Tameshwar- College of fisheries kawardha(CHHattisgarh)

1. INCIDENCE OF MORTALITY DURING
INCUBATION OF FISH EGGS AND ITS POSSIBLE
CAUSES
PRESENTED BY:
TAMESHWAR
B.F.SC IV YEAR
TOPIC SEMINAR ON

2. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
PROSPECTS OF FISH SEED
DEVELOPMENT OF CARP HATCHERY
OPTIMUM WATER QUALITY PARAMETER FOR
INCUBATION OF EGGS
CAUSES OF MORTALITY OF EGGS
PHYSICAL QUALITY OF WATER
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
BIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WATER
SOME OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE
MORTALITY OF EGGS
BETTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
•Seed requirement in India- 60,000 million fry.
•The seed production in 2015-16- 40,540 million fry.
•Gap :- 19,460 million fry.
Source:- Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare ,2016-17
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Fish seed productin(In Million Fry)
32177
29313
34993
36566
34922
39076
41517
40540

4. In past years the major source of fish seeds was wild collection
As early more than 2400 years ago, an ecological methods for
natural spawning of common carp was conducted by Fan Li, a fish
culturist in China
Seed was collected from natural water resources after breeding
season and used as stocking material
The concept of Bundh Breeding of carps originated after fish
farmer named Manu Teli observed breeding of major carps in
Sorbati Bundh of west Bengal in 1882.
PROSPECTS OF FISH SEED
(Ayyapan,2015)

5. 20th century, Chinese scientist succeeded in eggs collection
fertilization and hatching of eggs of silver carp, grass carp etc.,
caught from river
Brazil was the first country to developed the technique of
Hypophysation
The pioneering success in Induced breeding of major carps
achieved by Dr. Hiralal Chaudhuri and Prof. Alikunhi on the 10th
July 1957
In India, Induced breeding of Chinese caps was successful in 1962
CONT…
(Ayyapan,2015)

6. Development of carp hatchery
1. EARTHEN PIT
 Not suitable for large scale spawn
production
 Lead to mass mortality of spawn
2. HATCHING HAPA-
 Water quality cannot be controlled
 The predatory fishes from outside can
damage the hatchling through the hapa
layers
3. GLASS JAR HATCHERY-
 Introduced in India by Dr. Bhowmik
 Designed by CIFRI.
4. LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE - MODEL
 Designed by Dr. S.N. Dwivedi
 Not suitable for large scale production

7. 5.CHINESE CIRCULAR HATCHERY 6.POTABLE CIRCULAR HATCHERY
CONT…
(Gupta,S.D.,2015)

8. Optimum water quality parameters for incubation of eggs
Water quality parameter Range
Dissolved oxygen (ppm) > 4
pH 7.0 to 7.5
Total alkalinity (mg/L) 40 to 60 .
Total hardness (mg/L) 30-180.
Turbidity (cm) Clear to 20 cm.
P2O5 (mg/L) Trace to 0.01
NH4N (mg/L) Trace to 0.02
NO3-N (mg/L) Trace to 0.01

9. 1.CAUSES OF MORTALITY OF EGGS
•Fish seed production is dependent on
Physical quality of water
Chemical quality of water
Biological parameters

10. PHYSICAL QUALITY OF WATER
 Physical water quality parameters are:-
Source of water
Temperature
Transparency
 SOURCE OF WATER
 Surface water:- Contain microalgae, microorganism and
suspended solids.
 Microorganisms attack the eggs and spawn
 Suspended solids which may coat in fish eggs

11. Ground water:- Water from
open well, bore wells
• Open well and bore well
have low dissolved oxygen.
Cont…
Fig:- Open well
Fig:- Bore well
Source-http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC742E/AC742E05.htm

12. Correction of source of water
Filtration of surface water
Sand filters
Gravity sand filters
For ground water aeration required

13. I. Temperature
•Temperature is main environmental factors governing the
development of fish eggs.
•For Indian major carp optimum temperature is 28o to 30o C
•Fish metabolic double for every rise of 10oC
•Temperatures above or below
Poor embryo development
Low hatching rate
Reduced growth rates
 Larval deformities.

