International Symposium 2013 ISHS. Organic matter and carbon sequestrationPilar Roman
Soil organic matter plays an important role in carbon sequestration. Agricultural soils are among the largest reservoirs of carbon, estimated to be able to sequester 20 petagrams of carbon in 25 years. Soils contain about three times as much carbon as vegetation and twice as much as the atmosphere. Carbon storage in soils depends on the balance between input of dead plant material and losses from decomposition; management practices that increase soil organic matter like no-till farming can sequester more carbon in biomass and soils. Doing so provides benefits like increased soil fertility and productivity while helping mitigate climate change. However, carbon sequestration through soil is reversible if agricultural practices or disasters cause stored carbon to re-enter the atmosphere
6. Biodiversity & agro ecology A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad KhanVisi...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document discusses seven agroecology approaches including integrated pest management, integrated nutrient management, and conservation tillage.
2. A case study from northern Pakistan describes how agroecology improved food security, incomes, and women's empowerment after an earthquake by promoting organic home gardens, honeybee keeping, and fruit orchards.
3. The conclusion states that agroecology increases climate resilience through biodiversity and that governments should support rural services, resources, and smallholder farmers to promote agroecology.
Agriculture has significant environmental impacts including climate change effects on crop yields, deforestation, genetic engineering issues, irrigation problems, water and soil pollution from pesticides and fertilizers, soil degradation, plastic waste, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Sustainable practices like organic farming, conservation tillage, and reducing excess nitrogen and phosphorus use can help minimize these impacts, but may result in lower food production. Overall agriculture involves difficult tradeoffs between high yields and environmental protection that require modifying current practices.
Agro ecology and biodiversity A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Ex...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Agro ecology and biodiversity A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert KPK at Peshawar Former DG Agri Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor AUP Peshawar
This document discusses growing ecosystem services and the value they provide. It summarizes that worldwide ecosystem services are worth an average of $33 trillion annually, but many services are declining as land use changes intensify. Specific services like pest control, worth $13.6 billion, and pollination, critical for 75% of crop species, are examined. The status of provisioning, regulating and cultural services is outlined, with many degraded. Soil conservation, carbon sequestration and the role of landscapes in service delivery are also covered. Future trends may include more investment in natural capital and adaptive management. Agricultural practices supporting biodiversity can enhance services and carbon storage.
This document outlines and compares natural ecosystems and agricultural ecosystems. It defines an ecosystem as a biological system consisting of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environments. Natural ecosystems exist freely in nature, while agricultural ecosystems are managed by humans for crop and animal production. Some key differences are that natural ecosystems have higher biodiversity and genetic diversity, more complex trophic interactions and habitats, and closed nutrient cycles, while agricultural ecosystems have higher productivity but lower stability and rely on human control and external energy and nutrient inputs. Both provide important services but in different ways.
International Symposium 2013 ISHS. Organic matter and carbon sequestrationPilar Roman
Soil organic matter plays an important role in carbon sequestration. Agricultural soils are among the largest reservoirs of carbon, estimated to be able to sequester 20 petagrams of carbon in 25 years. Soils contain about three times as much carbon as vegetation and twice as much as the atmosphere. Carbon storage in soils depends on the balance between input of dead plant material and losses from decomposition; management practices that increase soil organic matter like no-till farming can sequester more carbon in biomass and soils. Doing so provides benefits like increased soil fertility and productivity while helping mitigate climate change. However, carbon sequestration through soil is reversible if agricultural practices or disasters cause stored carbon to re-enter the atmosphere
6. Biodiversity & agro ecology A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad KhanVisi...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document discusses seven agroecology approaches including integrated pest management, integrated nutrient management, and conservation tillage.
2. A case study from northern Pakistan describes how agroecology improved food security, incomes, and women's empowerment after an earthquake by promoting organic home gardens, honeybee keeping, and fruit orchards.
3. The conclusion states that agroecology increases climate resilience through biodiversity and that governments should support rural services, resources, and smallholder farmers to promote agroecology.
Agriculture has significant environmental impacts including climate change effects on crop yields, deforestation, genetic engineering issues, irrigation problems, water and soil pollution from pesticides and fertilizers, soil degradation, plastic waste, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Sustainable practices like organic farming, conservation tillage, and reducing excess nitrogen and phosphorus use can help minimize these impacts, but may result in lower food production. Overall agriculture involves difficult tradeoffs between high yields and environmental protection that require modifying current practices.
Agro ecology and biodiversity A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Ex...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Agro ecology and biodiversity A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert KPK at Peshawar Former DG Agri Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor AUP Peshawar
This document discusses growing ecosystem services and the value they provide. It summarizes that worldwide ecosystem services are worth an average of $33 trillion annually, but many services are declining as land use changes intensify. Specific services like pest control, worth $13.6 billion, and pollination, critical for 75% of crop species, are examined. The status of provisioning, regulating and cultural services is outlined, with many degraded. Soil conservation, carbon sequestration and the role of landscapes in service delivery are also covered. Future trends may include more investment in natural capital and adaptive management. Agricultural practices supporting biodiversity can enhance services and carbon storage.
