or impacts that cause brain tissue to impact the inside of the skull. Injuries are classified by severity or the structures involved, such as contusions, fractures, or hematomas. Treatment involves stabilizing the patient and managing complications. Physiotherapy focuses on maintaining range of motion, posture, respiratory function, and encouraging remaining abilities to aid recovery. Outcomes depend on factors like the severity and location of brain injuries sustained.
This presentation is detail about Volta therapy which is commonly used in paediatric neurological conditions and also for adults. this presentation explains what are the various techniques, methods of application of Volta therapy, indications, contraindications, etc.
Bicipital tendonitis is inflammation of long head of the biceps tendon under the bicipital groove.
In early stage, tendon becomes red and swollen, as tendonitis develops the tendon sheath can thicken.
In late stage, often become dark red in color due to inflammation.
Provides information concerning gravity, rotation and acceleration
Serves as a reference for the somatosensory & visual systems
Contributes to integration of arousal, conscious awareness of the body via connections with vestibular cortex, thalamus and reticular formation
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-Detailed Introduction, Patho-physiology, Evaluation & Physiotherapy Management of Parkinsonism.
-Clinical classification is discussed.
-Various measures of evaluation and physical therapy is discussed in this.
A head injury is any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain. The injury may be only a minor bump on the skull or a serious brain injury. Head injury can be either closed or open (penetrating). A closed head injury means you received a hard blow to the head from striking an object, but the object did not break the skull.
This presentation is detail about Volta therapy which is commonly used in paediatric neurological conditions and also for adults. this presentation explains what are the various techniques, methods of application of Volta therapy, indications, contraindications, etc.
Bicipital tendonitis is inflammation of long head of the biceps tendon under the bicipital groove.
In early stage, tendon becomes red and swollen, as tendonitis develops the tendon sheath can thicken.
In late stage, often become dark red in color due to inflammation.
Provides information concerning gravity, rotation and acceleration
Serves as a reference for the somatosensory & visual systems
Contributes to integration of arousal, conscious awareness of the body via connections with vestibular cortex, thalamus and reticular formation
Hello everyone here I upload mckenzie exrercise basic details and some of its position.Its technique for use to cervical, Lumabar pain relief via particular position.Thank you.
-Detailed Introduction, Patho-physiology, Evaluation & Physiotherapy Management of Parkinsonism.
-Clinical classification is discussed.
-Various measures of evaluation and physical therapy is discussed in this.
A head injury is any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain. The injury may be only a minor bump on the skull or a serious brain injury. Head injury can be either closed or open (penetrating). A closed head injury means you received a hard blow to the head from striking an object, but the object did not break the skull.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
5. DEFINITION
Head injury means damage to any of the structures of the
head as a result of trauma.
As defined by National Head Injury Foundation of America,
Head Injury is “a traumatic insult to brain capable of
producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social and
vocational changes.
The term “Head Injury” is most often used to refer to an
injury to the brain, that may also involve the bones, muscles,
blood vessels, skin or other organs of the face or head.
7. MECHANISM OF INJURY
Closed head injuries are due to:
1. Acceleration – deceleration
2. Coup - contra coup
Open Head injuries due to:
1. Penetrations
2. Fractures
8. MECHANISM OF INJURY…
Acceleration:
Direct blow to the head
Skull moves away from force
Brain rapidly accelerates from
stationary to in- motion state
causing cellular damage
9. MECHANISM OF INJURY…
Deceleration:
Head impacts to a stationary object
Moving skull stops motion almost
immediately
However, brain, floating in cerebral
spinal fluid (CSF), briefly continues
moving in skull towards direction of
impact, resulting in significant forces that
damage cells
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10. MECHANISM OF INJURY…
Injury resulting from rapid, violent
movement of brain is called coup and
contra coup.
Coup: an injury occurring directly
beneath the skull at the area of impact.
Contra coup: injury occurs on the
opposite side of the area that was
impacted.
11. TYPES
A. Depending on the severity of the injury:
1. Mild Head Injury
2. Moderate Head injury
3. Severe Head injury.
We use Glasgow Coma Scale to interpret the severity of the
head injury. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological
scale which aims to give a reliable and objective way of
recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as
subsequent assessment.
