Harnessing Aquaculture for Healthy Diets: The importance of aquatic foods in healthy diets
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Presented by Andrew Thorne-Lyman at the Global Panel Brief Launch on 'Harnessing Aquaculture for Healthy Diets' virtually on Zoom on Monday, 15 February 2021.
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Harnessing Aquaculture for Healthy Diets: The importance of aquatic foods in healthy diets
- 1. Harnessing Aquaculture for Healthy Diets The importance of aquatic foods in healthy diets Andrew Thorne-Lyman 15th February 2021
- 2. World Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture Production Aquaculture Fisheries
- 3. World Aquaculture Production Aquaculture production in million metric tons (excluding aquatic plants, 2018)
- 4. Aquaculture encompasses a diverse range of systems • Traditional systems • Pond aquaculture • Lakes and rivers • Mariculture
- 5. Global Fish supply Fish supply in grams per person per day
- 6. Nutritional attributes of fish Protein Fatty acids Micronutrients
- 7. Species vary dramatically in their nutritional profile Contribution of locally available fish species to the recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs) for pregnant and lactating women (PLW, purple) and young children (orange) in Bangladesh
- 8. Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids and all cause mortality
- 9. Pescatarian diets are associated with health benefits Bars show diet-dependent percentage reductions in relative risk of type II diabetes, cancer, coronary heart disease mortality and of all-cause mortality comparing each diet vs. its region’s conventional omnivorous diet. Souce Tilman and Clark, Nov 2014 Nature
- 10. Consumption in pregnancy associated with better child development outcomes Source: https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-fish-dishes-in-Africa/Shutterstock Cognitive development Language development Communication development
Editor's Notes
- The makes an urgent call for action by the Global Panel to leaders and other decision makers concerned with diets and nutrition, health, and the natural environment. The launch will be of major interest to both public and private sectors, donors, investors, researchers, international organisations and civil society. The Global Panel is an independent group of leaders with a commitment to improving food systems, diets and nutrition. It acknowledges the generous funding from the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the development of this report.
- About half of the world’s supply of fish comes from capture fisheries and the other half from aquaculture. While the number of wild caught fish increased steadily from the 1950s-1990s, since then it has levelled off. It is important that we acknowledge the importance of supporting fisheries while at the same time acknowledging the tremendous growth in the production of seafood that has come from aquaculture, which is one of the fastest growing food production sectors.
- This figure illustrates aquaculture production throughout the world. Asia which is now responsible for X% of all production globally and most of the growth that I was just discussing came from Asia. China is at the heart of global production and trade as illustrated in this figure, while other countries including Vietnam, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh also major producers. In contrast total production in sub Saharan Africa is low but there are a few areas with rapid growth including Nigeria; you can also see Egypt is an important producer of fish..
- It is important to recognize the tremendous variety in the systems that are used to produce fish and seafood:
- This figure illustrates the supply of fish available for consumption by country. We often rely on this measure to approximate consumption because it is difficult to measure fish consumption and standard comparable methods across countries have not been used. There are several patterns that are of interest: Once again you can see that fish supply is higher in Asia Fish consumption tends to be hihger in coastal countries or countries with inland fisheries In Africa fish consumption is low (try to find a statistic).
- Fish has a number of important nutritional attributes which are appreciated to different degrees by different stakeholders; especially in the aquaculture and fisheries the importance of fish is often framed around its protein content. In the world of nutrition, where I come from, people are more interested in the fatty acid and increasingly the micronutrient content of fish. We know that fish is on of the few natural sources of long chain polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids in the human diet, which are associated with a number of health benefits which I will discuss in a minute.
- But let’s first talk about vitamins and minerals. There are thousands of species of wild caught fish and around 560 have been cultivated in aquaculture systems by humans. These species vary significantly in their nutritional content, which is a function of edible portion (fillets vs. consumed whole), the biology, habitat and what they are fed. For many species we don’t even know the nutritional content but we have a pretty good knowledge for some countries such as Bangladesh. We can see that some of the species in inland capture fisheries presented at the top are quite high in mns and fatty acids; these are mostly eaten whole; in contrast, many common species from inland aquaculture have a lower micronutrient and fatty acid profile; this really argues for the importance of maintaining fisheries and continuing to grow aquaculture and to develop production technologies in aquaculture to max nutritional profile of the fish.
- The Global Burden of Disease Project has shown that diet-related causes are the leading cause of mortality globally, and their estimates place low consumption of seafood omega-3 fatty acids as the 6th global cause of diet related mortality.
- Pescatarian and Mediterranean diets are associated with lower all cause mortality and certain morbidity as well. The red bars show the percentage reduction in risk of each disease or mortality associated with different diets (Mediterranean, pescatarian and vegetarian) compared with standard omnivorous diets in each setting. (this is from cohort studies) Some of the health benefits of fish can also come from what is not consumed when fish is on a plate; it is often substituted for other “proteins” including processed red meat but also that fish can help to enhance the absorption of micronutrients from other items consumed along with it.
- Favorable association with cognitive development, moderate evidence Favorable association with language and communication development in child, limited evidence