This document outlines and compares natural ecosystems and agricultural ecosystems. It defines an ecosystem as a biological system consisting of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environments. Natural ecosystems exist freely in nature, while agricultural ecosystems are managed by humans for crop and animal production. Some key differences are that natural ecosystems have higher biodiversity and genetic diversity, more complex trophic interactions and habitats, and closed nutrient cycles, while agricultural ecosystems have higher productivity but lower stability and rely on human control and external energy and nutrient inputs. Both provide important services but in different ways.
This document discusses how technology can help transform agriculture by addressing various issues like soil degradation, declining pollinator populations, and climate change. It outlines five principles of soil health: minimizing soil disturbance, keeping the soil covered, maintaining living roots, increasing diversity, and integrating livestock. Appropriate technologies that can help implement these principles and assess soil health include soil testing methods, e-tools for learning and networking, methods for livestock integration, and practices that increase crop diversity. The overall message is that agriculture, when done in a way that improves soil health, can help heal the soil, water, and communities.
Eco-Farming Addresses Hunger, Poverty and Climate Changex3G9
1) A UN report shows that small-scale farmers can double their food production within 10 years using agroecological farming methods instead of industrial agriculture. Agroecology improves soil quality, uses natural pest control, and diversifies crops.
2) Studies have found agroecological methods increased yields by 79% on average in projects across 57 countries. In Africa yields increased by 116% on average. These methods improve incomes and livelihoods for small-scale farmers while preserving ecosystems.
3) Supporting small-scale farmers' transition to agroecology worldwide is vital for avoiding future food and climate crises, as agroecology addresses hunger, poverty, and climate change in a sustainable way.
The document discusses biodiversity and ecological factors that influence life on Earth. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life found within ecosystems, including genetic, ecosystem, and species diversity. It then describes the major kingdoms of life - bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, animals, and plants. It notes the large number of known and estimated species within each kingdom. Finally, it outlines various ecological factors like climate, topography, soil properties, and biotic interactions that influence the distribution and survival of organisms.
Biodiversity in a changing climate: Ecosystem based adaptation and mitigation...UNDP Eurasia
This document discusses the connections between biodiversity and climate change. Climate change is a major driver of biodiversity loss through its impacts on ecosystems like changes in structure and function. Protected areas play an important role in both climate change mitigation and adaptation by storing carbon, capturing more through restoration, and maintaining ecosystem integrity and services. Opportunities exist for governments to increase protected areas' contributions to climate strategies through landscape approaches and expanding networks in high carbon/deforestation areas. Case studies from Belarus show peatland restoration providing mitigation, biodiversity, and economic benefits.
This document discusses various environmental changes that are threatening biodiversity and outlines actions individuals and communities can take to reduce their impact. It identifies factors like deforestation, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions that are contributing to climate change, nutrient enrichment, and toxin accumulation in ecosystems. These changes are stressing species and ecosystems. The document recommends community actions like controlling forest fires, restricting biofuel use, adopting clean energies, and banning fuelwood to reduce emissions. Recycling and developing technologies like zero-emission appliances, water pumps, and renewable energy infrastructure can help address some of these issues.
Presentation by Cristina Tirado, DVM, PhD, Director of the Center for Public Health and Climate Change, at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 8, Session 2: Ensuring nutrition while fostering healthy and sustainable eating patterns.
This summary provides an overview of a study conducted by the Rodale Institute from 1992-2001 that compared the effects of compost, manure, and synthetic fertilizer on crop yields, soil quality, and environmental impacts. The study used a maize-vegetable-wheat crop rotation with green manure cover crops. It found that applying compost optimized yields, improved soil quality, and reduced nitrogen runoff compared to other treatments. Compost application resulted in the highest mean maize yields of 7.3 Mg/ha. The study demonstrated that using organic amendments like compost can provide agricultural and environmental benefits over inorganic fertilizers.
Welcome to the Climate Change Food Station! Here you will learn about the hidden carbon footprints of the foods we eat and how our personal choices can make a difference in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Explain the activity:
Visitors will each choose foods to create a meal from the selections provided. Each food item has a number on the back indicating its carbon footprint in CO2 equivalent points. The goal is to create a meal with the lowest carbon footprint possible. You may make multiple meals as you learn about different options.
3. Allow visitors to choose foods and calculate carbon footprint of their meals. Engage them in discussion about their choices and trade-offs between local vs imported, fresh vs processed, plant vs animal foods.
Sustainable Management and Carbon Sequestration in Soils of AfricaICARDA
The document discusses sustainable soil management and carbon sequestration in African soils. It discusses:
1) How increasing soil organic carbon through practices like conservation agriculture can improve soil physical, chemical, and biological properties as well as productivity.
2) The concept of threshold levels of soil organic carbon below which soil quality drastically declines. It questions what these threshold levels are for major African soil types and land uses.
3) Options for creating a positive soil carbon budget through practices that build soil carbon like reduced tillage, cover crops, and organic amendments, versus practices that deplete carbon like erosion.
