Group 3 presented to nursing students on unconsciousness and head injuries. They defined unconsciousness as being unaware of oneself and surroundings and unable to respond, and defined head injury as any trauma to the head other than superficial facial injuries. Causes of head injuries included motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports. Signs of head injuries included altered consciousness, bleeding from ears/nose, bruising around eyes. Management followed the SAFE approach of securing airway, breathing, circulation, disability assessment, and environment. Unconsciousness could be caused by problems with oxygen, circulation, metabolism, or the central nervous system.
CERVIOGENC HEADACHE is a chronic headache that arises from the atlanto-occipital and upper cervical joints and perceived in one or more regions of head or face.
CERVIOGENC HEADACHE is a chronic headache that arises from the atlanto-occipital and upper cervical joints and perceived in one or more regions of head or face.
Epilepsy and seizures a deep insight- by Rxvichu!!RxVichuZ
Hello friends..........................WISHING ALL STUDENTS, TEACHERS WORLDWIDE...A VERY HAPPY TEACHER'S DAY...............
I am happy to love being a teacher...and also blessed to guide many people along the way...................
PROUDLY, I RELEASE MY 15TH PPT, ON TEACHER'S DAY, REGARDING EPILEPSY AND SEIZURES...................
U will get all possible details that u need ....
Do review my ppt, and send me ur feedbacks.....
Thanks for reading and supporting my works till now...............
@rxvichu-alwz4uh!
Management of-unconscious-patient
Definition of unconsciousness
Common causes
Diagnosis and treatment of unconscious patient
Unconsciousness is a state in which a patient is totally unaware of both self and external surroundings, and unable to respond meaningfully to external stimuli.
bagaimana hubungan nyeri kepala dengan epilepsi? epilepsi menyebabkan nyeri kepala? nyeri kepala menyebabkan epilepsi? epilepsi yang manifestasinya nyeri kepala? kapan kita curiga suatu nyeri kepala merupakan bentuk kejang?
Spinal Cord Disorders
Definition:-
Spinal Cord Injury(SCI) is an injury to the Spinal Cord that results in temporary or permanent changes in the spinal cords Normal motor sensory or autonomic function.
In most Spinal Cord Injuries, the balance ligaments or disc material pinch the cord, causing it to become bruised or swollen.
1. Incidence
2. Etiology
3. Pathophysiology of SCI
4. Clinical Manifestation
5. Diagnosis
6. Management
7. Nursing Process
8. Nursing Diagnosis
9. Nursing Interventions
Spinal Bifida
Spinal Bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the spinal cord doesn’t form properly.
It is the type of neural tube defect.
The neural tube is the structure in a developing embryo that eventually becomes the body’s Brain, Spinal cord & the tissue that encloses them.
1. types
2. Causes
3. Symptoms
4. Complications
REFERENCES:-
1. Brunner & Siddarth's,
Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing,
Epilepsy and seizures a deep insight- by Rxvichu!!RxVichuZ
Hello friends..........................WISHING ALL STUDENTS, TEACHERS WORLDWIDE...A VERY HAPPY TEACHER'S DAY...............
I am happy to love being a teacher...and also blessed to guide many people along the way...................
PROUDLY, I RELEASE MY 15TH PPT, ON TEACHER'S DAY, REGARDING EPILEPSY AND SEIZURES...................
U will get all possible details that u need ....
Do review my ppt, and send me ur feedbacks.....
Thanks for reading and supporting my works till now...............
@rxvichu-alwz4uh!
Management of-unconscious-patient
Definition of unconsciousness
Common causes
Diagnosis and treatment of unconscious patient
Unconsciousness is a state in which a patient is totally unaware of both self and external surroundings, and unable to respond meaningfully to external stimuli.
bagaimana hubungan nyeri kepala dengan epilepsi? epilepsi menyebabkan nyeri kepala? nyeri kepala menyebabkan epilepsi? epilepsi yang manifestasinya nyeri kepala? kapan kita curiga suatu nyeri kepala merupakan bentuk kejang?
Spinal Cord Disorders
Definition:-
Spinal Cord Injury(SCI) is an injury to the Spinal Cord that results in temporary or permanent changes in the spinal cords Normal motor sensory or autonomic function.
In most Spinal Cord Injuries, the balance ligaments or disc material pinch the cord, causing it to become bruised or swollen.
1. Incidence
2. Etiology
3. Pathophysiology of SCI
4. Clinical Manifestation
5. Diagnosis
6. Management
7. Nursing Process
8. Nursing Diagnosis
9. Nursing Interventions
Spinal Bifida
Spinal Bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the spinal cord doesn’t form properly.
It is the type of neural tube defect.
The neural tube is the structure in a developing embryo that eventually becomes the body’s Brain, Spinal cord & the tissue that encloses them.