13. Glasgow coma scale…
Modified GCS for vocal responses from children under 5 years:
2-5 years Points <2 years
Words of any sort 5 Coos, smiles, cries
Monosyllables 4 Cries only
Cries or screams 3 Unstimulated screaming
Grunts 2 Grunts
None 1 None
14. TYPES…..
B. Depending on the structures involoved in the injury, there
are 5 types. They are:
1. Brain contusion
2. Brain concussion
3. Skull fractures
4. Diffuse axonal injury
5. Intracranial hematoma.
15. TYPES…
Brain Contusion:
Contusion – bruising of brain tissue
on the impacted site.
Has area of necrosis infarction and
hemorrhage
Often from coup – contra coup
injury.
16. TYPES….
Brain concussion:
The most common and least serious type of
traumatic brain injury is called a concussion.
The word comes from the
Latin concutere, which means "to shake
violently.“
Here, the brain is pushed towards and against
the skull.
19. TYPES…
Diffuse axonal injury:
Diffuse axonal injury occurs when
shearing, stretching and/or
angular forces pull on axons and
small vessels.
Impaired axonal transport leads to
focal axonal swelling and after
several hours may result in axonal
disconnection.
21. TYPES…
Epidural Hematoma:
Comes from bleeding
between dura and inner
surface of the skull.
Will be unconscious, then
awake, and then deteriorate
( lucid interval )
25. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Decrease in venous return resulting in reduced ventricular filling
Increased sympathetic tone and hypercontractility of ventricles with under
filled chamber
Ventricular mechanoreceptor activation and feedback to Medulla(CNS) via
afferent vagus nerve
Sympathetic withdrawal, parasympathetic overdrive leading to bradycardia
and hypotension
SYNCOPE
26. CLINICAL FEATURES
Clinical manifestations come according to the area of damage of
the brain. Such as.
Damaged Frontal lobe:
Problem in intellectual activities.
Loss of ability to organize.
Problem in personality, behavior and emotional control.
Damaged Temporal lobe:
Problem in memory, speech and comprehension.
27. CLINICAL FEATURES…
Damaged Parietal lobe:
Inability to read and write
Difficulty to understand spatial relationship.
Damaged Occipital lobe:
Problem in vision.
Damaged Cerebellum:
Posture and trunk instability
Loss of body equilibrium and co-ordination of movements.
Change in rapid limb movements.
28. CLINICAL FEATURES…
Some features commonly found in head injuries:
Anxiety, nervousness.
Aphasia
Dysphasia
Dizziness
Headache
Seizures
Vertigo
Sleep difficulties
29. PROGRESSION
Symptoms typically progress through three successive stages-
1. Coma : Severe head injury results in coma, a loss of
consciousness.
2. Post – traumatic amnesia : It is a stage of acute confusion
and the hallmark of this stage is cognitive impairment.
3. Recovery : recovery is characterized by progressive
improvement in cognitive and behavioral functions.
31. DIAGNOSIS
A complete neurological evaluation is performed to rule out
conditions requiring neurosurgical attention, such as
hematomas, depressed skull fractures, and elevated intracranial
pressure. Some diagnostic tools are used as:
Angiogram: A test to examine blood vessels in the brain.
ICP monitor: A device used to monitor intracranial pressure.
EEG: A test to measure electrical activity in the brain.
X-rays, MRIs, and CT Scans: to detect fractures, hemorrhages,
swelling and certain kinds of tissue injury.
32. TREATMENT
There are three stages of treatment for head injury.
Acute – to stabilize the patient immediately after the injury.
Sub-acute – to rehabilitate and return the patient to
community
Chronic – to continue rehabilitation and treat the long – term
impairments.
33. TREATMENT…
ACUTE TREATMENT:
Unblocking the airway
Assisting breathing
Keeping the blood circulating
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be necessary.
Surgery is indicated if any blood clot causes increased
intracranial pressure in case of subdural hematomas and
intracerebral hemorrhages.
34. TREATMENT…
Sub-acute treatment:
Sub – acute treatment is provided after stabilization. Which ranges from
medical stability to patient’s return to the community or admission to a chronic
facility. The main goals of sub-acute treatment are:
Early detection of complications, such as:
1. Cranial nerve damage
2. Epilepsy
3. Spasticity
4. Heterotopic ossification
5. Diabetes insipidus.
Facilitation of neurological and functional recovery
Prevention of additional injury.