Stubble retention in cropping in South East Australia: benefits and challenge...Joanna Hicks
Professor Len Wade discusses the benefits and challenges of stubble retention in cropping systems in South-East Australia. He finds that stubble retention can improve soil moisture storage and potentially increase soil organic carbon in the long-term. However, yield benefits of stubble retention compared to stubble burning are mixed and depend on growing season rainfall. In wet years, stubble retention may decrease yields due to issues like disease, slugs, and soil compaction. Strategic tillage or burning may still be necessary to manage these challenges.
Food security and environmental degradationhspencer59
The document discusses food security and reasons for food insecurity globally and in the United States. It defines food security as physical and economic access to basic food. Rising populations strain food production, though some believe production can keep pace through increased yields, cropland, and cropping intensity. Barriers include infrastructure costs, lower productivity of new lands, and environmental impacts. Solutions proposed include improved irrigation, water pricing, crop rotation, and education. The document also notes hunger issues affect millions of Americans.
Presentation by President of the Cary Institute of Ecosystems Studies Joshua Ginsberg for a forum on sustainable farming practices. www.caryinstitute.org/forum-farm
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Phillip Is, Pacific Ocean: Drivers of landscape degradation and recovery and ...Richard Thackway
We present an assessment of the modification of the vegetation condition found on Phillip Island relative to a fully natural pre-European (1750) reference state and the current land and sea birds recorded on the Island. The island became denuded between the late 1700s and mid-1850s. Introductions of pigs, goats and rabbits were made to feed to penal colony of the nearby Norfolk Island. Almost complete loss of vegetation types, extent and condition is attributed to a deliberate land management regime: used to feed the pigs and goats. Pigs and goats became extinct with the loss of vegetation on the Island. Rabbits persisted on the Island until 1988, when they were eradicated. Changes in the extent of vegetation cover has been remarkable from a very low level up to 1900-1980 (estimated <1%); it now covers large areas of the island including valleys and gulleys and cliffs (estimated 50%). Our analyses show that the condition of the largely passively recovered vegetation extent is not of a high condition relative to an assumed reference state (1750) for Pine – Hardwood Subtropical Rainforest. A reconstructed pre-European settlement (original) list of sea birds shows that sea birds diversity on the island have changed little in three recent bird surveys (1978-2015). A reconstructed pre-European settlement (original) list of land birds shows that land birds have obviously changed, with many of the current species not represented in the pre-European list. The current list of land birds, which make up most of the current list of species recorded on Phillip Island have invaded from the nearby Norfolk Island. We conclude that current bird species diversity and distribution on the island is a not a function of the condition of the indigenous native vegetation, assessed relative to a pre-European reference state, but rather it appears to be a response to the lack of mammalian grazing mammals and the present of open to dense shrubby vegetation.
Influence of climatic changes in east coast of copyabirami manni
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture and food security in the Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu, India. Paddy is the main crop grown, but rising temperatures and irregular rainfall have reduced productivity in recent times. This has seriously affected farmers economically. Additionally, urban areas are expanding and occupying agricultural lands. With improper rainfall, food shortages may occur in the future as the population grows. To improve this situation, climate-smart agricultural practices should be adopted, along with conserving agricultural lands, supporting farmers, and raising awareness of new technologies.
An ecosystem includes all living and non-living things in a particular area. It is composed of the biotope, which are the non-living components like soil and temperature, and the biocoenosis, which are the living things. Trophic relationships refer to how organisms obtain energy by eating other organisms in a food chain. Ecosystems can be classified by type and include cities, woodlands, coasts, prairies, and ponds. The biosphere is the largest biome and includes all Earth's ecosystems. Ecosystems change naturally through seasonal variations but human activities like pollution, overfishing, forest fires, and deforestation can also significantly impact ecosystems.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report regarding agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sectors. It outlines trends in GHG emissions from agriculture and forestry, as well as supply-side and demand-side mitigation options. It also discusses climate change impacts on AFOLU, costs and potentials of mitigation measures, co-benefits and risks, barriers and opportunities, sectoral policies, and issues around bioenergy. The document provides an overview of the major topics covered in the chapter through bullet point lists.
Soil Fertility Management and eco-efficiency of small holder agricultural sys...CIAT
This document summarizes a presentation by Deborah Bossio on soil fertility management and eco-efficiency in smallholder agricultural systems. It discusses the global context of soils and land research, including issues of food security, water scarcity, planetary boundaries, and ecosystem services. It outlines Bossio's background working on soil fertility projects in various countries. It also discusses IWMI's work on productive water use and creating impact through strategic research partnerships.
This document discusses how technology can help transform agriculture by addressing various issues like soil degradation, declining pollinator populations, and climate change. It outlines five principles of soil health: minimizing soil disturbance, keeping the soil covered, maintaining living roots, increasing diversity, and integrating livestock. Appropriate technologies that can help implement these principles and assess soil health include soil testing methods, e-tools for learning and networking, methods for livestock integration, and practices that increase crop diversity. The overall message is that agriculture, when done in a way that improves soil health, can help heal the soil, water, and communities.