1. types
2. Causes
3. Symptoms
4. Complications
REFERENCES:-
1. Brunner & Siddarth's,
Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing,
its an brief information for Intensive nurses about the Neurological assessment ,GCS, braian death assessment & expalins about important brain reflex's pertaining to icu setup, for making this pdf i used out hospitlas protocal, nursing journals.....
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptx
Unconciousness and head injuries by katunga charles rphn at lawanika college of nursing, midwifery and public health nursing.
1. COURSE: FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING.
TUTOR: MRS LUBINDA.
GROUP THREE (3)
PRESENTATION ON
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
AND
2. GROUP THREE (3)
MEMBERS1. NYIRENDA ANTHONY
2. CHIPOYA NAOMI
3. MUBITANA MUBITANA
4. MUTEMBE KASHOLO
5. SILONGO JACKSON
6. MALUMANI INYAMO
7. LITIA ISITEKETO
8. MWANSA FLAVIA
9. KATUNGA KATUNGA CHARLES
3. General Objective
By the end of this presentation RPHN students should be
able to understand what unconsciousness and head injuries
are.
4. Specific Objectives
Define unconsciousness and head injury.
What causes unconsciousness and head injuries.
List the signs and symptoms of unconsciousness and head
injuries.
Describe the clinical management of unconsciousness and
head injuries
5. UNCONCIOUSNESS AND
HEAD INJURIES.
Introduction:
Fire-fighters, at times, are the first to arrive at incidents
involving casualties who have suffered major traumatic
injuries and in the first few moments of these incidents,
their expertise can make the difference between life and
death.
The fire-fighter is often called
upon to fill the “vacuum” between the occurrence of injury
and the arrival of the paramedic or medical help.
6. Intro Cont’
Therefore, emergency departments see a large number of
patients with minor or mild head injuries and need to
identify the very small number who will go on to have
serious acute intracranial complications.
Because of the danger of compression it is very
important that you are able to accurately identify
potential brain injury and monitor changes in a casualty’s
level of consciousness. The method of measuring
conscious level is the Glasgow Coma Scale. Thus the
level of unconsciousness can be assessed using the
Glasgow Coma Scale.
7. DEFINITION OF TERMS.
UNCONCIOUSNESS:
Unconsciousness is a state in which a patient is totally unaware
of both self and external surroundings, and unable to respond
meaningfully to external stimuli.
HEAD INJURY:
head injury is defined as any trauma to the head other than
superficial injuries to the face.
8. CAUSES OF HEAD INJURIES.
• in motor vehicle accidents
• in falls
• assaults & violence
• in sports accidents
• other (lightening strike, electric shock)
Sports involved (from more to less frequent)
– Boxing
– Football, soccer, rugby
– Bicycling
– Martial arts; auto
9.
10. TYPES OF HEAD INJURIES.
• Closed head injury (CHI)-skull relatively intact; brain injured
by excessive movement within skull
• Concussion - transient neurologic dysfunction (altered
consciousness or loss of consciousness (LOC)), but no brain
damage visible on CT scan. BUT: re-injury before recovery is
particularly dangerous and may even be fatal!
• Contusion - bruising of brain (surface blood vessels
broken, tissue swells)
• Penetrating injury or laceration - brain tissue torn or
punctured (by bullet, bone fragment)
11. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEAD INJURIES.
SIGNS
Altered state of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale)
bleeding and cerebro-spinal fluid from ears and/or nose
blood under the sclera (white area) of the eye and bruising
around eyes obvious head injury
loss of movement on one side of the body (Hemiplegia)
loss of power on one side of the body (Hemiparesis)
12. SYMPTOMS
headache
nausea
confusion
speech disturbance
loss of balance
visual disturbance including a dislike of bright light
13. MANAGEMENT OF HEAD INJURIES.
On approach to an incident one can use the SAFE approach.
S - SHOUT FOR HELP
A - APPROACH WELL
E - EVALUATE WITH CARE
F - FREE FROM A.B.C.D.E.
A- AIRWAY MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL OF THE
CERVICAL SPINE.
B -BREATHING AND VENTILATION.
C -CIRCULATION WITH HAEMORAGE CONTROL.
D -DISABILITY I.E.: ASSESSMENT OF NEURLOGICAL
STATE.
E -EXPOSURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL.
14. 1. AIRWAY MAINTENCE AND CONTROL OF
THE CERVICAL SPINE.
Anyone who approaches a casualty who is suspected of
head injuries should take measures to protect the cervical
spine at once. By addressing the casualty from the front one
hand should be placed on the patients forehead to steady it,
and a slight movement of the shoulders asking are you all
right. This should ascertain if the patient is conscious and
has a clear airway.
16. 2. BREATHING AND VENTILATION.