35. TREATMENT…
Chronic Treatment:
Disabilities from head injury may last a lifetime, and different
interventions may be appropriate even many years later.
There are two categories of chronic treatment .
Community-based rehabilitation and return to work or school,
and
Treatment of long term consequences of the injury.
36. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY
Plan of care:
The purpose of the plan of care is to maintain an optimal
physical condition, thus providing a basis from which learning
and relearning may be enhanced. The components of a plan of
care are:
Respiratory care.
Control of posture – in lying, sitting and standing.
Maintenance of range of motion in joints.
Encouragement of remaining ability.
37. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
Respiratory care:
The patient will have limited lung excursion due to loss of
function of respiratory muscle and poor postural control, and
this will predispose to chest infection. To prevent respiratory
complications, a physiotherapist can prescribe:
Breathing exercises : Deep breathing exercise, Breathing
control exercise, Active cycle of breathing technique.
Postural drainage.
Encouraging active coughing.
38. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
Control of posture:
Posture while lying
Patients with asymmetrical, decerebrate posture and inability to
accept the support of the surface of the bed are vulnerable to
joint contractures, pressure sores and respiratory complications.
The presenting posture may be modified by providing
additional support such as pillows, wedges and foam rolls and
thus stability to the body segments.
41. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
Posture while sitting
There are three typical postural
patterns in sitting:
1. C – shaped posture: This is a
slumped kyphotic pattern.
42. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
2. Arched posture: The body is
arched backwards from the coccyx,
with an exaggerated lumbar
lordosis. Legs tend to flex, and
arms to extend. Inevitably the
buttocks will tend to lift and slide
forwards,
43. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
3. Asymmetrical posture: In this
posture the legs may be
windswept, the pelvis tilted and
rotate, and the trunk and the
side of the head flexed and
rotated.
44. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
The patient may display a combination of these
postures and most will adopt a preferred position in
sitting. If a patient is unable to provide own postural
support, it must be provided externally to provide
stable, balanced, symmetrical and functional position,
whilst relieving pressure and shearing forces.
45. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
Posture while standing:
Standing is achieved by the mechanical
support of a tilt-able or standing frame,
when the joint range of the lower
extremities allow this to be a safe and
achievable procedure.
46. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
Maintenance of Joint ROM:
Reduced ROM can lead to contractures and contribute to
asymmetrical posture and an unstable position. To maintain
ROM a physiotherapist can do to a patient:
Passive movement
Active facilitated and active movements.
If contracture is developed then splinting and serial casting
can help to stretch the contracted tissues.
47. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
Encourage remaining ability:
Stimulating interest in task, providing an element of
competition and frequent repetition, may enhance
performance of even the most simple task. Leisure
activities are encouraged like swimming, archery and
table tennis. These activities will depend on the
patients ability to enjoy and/or take part in them.
48. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
Other Physical therapeutic interventions required for head injury:
Inhibit abnormal patterns of reflex activity by :
1. Positioning
2. Reflex inhibiting
Establish communication
Increase sensory stimulus by:
1. Encouraging awareness of surroundings
2. Afferent cutaneous reactions
3. Encouraging motivation
49. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION FOR
HEAD INJURY…
Develop normal tone
Develop normal reactions
Facilitate voluntary movements
Reeducate functional activities by:
1. Choice and adaptation of activities which do not conflict
with other principles of movements.
2. Choice and use of aids.
50. HEAD INJURY PATIENTS IN
NUROLOGY UNIT of PT DEPARTMENT
Trunk control
exercise with the
help of Theraband.
59. PROGNOSIS
Prognosis depends on several indicators to predict the level of
patient’s recovery during first few weeks and months after injury.
Duration of coma
Severity of coma in the first few hours after the injury.
Duration of post-traumatic amnesia
Location and size of contusions and hemorrhages in the brain
Severity of injuries to other body systems sustained at the
time of the injury.
Age of the patient.
60. CONCLUSION
The overall objective of a management programme
for the brain-injured patient with severe long-term
physical disability is to ensure that the patient enjoys
the best possible quality of life, in terms of general
wellbeing and control of adverse secondary
complications, whilst exploring to the full of any
independence available.