Eco-Farming Addresses Hunger, Poverty and Climate Changex3G9
1) A UN report shows that small-scale farmers can double their food production within 10 years using agroecological farming methods instead of industrial agriculture. Agroecology improves soil quality, uses natural pest control, and diversifies crops.
2) Studies have found agroecological methods increased yields by 79% on average in projects across 57 countries. In Africa yields increased by 116% on average. These methods improve incomes and livelihoods for small-scale farmers while preserving ecosystems.
3) Supporting small-scale farmers' transition to agroecology worldwide is vital for avoiding future food and climate crises, as agroecology addresses hunger, poverty, and climate change in a sustainable way.
The document discusses biodiversity and ecological factors that influence life on Earth. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life found within ecosystems, including genetic, ecosystem, and species diversity. It then describes the major kingdoms of life - bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, animals, and plants. It notes the large number of known and estimated species within each kingdom. Finally, it outlines various ecological factors like climate, topography, soil properties, and biotic interactions that influence the distribution and survival of organisms.
Biodiversity in a changing climate: Ecosystem based adaptation and mitigation...UNDP Eurasia
This document discusses the connections between biodiversity and climate change. Climate change is a major driver of biodiversity loss through its impacts on ecosystems like changes in structure and function. Protected areas play an important role in both climate change mitigation and adaptation by storing carbon, capturing more through restoration, and maintaining ecosystem integrity and services. Opportunities exist for governments to increase protected areas' contributions to climate strategies through landscape approaches and expanding networks in high carbon/deforestation areas. Case studies from Belarus show peatland restoration providing mitigation, biodiversity, and economic benefits.
This document discusses various environmental changes that are threatening biodiversity and outlines actions individuals and communities can take to reduce their impact. It identifies factors like deforestation, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions that are contributing to climate change, nutrient enrichment, and toxin accumulation in ecosystems. These changes are stressing species and ecosystems. The document recommends community actions like controlling forest fires, restricting biofuel use, adopting clean energies, and banning fuelwood to reduce emissions. Recycling and developing technologies like zero-emission appliances, water pumps, and renewable energy infrastructure can help address some of these issues.
Presentation by Cristina Tirado, DVM, PhD, Director of the Center for Public Health and Climate Change, at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 8, Session 2: Ensuring nutrition while fostering healthy and sustainable eating patterns.
This summary provides an overview of a study conducted by the Rodale Institute from 1992-2001 that compared the effects of compost, manure, and synthetic fertilizer on crop yields, soil quality, and environmental impacts. The study used a maize-vegetable-wheat crop rotation with green manure cover crops. It found that applying compost optimized yields, improved soil quality, and reduced nitrogen runoff compared to other treatments. Compost application resulted in the highest mean maize yields of 7.3 Mg/ha. The study demonstrated that using organic amendments like compost can provide agricultural and environmental benefits over inorganic fertilizers.
Welcome to the Climate Change Food Station! Here you will learn about the hidden carbon footprints of the foods we eat and how our personal choices can make a difference in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Explain the activity:
Visitors will each choose foods to create a meal from the selections provided. Each food item has a number on the back indicating its carbon footprint in CO2 equivalent points. The goal is to create a meal with the lowest carbon footprint possible. You may make multiple meals as you learn about different options.
3. Allow visitors to choose foods and calculate carbon footprint of their meals. Engage them in discussion about their choices and trade-offs between local vs imported, fresh vs processed, plant vs animal foods.
Sustainable Management and Carbon Sequestration in Soils of AfricaICARDA
The document discusses sustainable soil management and carbon sequestration in African soils. It discusses:
1) How increasing soil organic carbon through practices like conservation agriculture can improve soil physical, chemical, and biological properties as well as productivity.
2) The concept of threshold levels of soil organic carbon below which soil quality drastically declines. It questions what these threshold levels are for major African soil types and land uses.
3) Options for creating a positive soil carbon budget through practices that build soil carbon like reduced tillage, cover crops, and organic amendments, versus practices that deplete carbon like erosion.
Stubble retention in cropping in South East Australia: benefits and challenge...Joanna Hicks
Professor Len Wade discusses the benefits and challenges of stubble retention in cropping systems in South-East Australia. He finds that stubble retention can improve soil moisture storage and potentially increase soil organic carbon in the long-term. However, yield benefits of stubble retention compared to stubble burning are mixed and depend on growing season rainfall. In wet years, stubble retention may decrease yields due to issues like disease, slugs, and soil compaction. Strategic tillage or burning may still be necessary to manage these challenges.
Food security and environmental degradationhspencer59
The document discusses food security and reasons for food insecurity globally and in the United States. It defines food security as physical and economic access to basic food. Rising populations strain food production, though some believe production can keep pace through increased yields, cropland, and cropping intensity. Barriers include infrastructure costs, lower productivity of new lands, and environmental impacts. Solutions proposed include improved irrigation, water pricing, crop rotation, and education. The document also notes hunger issues affect millions of Americans.
