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HazMat Ch12
Rescue operations require careful planning and risk assessment to safely rescue victims while protecting responders. A minimum team of 5 trained responders is recommended, including an entry team of 2, a backup team of 2, and 1 to manage decontamination. Victims should be triaged and extracted from the area using recommended carries, drags, and assists, with decontamination performed for all. The transition between rescue and recovery modes depends on victim viability and hazards present.
HazMat Ch12
- 1. 12 Mission-Specific Competencies: Victim Rescue and Recovery
- 2. 12 Objectives (1 of 4) • Describe tactical considerations such as attempting to make a rescue without the proper PPE or without backup personnel, or deciding whether a rescue attempt has a good chance of success
- 3. 12 Objectives (2 of 4) • Describe entry team and backup team responsibilities • Describe the difference between ambulatory and nonambulatory victims, and considerations for each
- 4. 12 Objectives (3 of 4) • Describe the difference between rescue mode and recovery mode • Describe considerations in providing medical care and/or decontamination to victims during rescue mode or recovery mode
- 5. 12 Objectives (4 of 4) • Describe the equipment needed for search, rescue and recovery operations • Describe the assists, lifts, and carries commonly used during rescue operations • Describe the benefits of sheltering-in- place • Describe the process of triage
- 6. 12 Protecting Life (1 of 2) • Responder’s job is to protect life • Risk to responder may outweigh benefit • Decision based on – Sound information – Training – PPE and enough trained personnel
- 7. 12 Protecting Life (2 of 2) • May have to attempt rescue without resources – Without adequate training – Without proper PPE (or any PPE) • Making a victim rescue is a choice – Choose wisely
- 8. 12 Tactical Considerations (1 of 3) • First, ensure enough responders are on scene. • Do not attempt a rescue alone. • Take time to size up the scene and understand the hazards present before responding.
- 9. 12 Tactical Considerations (2 of 3) • Generally at least five responders are needed. – Two on entry team – Two on backup team – One to staff emergency decontamination • Victim viability is an important factor.
- 10. 12 Tactical Considerations (3of 3) You should not attempt to make a rescue alone.
- 11. 12 Entry Team • Two or more appropriately trained responders • Proper level and type of PPE • Equipped with radio communications • With appropriate tools • Operating under direction of supervisor
- 12. 12 Entry Team Responsibilities (1 of 4) • Reconnaissance • Mapping • Search and rescue • Triaging victims • Directing victims out of contaminated environment
- 13. 12 Entry Team Responsibilities(2 of 4) The START triage method.
- 14. 12 Entry Team Responsibilities (3 of 4) • Non-line-of-sight situations – Require searching before rescue • Ambulatory victims (able to walk) • Nonambulatory victims (unable to walk) • Carrying adult victims is physically taxing • Decontamination necessary for all victims
- 15. 12 Entry Team Responsibilities(4 of 4) Decontamination is necessary for all victims when a chemical exposure is suspected or confirmed.
- 16. 12 Triage (1 of 3) • Essential at all mass-casualty incidents • Rescue live victims with best chance of survival • Pointless to rescue the dead – Dead are recovered later • Follow AHJ-approved triage method
- 17. 12 Triage (2 of 3) • START (Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment) system • Assesses: – Breathing rate – Pulse rate – Mental status
- 18. 12 Triage (3 of 3) • Use color-coding system to classify victims • Shows priority for treatment and removal – Red-tagged victims are first priority – Yellow-tagged victims are second priority – Green- or black-tagged victims are lowest priority
- 19. 12 Rescue Mode (1 of 2) • Victims are present • Victims determined to have good chance of survival • Rescue as quickly as possible • May transition to recovery mode
- 20. 12 Rescue Mode (2 of 2) Victims with a good chance of survival are rescued as quickly as possible.
- 21. 12 Recovery Mode • No chance remains of rescuing victims alive • Systematic search • Removal of bodies • Decontamination may still be necessary • Evidence collection
- 22. 12 Medical Care • Generally not rendered during rescue mode • Decontamination required • Medical care outside the hot or warm zone • No absolutes—always exceptions
- 23. 12 Backup Team (1 of 2) • One person for each entry team member • Dressed in same level of PPE • Staged at same access point • Ready to deploy in seconds
- 24. 12 Backup Team (2 of 2) One backup entry team member should be provided for each entry team member.
- 25. 12 Emergency Decontamination (1 of 2) • Rapidly removes bulk of contamination • Removal of clothing • Dousing of victim • Addressing contaminated runoff if there is time
- 26. 12 EmergencyDecontamination (2 of 2) Emergency decontamination involves the immediate removal of contaminated clothing.
- 27. 12 Search, Rescue, and Recovery (1 of 2) • Time-consuming • Dangerous • Labor-intensive • Stressful • PPE causes physical problems
- 28. 12 Search,Rescue, and Recovery (2 of 2) • “Work smarter, not harder.” • Primary team could pass on information to secondary team • Each incident has unique factors
- 29. 12 Search,Rescue, and Recovery Equipment (1 of 3) • Wear full PPE, and SCBA if necessary • Carry proper rescue supplies and tools – Portable radio – Hand light or flashlight – Forcible-entry (-exit) tools – Thermal imaging devices (if available)
- 30. 12 Search,Rescue, and Recovery Equipment (2 of 3) – Long rope(s) in some cases – Tubular webbing or short rope (16–24 feet) • For victims: – Rescue sleds (see next slide), stretchers – Evacuation chairs, spine boards – Wheeled carts
- 31. 12 Search, Rescue, andRecovery Equipment (3 of 3) Responders using a rescue sled to extricate a victim.
- 32. 12 Search, Rescue, and Recovery Safety Tips • Work from a single plan • Maintain radio contact with IC • Monitor environmental conditions • Adhere to personal accountability system of AHJ • Stay with a partner
- 33. 12 Rescue Methods • Assists, carries, drags – Should be practiced ahead of time • Direct or remove victim to safe area • Use safest means of egress
- 34. 12 Sheltering-in-Place • Sometimes safer to shelter than remove • Conscious victim • Located in adequately protected part of building • When not feasible, rescue is required
- 35. 12 Exit Assist • One-person walking assist • Two-person walking assist
- 36. 12 Victim Carries • Two-person extremity carry • Two-person seat carry • Two-person chair carry • Cradle-in-arms carry
- 37. 12 Emergency Drags (1 of 2) • Clothes drag • Blanket drag • Standing drag • Webbing sling drag
- 38. 12 Emergency Drags (2 of 2) • Fire fighter drag • Emergency drag from a vehicle • Long backboard rescue
- 39. 12 Summary (1 of 2) • Rescue feasibility is not exact science • Rescue attempts should be based on sound information, good training, adequate PPE, and enough available personnel • Reasonable expectation of a positive outcome is important
- 40. 12 Summary (2 of 2) • Team of five trained responders (not including supervisor) is recommended • Use assists, carries, drags to aid victims • All on scene should know when incident switches from rescue to recovery mode • A decontamination plan must be in place
Editor's Notes
- #11Â Image: Courtesy of Rob Schnepp
- #16Â Image: Courtesy of 1st Lt. Toni Tones/U.S. Air Force
- #21Â Image: Courtesy of Journalist 3rd Class Ryan C. McGinley/U.S. Navy
- #25Â Image: Photographed by Glen E. Ellman.
- #27Â Image: Courtesy of MIEMSS.
- #32Â Image: Courtesy of Mass Communications Specialist 2nd Class Kirk Worley/U.S. Navy