14. CORRECTION OF WATER TEMPERATURE
Mixing of ground water
and surface water
Providing shade Tree plantation

15. II. TURBIDITY
(Bhatnagar,et.al ,2013)
•Turbidity is due to microscopic algae, planktons, bacteria, dissolved
organic substance, suspended clay particles.
•Optimum transparency clear to 20 cm. in incubation pool.
More transparency
Macrophyte growth
 Dissolved oxygen fluctuates
Less transparency
Smoother fish eggs
Less amount of phytoplankton

16. CORRECTION OF TURBIDITY
(Bhatnagar,et.al ,2013)
In pond environment .
•Add Alum- Al2(SO4)3.14H2O
 Dose- 15-25 mg/L
•Gypsum
Dose- 100- 300 mg/L

17. CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS.
Chemical water quality parameter are-
Dissolved oxygen
pH
Alkalinity
Hardness

18. I. DISSOLVED OXYGEN
 Oxygen deficiency could be one of the reasons for mortality in
incubation pool.
 5ppm optimum for incubation of fish eggs
 Survival and hatching rate increase directly with increasing
concentration of Dissolved oxygen
 Dissolved oxygen levels below 5 mg/l appeared inadequate for
proper survival

19. CORRECTION OF
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Aeration
 Beating of water surface
with bamboo stick
Introduce fresh
oxygenated water from
other areas to pond
Pumping of water by
water pump
Aerators

20. pH
(Datta. Subhendu -2000)
• Eggs develop normally between pH 7 to 7.5.
• Acidic water - Exosmosis and collapsing of eggs.
•Alkaline water- Endosmosis and swelling of eggs yolk became
white.
Correction of pH
Add gypsum (CaSO4) or organic matter (cow dung, poultry
droppings etc.)
Use of quicklime (CaO) to rectify low pH of aquatic body.

21. ALKALINITY
• 40-60 mg/L recommended for fish eggs spawning.
Optimum range Effects
>300mg/L Create stress to fish
75-300 mg/L Ideal for fish
<75 mg/L create stress to fish create stress to fish

22. HARDNESS
 30-180 mg/L for best incubation of fish eggs .
Egg size decreased with increasing total hardness
Embryos and larvae incubated in Mg2+- and Ca2+ deficient
waters exhibited high malformation rates and high mortality
( Si Luo,et.al-2016)
Fish species Water hardness (CaCO3 ) Reference
Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix
50-80 mg/L J. Jeff.et al., 2009
Clarias gariepinus 30–60mg/l Molokwu. C.N.et al., 2002
Heterobranchus longifilis 160 mg /l Ofor chukwuma okereke
et.Al., 2012
Pterophyllum scalare 100 mg/l Kasiri milad.et al., 2011

23. CORRECTION OF HARDNESS
Add quicklime/alum/both and add zeolite to reduce
hardness.
Calcium chloride @40mg/L can be used to increase total
hardness

24. BIOLOGICAL CAUSES
Bacteria
Fungus
Crustaceans
Insect larvae

25. Bacterial action
Unfertilized eggs or dead eggs will quickly get infected with
bacteria.
(E. Woynarovich,et.al, 1984)

26. Fungal infection
 Fungal infection causes mortality
80-100% of incubated eggs.
 Saprolegnia
Fig:- Fungal infection
Remedies for bacterial and fungal
infection
0.1 to 0.2 ppm malachite green
Disease occurrence- Treated with 5ppm
malachite green
(M. yahya, et.al,2013)
Fig:-Tannin

27. Crustaceans (Cyclops and Insects)
Fig:- Egg attacked by Cyclops
Attack of carnivorous crustaceans
(Cyclops) or due to predation by insect
larvae or other animals
 The Cyclops hurt the egg shell by
scraping it with their thorny feet
Insect larvae, such as Chironomids
bite the egg shell with their mandible
Remedies for crustaceans attacks
1ppm organophosphorus ester (OP)
(E. Woynarovich,et.al, 1984)

28. Some other factors affecting the mortality in eggs
During stripping and artificial
fertilization
Mechanical disturbance
Human negligence

29. BETTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
 The speed of water in
incubation pool
 The spawning pool opens
directly into the outer chamber
of hatching pool
Time Water speed
First 12 hours 0.4 to 0.5 m/sec.
Next 6 hours 0.1-0.2 m/sec
Rest operation 0.3 to 0.4 m/sec for
(Ayyappan .S- 2015)

30. T, Y or L joint on eggs
delivery line is not
recommended.
Breeding pool is provided
with straight eggs delivery
pipe line from its central floor
to egg incubation unity.
 Incubation pool is cleaned
and disinfected with KMnO4
and lime before and after
each operation
Fig:- Y joint Fig:- L joint
Fig:- T joint
Fig:- Straight pipe

31. CLEANING
1. Surface cleaner.
2 cm diameter
bamboo stick are
kept in surface water
across the outer
chamber and in
between walls. This
helps in
accumulating the
foam, debris and
insects efficiently.

32. 2. COLUMN CLEANER.
• 5 to 6 pieces of coir rope
(1-1.5mlong) with smooth
bristle are tied to a stick of 2
cm dia. Rope is fixed to the
water surface of incubation
chamber.
• Column debris containing
dead spawn and eggs shell
stick to the rope. This is
removed periodically and
washed in KMno4 and fixed
again.
Coir rope
Stone
Dead spawn and
Eggs shell

33. BOTTOM CLEANERS.
• Siphoning
• Inner surface of the
screen is cleaned by
using a brush from
the inner chamber
Fig:-siphoned out by using pipe

34. Brood stock
• Healthy and uninjured fish are
collected.
• Breeders should be collected in the
proportion of 1:2 female to male
ratio.
• Fishes of almost equal size and
weight range are collected.
• Over aged fishes (above 5 years)
are not advisable to recruit.
• Professional brooder used (fishes
that have bred at least once in the
earlier year

35. Mortality of hatchling:- In west Bengal
heavy mortality of hatchling during
incubation,
Immature bursting of shells
Premature hatchling
Application-
•Catechu (Acacia catechu) and Myrobalan
(Myrobaolus indica).
Tannin
Tough the eggs membrane (chorion).
 Enhance hatching period,
 Prevent hatchling from premature
(B. Gangadhar,et.al ,2015)
Fig:- Acacia catechu

36. CONCLUSION
•For mass scale fish seed production under captivity
condition, we have to pay attention on certain
parameters such as water source, Physical, Chemical,
Biological quality of the water, Brood care, Standardizes
rearing environment, and Disease management
practices.
•Through best management practice we can reduce the
mortality of eggs and increase survival rate of eggs.
•By using some Indigenous Technology Knowledge(ITKs)
we can also improve the fish seed production.

37. 1. Bhatnagar Anita, Pooja Devi, (2013):Water quality guidelines for the
management of pond fish culture. International journal of environmental
sciences,3, 1980-2009
2. Chukwuma okereke ofor and henry udeh, 2012: Effect of water hardness
on fertilisation and hatching success of clarias gariepinus and heterobranchus
longifilis eggs fertilised with c. Gariepinus sperm. Asian fisheries science 25
:270-277
3. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries Ministry of
Agriculture & Farmers Welfare: Annual report ,(2016-17) pp:81-130
4. Gangadhar .B, Narasimhan S, Kannur H, Magadi R,(2016): Indigenous
technical knowledge in aquaculture sector. International journal of fisheries
and aquatic studies,4, 373-378
REFERENCE

38. 5. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC742E/AC742E05.htm
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fisheries
7. M.Yahya, Rasha M. Reda, Eletreby S.(2013): Case study on mass
mortality problems of Cyprinus carpio eggs in El- Abbassa fish hatchery in
Egypt. International journal of research in fisheries and aquaculture,4, 8-13
8. Milad kasiri, mohammad sudagarand seyed abbas hosseini, 2011: Effect
of water hardness on egg hatchability and larval viability of angelfish
International journal of research in fisheries and aquaculture 1 :6-10
9. S. Ayyappan(2015), Handbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture carp
breeding and seed production, pp:358-361.
10. Si Luo, Benli Wu, Xiaoqin Xiong, and Jianwei Wang:( 2016): Effects of
Total Hardness and Calcium:Magnesium Ratio of Water during Early Stages
of Rare Minnows . the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science,
66, 181-187.