Presentation by President of the Cary Institute of Ecosystems Studies Joshua Ginsberg for a forum on sustainable farming practices. www.caryinstitute.org/forum-farm
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Phillip Is, Pacific Ocean: Drivers of landscape degradation and recovery and ...Richard Thackway
We present an assessment of the modification of the vegetation condition found on Phillip Island relative to a fully natural pre-European (1750) reference state and the current land and sea birds recorded on the Island. The island became denuded between the late 1700s and mid-1850s. Introductions of pigs, goats and rabbits were made to feed to penal colony of the nearby Norfolk Island. Almost complete loss of vegetation types, extent and condition is attributed to a deliberate land management regime: used to feed the pigs and goats. Pigs and goats became extinct with the loss of vegetation on the Island. Rabbits persisted on the Island until 1988, when they were eradicated. Changes in the extent of vegetation cover has been remarkable from a very low level up to 1900-1980 (estimated <1%); it now covers large areas of the island including valleys and gulleys and cliffs (estimated 50%). Our analyses show that the condition of the largely passively recovered vegetation extent is not of a high condition relative to an assumed reference state (1750) for Pine – Hardwood Subtropical Rainforest. A reconstructed pre-European settlement (original) list of sea birds shows that sea birds diversity on the island have changed little in three recent bird surveys (1978-2015). A reconstructed pre-European settlement (original) list of land birds shows that land birds have obviously changed, with many of the current species not represented in the pre-European list. The current list of land birds, which make up most of the current list of species recorded on Phillip Island have invaded from the nearby Norfolk Island. We conclude that current bird species diversity and distribution on the island is a not a function of the condition of the indigenous native vegetation, assessed relative to a pre-European reference state, but rather it appears to be a response to the lack of mammalian grazing mammals and the present of open to dense shrubby vegetation.
Influence of climatic changes in east coast of copyabirami manni
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture and food security in the Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu, India. Paddy is the main crop grown, but rising temperatures and irregular rainfall have reduced productivity in recent times. This has seriously affected farmers economically. Additionally, urban areas are expanding and occupying agricultural lands. With improper rainfall, food shortages may occur in the future as the population grows. To improve this situation, climate-smart agricultural practices should be adopted, along with conserving agricultural lands, supporting farmers, and raising awareness of new technologies.
An ecosystem includes all living and non-living things in a particular area. It is composed of the biotope, which are the non-living components like soil and temperature, and the biocoenosis, which are the living things. Trophic relationships refer to how organisms obtain energy by eating other organisms in a food chain. Ecosystems can be classified by type and include cities, woodlands, coasts, prairies, and ponds. The biosphere is the largest biome and includes all Earth's ecosystems. Ecosystems change naturally through seasonal variations but human activities like pollution, overfishing, forest fires, and deforestation can also significantly impact ecosystems.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report regarding agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sectors. It outlines trends in GHG emissions from agriculture and forestry, as well as supply-side and demand-side mitigation options. It also discusses climate change impacts on AFOLU, costs and potentials of mitigation measures, co-benefits and risks, barriers and opportunities, sectoral policies, and issues around bioenergy. The document provides an overview of the major topics covered in the chapter through bullet point lists.
Soil Fertility Management and eco-efficiency of small holder agricultural sys...CIAT
This document summarizes a presentation by Deborah Bossio on soil fertility management and eco-efficiency in smallholder agricultural systems. It discusses the global context of soils and land research, including issues of food security, water scarcity, planetary boundaries, and ecosystem services. It outlines Bossio's background working on soil fertility projects in various countries. It also discusses IWMI's work on productive water use and creating impact through strategic research partnerships.
Ogunkoya (Eds). O.A.U Press Limited Ile-Ife.
Farming Practices in Benue State, Nigeria.
Pp. 31-50.
Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 8
The study assessed farmers' perceptions of climate change and participation in organic farming practices in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Most farmers recognized rising temperatures as the main climate change indicator and late rainfall onset as the main effect. Farmers moderately participated in organic practices like manure and cover crop use, but not deliberately to mitigate climate change. The study recommends educating farmers on organic farming's potential to mitigate climate change.
(1&2): 1
The document discusses two paradigms for feeding the world: the productionist paradigm since 1945 focused on increasing food production, and the emerging ecologically integrated paradigm focused on healthy food and environment. It emphasizes that feeding the soil through organic fertilizers and building soil organic matter is key to ecological integration and maintaining soil fertility. The document argues for local food cycles and global networks of sustainable diets respecting food cultures and ecosystems to achieve food security for a growing global population.
Sustainable Agriculture and the Future of FoodPablo Martin
This slideshow discusses a number of different approaches to sustainable agriculture with a focus on ways to minimize environmental impacts. The influence of Borlaug and Vogt on agriculture are discussed as well.
Andre Leu, Chairman of the Organic Federation of Australia, declares that organic farming is the most natural form of "Carbon Farming" and explains why.
Agroecology: Applying Ecological Principles to Agriculturecwrobel
This document discusses the history and impacts of agriculture, as well as approaches to more sustainable agriculture through agroecology. It begins with a brief history of ancient Egyptian and bonanza farm agriculture. Tables show major structural changes in U.S. agriculture over the 20th century, including decreasing farm and rural population shares. Figures depict increasing world food production and the large percentage of global land used for agriculture. The impacts of conventional agriculture are then summarized, such as reduced biodiversity and soil impacts. The document introduces agroecology as an integrative approach and discusses examples of biodiversity management, pest management, and integrated soil management techniques.