Serious head and chest injuries occurring together are
associated with a poor prognosis (outcome) and adequacy of
breathing must be assessed carefully.
THE IMMEDIATE PRIORITY IS TO :
LOOK FOR THE CHEST RISING AND EQUAL.
LISTEN FOR SOUNDS OF BREATHING.
FEEL FOR ANY BREATH ON YOUR FACE.
A good position for this is to put your face close to the
casualty's face and look down an exposed chest.
18. 3. CIRCULATION AND HAEMORRHAGE CONTROL
Bleeding scalp vessels are easily compressed by gentle, continuous
pressure. If there is obvious deformation or instability of the structure
the bleeding can be controlled by compressing the area around the
wound, taking care to press on an area which is stable.
The patient may be bleeding from the nose or ears.
Although excessive blood loss needs to be stemmed there is a
possibility that if the patients intercrannial pressure (pressure between
the brain and inside of the skull) can increase and cause further brain
damage. These areas should be covered with a light dressing and
allowed to leak slightly.
19. 4. DISABILITY THE ASSESSMENT OF
NEURLOGICAL STATE.
LEVEL OF CONCIOUSSNESS OF THE PATIENT IN THE HEAD TRAUMA
PATIENT SHOULD BE MEASURED BY THE PNEUMONIC AVPU.
A- IS THE PATIENT ALERT.
V -DOES THE PATIENT RESPOND TO VOICE.
P -DOES THE PATIENT RESPOND TO PAIN (PINCHING OF THE EYELID).
U -THE PATIENT IS UNRESPONSIVE TO THE ABOVE.
PUPIL SIZE MUST ALSO BE CONSIDERED
THIS IS DONE BY THE PNEUMONIC PEARL.
PUPILS EQUALAND REACTIVE TO LIGHT.
If they are not equal and don't react when a beam of light is shone into them will
indicate a possibility of a build build-in intercranial pressure. Rapid extrication
from their environment and removal to hospital is the desired outcome
NOTE USE OF PEARL CAN BE CLOUDED IF THE CASUALTY IS
UNDER THE INFLUANCE OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS
20. 5. EXPOSURE TO THE ENVIRONMENT
As with any trauma it is important to protect the patient from
the extremities of the
weather.
It is possible that following a head injury the onset of
hyperthermia may manifest itself.
HYPERTHERMIA -The rise in the core body temperature,
In the case of the head injury patient, this is brought on by
the disturbance of the
temperature control center.
21. CAUSES OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS.
The causes of unconsciousness can be classified into four broad groups.
Blood oxygenation problems.
Blood circulation problems.
Metabolic problems (e.g. diabetes, overdose).
Central Nervous System problems (e.g. head injury, stroke, tumour,
epilepsy) etc.
NOTE:
Fainting is a common cause of unconsciousness and may occur when
the victim’s heart rate is too slow to maintain sufficient blood pressure
for the brain.
Combination of different cause may be present in an unconscious
victim e.g. head injury victim under the influence of alcohol.
22. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS.
minimal headache and slight neck stiffness 70%
Moderate to severe headache; neck stiffness; no neurologic
deficit except cranial nerve palsy 60%
Drowsy; minimal neurologic deficit 50%
Stuporous; moderate to severe hemiparesis; possibly early
decerebrate rigidity and vegetative disturbances 20%
Deep coma; decerebrate rigidity; moribund 10%
23. FIRST AID MANAGEMENT.
Call for help
Check the person's airway, breathing, and pulse frequently. If
necessary, begin rescue breathing and cardio pulmonary
resuscitation
If the person is breathing and lying on the back, and you do not
think there is a spinal injury, carefully roll the person toward you
onto the side. Bend the top leg so both hip and knee are at right
angles. Gently tilt the head back to keep the airway open. If
breathing or pulse stops at any time, roll the person on to his back.
If you think there is a spinal injury, leave the person where you
found them (as long as breathing continues). If the person vomits,
roll the entire body at one time to the side. Support the neck and
back to keep the head and body in the same position while you roll.
Keep the person warm until medical help starts.
If you see a person fainting, try to prevent a fall. Lay the person flat
24. MANAGEMENT OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS.
• Care of pressure area
• Care of the mouth, eyes and skin
• Nutrition and fluid balance
• Care of bowel and bladder
• Monitoring of the CVS
• Control of infection
• Physiotherapy to protect muscles and joints
• Prevention of deep vein thrombosis
• Maintenance of adequate oxygenation, if feasible
25. REFERENCES.
EBIC Guidelines for Management of severe Head Injury in
Adults. Acta Neurochir (wine) 1997.
Hannay HJ et al . (2004). “Neuropathological for
neuropsychologist”. Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Marshal LF .(2000). Head Injury: Recent Past, Present and Future
Neurosurgery.