The role of Organic Agriculture in sustainable crop production.pptxRidaZakir
This document provides an outline and literature review on organic farming as an alternative way of sustainable crop production in the era of climate change. It begins with an introduction discussing how agriculture impacts and is impacted by climate change. It then reviews concepts of organic farming, sustainable agriculture, and climate change. Components of organic agriculture like crop rotation and use of organic manure and biofertilizers are discussed. Principles of organic agriculture focus on health, ecology, fairness and protection. Sources of climate change in conventional agriculture include nitrous oxide and methane emissions from fertilizers and livestock. Climate change adaptation through organic agriculture includes soil and water management to sequester carbon and increase resilience.
This document examines the potential for low greenhouse gas agriculture through sustainable farming practices. It summarizes recommendations from the IPCC on mitigation options in agriculture, such as improved crop rotations, nutrient management, and livestock management. It then compares these recommendations to practices commonly used in organic agriculture systems. Data from long-term field experiments show that organic systems can achieve yields close to conventional systems while using fewer external inputs and emitting fewer greenhouse gases. Organic practices such as nutrient recycling, cover cropping, and integrated crop-livestock systems have potential to increase farms' adaptation to climate change while reducing agriculture's carbon footprint.
Feeding A Hot And Hungry Planet Tim Searchingeraimeew
A presentation by Timothy D Searchinger of Princeton University at the opening session of the inaugural Global Research Alliance meeting in Wellington, New Zealand.
Free webinar on " Agroforestry to soil and Water conservation "
Soil conservation is key to environmental sustainability: It helps protect natural resources and watersheds, restores habitats for plants and wildlife, improves water quality and makes soil healthier. Soil conservation also creates economic opportunity.
Purpose:
The purpose of this webinar is to bring new knowledge on soil and water conservation under changing climate. Best management practices must be revised and developed to expected changes in climate.
Agroforestry systems can help improve environmental quality by increasing carbon sequestration, enhancing biodiversity, and improving water quality. Studies have found that agroforestry systems store more carbon in both aboveground vegetation and belowground soils than non-agroforestry systems. The deeper and more extensive tree roots in agroforestry systems take up more nutrients, reducing levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment runoff into waterways. As a result, agroforestry improves water quality. Agroforestry systems also support higher levels of biodiversity by providing habitat for plants and animals and creating wildlife corridors.
The document discusses the negative impacts of chemical-intensive agriculture that was introduced in India in the 1950s and promoted globally. It led to soil degradation, water pollution, increased costs for farmers, and health issues. Organic farming is presented as a more sustainable alternative that works with nature, protects soil and environment, and supports communities.
Cuba conference presentation2 (short version)remineralize
The document summarizes information from a conference on agroecology and cooperatives in Cuba focused on soil remineralization. It discusses using finely ground rock dust and sea minerals to return essential nutrients to soils. Remineralizing soils can increase crop yields and nutrition, build soil health, enhance carbon sequestration, and help stabilize the climate. Examples from Brazil, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and Cuba show benefits of soil remineralization through increased food production and reforestation.
Biochar for sustainable land management and climate change mitigationExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Annette Cowie, from UNCCD – SPI - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
Conservation of land , water , biotic resourcesRAJKUMARPOREL
The document discusses the concepts of conservation and land degradation. It defines conservation as the wise usage, improvement, and protection of natural resources for long-term sustainability. Land degradation is the deterioration of soil quality and fertility, which can be caused by overpopulation, urbanization, damage to topsoil, industrial waste contamination, and soil erosion. Methods to reduce land degradation include organic farming, mulching, terrace farming, strip cropping, and contour ploughing. The National Wastelands Development Board was established in 1985 to address land degradation and deforestation issues.
Organic hydroponic systems have the potential to significantly increase food production while reducing environmental impacts. These systems can grow 7-10 times more food in the same space using 80-90% less water than traditional agriculture. Additionally, organic hydroponics reduces the need for pesticides and produces year-round in controlled environments. The document argues that widespread adoption of organic hydroponics, combined with innovations in renewable energy and the use of agricultural byproducts, could help address issues of food security and climate change.
Similar to Hbirge adaptive management for ecosystems (20)
This document summarizes a presentation about using process models to help build trust and understanding when implementing edge of field conservation practices. It discusses how process models can help various stakeholders like conservation professionals, landowners, cities, and contractors understand the time and resources required. It provides examples of process models created for constructed wetlands, saturated buffers, and bioreactors. The presentation discusses the goals of helping more stakeholders and expanding the models, as well as thanking collaborators on the project.
This document discusses the challenges of meeting nitrogen reduction goals in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. It notes that meeting the nutrient reduction goals will be a massive effort that requires a mix of practices across Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois, including wetlands, drainage treatment, and stacked practices. However, there are also many challenges to implementing the necessary practices, including economics, human/social factors, delivery challenges, risk management, climate change, and the need for further research. The document emphasizes that understanding the large scale of the challenge is needed to make progress toward the nutrient reduction goals.
The document summarizes a meta-analysis that compared the nitrate removal performance of different substrates used in denitrifying bioreactors. It found that wood media had the highest nitrate removal rate (NRR) and percentage (NRE), followed by mulch media, nutshell-based media, and inorganic media. However, when considering cost-effectiveness, woodchip and corn cob were the most economical natural organic carbon substrates. Overall, the analysis suggests that mulch media is the optimal material for nitrate removal due to its low cost and potential to overcome deficiencies in other media types.
The document summarizes an investigation into phosphorus transport dynamics in subsurface drainage using high-frequency measurements. Key findings include:
1) TRP concentration had a dynamic pattern that was strongly influenced by drainage discharge levels, highlighting the need for high-resolution sampling.
2) Event flows contributed 78% of the total TRP load despite comprising only 50% of total flow.
3) Flow-proportional sampling strategies provided more accurate TRP load estimates than time-proportional strategies and were more cost-effective. Targeting high flow periods is important for reducing phosphorus loss.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated a procedure for prioritizing maintenance of agricultural drainage ditches. The study measured the critical shear stress of soils using a cohesive strength meter to assess their susceptibility to erosion. Soils with higher root densities and those treated with mixed lime showed higher critical shear stresses, meaning they were less susceptible to erosion. Measurements of pressure on the soil surface during testing were mostly lower than estimates from other studies. The procedure effectively identified the relative erosion resistance of different soils, aiding prioritization of drainage ditch maintenance needs.
ISG worked with Blue Earth County to digitize and modernize their drainage data. They georeferenced existing plans, digitized drainage features, attributed data to the digitized features, and created a geodatabase to house the updated drainage data. This project consolidated Blue Earth County's drainage records, improved data accuracy, and established a process for ISG and the County to regularly update the drainage data going forward. The updated digital records will benefit Blue Earth County, ISG, other engineering firms, and the public.
This document summarizes the results of Latvia's long-term Agricultural Runoff Monitoring programme, which aims to document nutrient concentrations and losses at different spatial and temporal scales. The monitoring covers groundwater, experimental drainage plots, subsurface drainage fields, small catchments, and small/medium rivers at 23 sites. Results show discharge and nutrient concentration data varying by location, scale of monitoring, and between years with flooding or drought. Nutrient levels differed between the Berze and Mellupite monitoring sites and across groundwater, drainage plots, and catchment scales. The programme provides long-term data on agricultural nonpoint source pollution across Latvia.
This document summarizes an applied research and demonstration project evaluating soil and water management practices in undulating soils in southwestern Manitoba. The project aims to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus and salt export while improving drought resiliency. Preliminary results show tile drainage is lowering water tables most in lower landscape positions, with soil moisture responding rapidly in drained areas. Tile flow rates increase with decreasing elevation. Water quality measurements also show higher salt concentrations in lower positions. Next steps include water quality treatment analysis, long-term monitoring, modeling, knowledge transfer and reporting.
This document summarizes a coordinated research network studying the impacts of 4R nutrient stewardship practices on crop yields, soil health, and nutrient losses across sites in North America. The network included 8 research sites across 6 states/provinces from 2017-2020. Treatments included different fertilizer application timings, placements, sources, and rates. Standardized data collection allowed comparisons across sites. Preliminary findings showed 4R and advanced 4R practices improved nutrient use efficiency and reduced nitrogen losses while maintaining crop yields. Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching losses decreased under improved nutrient management, though impacts varied between sites and years. Ongoing research aims to further quantify environmental benefits and optimize fertilizer practices.
The document summarizes research on managing drainage water in the Holland Marsh region of Ontario to improve water quality and agricultural productivity. Key points:
- The Holland Marsh is an important vegetable growing region on organic soils, but drainage into Lake Simcoe contributes excess nutrients.
- A study evaluated controlling water tables with controlled drainage to reduce pumping and nutrient loads in drainage water. Modeling and monitoring found it effective for water conservation but more limited for nutrient reductions.
- Soil phosphorus pools, particularly aluminum and iron-bound phosphorus, were found to influence phosphorus levels in drainage water more than drainage management alone. Fertilizer applications exceeded crop needs, accumulating legacy phosphorus in soils over time.
This document summarizes a study comparing the effects of conventional ditch drainage (FD) and shallow furrow drainage with tile (SD) on crop yields and water quality in eastern North Carolina. Preliminary results found that SD led to a 68% reduction in drainage volume, 80% less nitrate export, and higher average soybean (+9.1%) and corn (+3.7%) yields compared to FD. SD also requires less land area than FD, has lower maintenance needs, and shows potential to improve water quality and agricultural productivity with more efficient drainage management. The research aims to further quantify these impacts of SD drainage design.
1) DRAINMOD simulations were conducted for a field in Harrow, Ontario with an asymmetrical drainage system to determine the best approach to simulate drain outflow. 2) Four approaches using different drain spacings were tested: 3.8m, 5.06m, 7.6m, and 15.2m. 3) The mean absolute error and root mean square error for each approach were acceptable, indicating drain spacing had little impact on outflow simulation, though it did impact soil moisture parameters.
This document discusses how the choice of pipe material influences drain spacing and system cost. It finds that pipe with more rows of perforations, such as an 8-row regular perforated pipe, has a higher effective radius than a 4-row pipe, allowing for wider drain spacing. Experiments show that a sock-wrapped pipe has the highest drain inflow of the pipes tested, both with and without drain sedimentation present. The key takeaways are that the number of perforation rows and slot length most impact effective radius and drain flow, and a sock-wrapped pipe performs best in terms of drain inflow and spacing.
This document summarizes research conducted by the Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI) on the installation of corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) agricultural drainage pipe. It describes field testing of 30-inch HDPE dual-wall pipe installed at a test site in Ohio, including instrumentation to monitor strain and deflection. Finite element modeling was also used to analyze trench configurations. The research aims to update industry guidance documents to optimize pipe installation practices and trench designs. PPI members also work to increase the use of recycled HDPE and PP materials in pipe production.
The document discusses Ohio's H2Ohio water quality initiative and its funding of conservation practices including two-stage ditches. It launched in 2019 with $172 million to reduce phosphorus runoff from farms using best management practices like wetlands, buffers, and two-stage ditches. A $5 million grant program was announced to fund two-stage ditch projects based on design guidelines. The document provides details on the grant application process, design requirements using regional curves, and goals to fund 20 projects for 30 miles of ditches at $30 per foot on average.
This document provides information on edge-of-field conservation practices and a panel discussion on drainage ditches. It summarizes various practices for nutrient, soil, and sediment removal including vegetated buffers, grassed waterways, prairie strips, wetlands, bioreactors, and controlled drainage. Cost effectiveness data is given for each. The key elements of an edge-of-field roadmap are outlined as building the economic case, increasing implementation capacity, and elevating a culture of conservation. A sample conservation planning scenario shows identified sites for practices treating over 9,000 acres of land. The document concludes with information on connecting with The Nature Conservancy's Ohio agriculture programs.
This document discusses the implementation and maintenance of two-stage ditches. Two-stage ditches incorporate a floodplain area to increase flow capacity while slowing velocities. They allow for channel vegetation, improve sediment settling, and provide water quality benefits. Challenges include obtaining land access, communication with landowners, permitting, and planting/erosion control. Case studies of implemented two-stage ditch projects in Lucas County demonstrate post-construction conditions and results, including improved drainage and yields for agriculture.
This document summarizes research on conservation channel design and sediment capture in two-stage ditches. It finds that self-forming channels accumulated more sediment, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus over time compared to traditional ditches. Sediment analysis showed higher nutrient levels than surrounding soils. A case study site captured over 500 kg of phosphorus over 9 years that could be harvested and reused as fertilizer, offsetting nutrient costs for farmers. The document concludes sediment trapping in two-stage ditches can improve water quality while providing a locally sourced, cost-effective fertilizer resource.
Farmers, drainage contractors, researchers, and conservation authorities collaborated on a drainage innovation project at Huronview in Clinton, Ontario. They worked together on the design, installation, and monitoring of new drainage practices to improve water quality and sustainability while maintaining agricultural productivity. A demonstration day was held in June 2019 to share results with stakeholders. The project aimed to foster cooperation across sectors and balance priorities around drainage, research, environmental protection, and social acceptance.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of drainage water recycling (DWR) on nutrient and sediment losses from agricultural fields in eastern North Carolina. The study found that storing drainage water in an on-farm reservoir for supplemental irrigation (DWR) significantly reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentrations and loads compared to a non-irrigated control field. Specifically, DWR reduced total nitrogen concentration by 40% and load by 47%. It also reduced total phosphorus concentration by 21% and load by 30%. Sediment concentration was reduced by 86% and load by 87%. The hydraulic retention time in the reservoir was found to be the major factor influencing nutrient and sediment removal efficiency.
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BASIC CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIFFERENT CONSTITUTENET OF ENVIRONMENT
Hbirge adaptive management for ecosystems
1. AM for Soil Ecosystem Services:
Incorporating soil ecological knowledge into
management of Conservation Reserve Program
Lands
Hannah Birgé & Craig R Allen
2. “The soil is the one indestructible, immutable
asset that the nation possesses. It is the one
resource that cannot be exhausted; that cannot
be used up.”
–Hugh Bennet, 1909
3. What is soil health, and why does it matter?
Biological
PhysicalChemical
Gas and climate
regulation
Water
purification
Erosion
control
Nutrient
cycling
Xenobiotic
biomediation
Fertility
Reservoir of
biodiversity/
genetics
Carbon
storage
Upland game bird
habitat
Biological
PhysicalChemical
Gas and climate
regulation
Water
purification
Erosion
control
Nutrient
cycling
Xenobiotic
biomediation
Fertility/PP
Biodiversity
Carbon
storage
Upland game
bird habitat
Biological
PhysicalChemical
Gas and climate
regulation
Water
purification
Erosion
control
Nutrient
cycling
Xenobiotic
biomediation
Fertility
Carbon
storage
Upland game
bird habitat
Repeated disturbance