Hand instruments are essential tools for restorative dentistry. They are made from materials like stainless steel, carbon steel, and carbide to provide durability and sharp cutting edges. Instruments are classified based on their purpose, such as cutting or condensing, and their design features such as blade width, length, and angles. Proper instrument design concentrates force on the thin cutting edge. Instruments are also designed to balance within 3mm of the handle for control during use. Right and left versions are produced based on blade bevel orientation or curve. Hand instruments require maintenance like sharpening and sterilization to function effectively.

1. HANDHAND
INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS

2. Flow chart
 IntroductionIntroduction
 HistoryHistory
 MaterialsMaterials
 Properties of materials usedProperties of materials used
 NomenclatureNomenclature
 ClassificationClassification
 Instrument formulaInstrument formula
 Instrument designInstrument design
 Various hand instruments techniquesVarious hand instruments techniques
 Individual instrumentsIndividual instruments
 Maintenance of instrumentsMaintenance of instruments
• sharpening of instrumentssharpening of instruments
• SterilizationSterilization

3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
In order to perform intricate andIn order to perform intricate and
detailed procedures associated withdetailed procedures associated with
conservative dentistry ,the dentists mustconservative dentistry ,the dentists must
have a complete knowledge of the purposehave a complete knowledge of the purpose
and application of the many instrumentsand application of the many instruments
required.required.
Hand Instruments remain an essentialHand Instruments remain an essential
part of the armamentarium for qualitypart of the armamentarium for quality
restorative dentistry.restorative dentistry.

4. HISTORY
The best guide to the future is toThe best guide to the future is to
study about the paststudy about the past.
In 16th
century the excision
of carious material was done
by using burning stick.
Earlier materials like bone, ivory were
some of the materials used to
manufacture the instruments.

6. Materials used in manufacturing theMaterials used in manufacturing the
instrumentsinstruments
 Stainless steelStainless steel
Carbon - 6 to 10 %,Carbon - 6 to 10 %,
chromium – 18%,chromium – 18%, iron – 81 to 81.4 %iron – 81 to 81.4 %
WhenWhen 12 to 30% of chromium12 to 30% of chromium is added to iron, theis added to iron, the
alloy is called stainless steel.alloy is called stainless steel.
- It is extremely hard- It is extremely hard
- Resistance to staining in these alloys is attributedResistance to staining in these alloys is attributed
to the formation of a thin transparent oxide onto the formation of a thin transparent oxide on
their surface.their surface.
DrawbackDrawback - Loses a sharp edge on repeated usage- Loses a sharp edge on repeated usage
easily compared to carbon steel.easily compared to carbon steel.

7. Carbon steel :Carbon steel :
-- these are iron carbon binary alloys that containthese are iron carbon binary alloys that contain
less than approximatelyless than approximately 2.1 % carbon2.1 % carbon..
- It is capable of hardened, softened, and- It is capable of hardened, softened, and
tempered.tempered.
- Its melting point is approximately 1500- 1600 C.- Its melting point is approximately 1500- 1600 C.
- Maintains keen edge under use, hence used forMaintains keen edge under use, hence used for
making blade and cutting edge.making blade and cutting edge.
DrawbackDrawback – corrodes when un protected.– corrodes when un protected.
CarbideCarbide ––
Carbon steel containingCarbon steel containing 0.8% carbon0.8% carbon..
- Provide more durable cutting edge.Provide more durable cutting edge.
- Hard and wear resistant.Hard and wear resistant.

8. 
Monel metalMonel metal
 Nickel - 67%,Copper - 28%,Iron - 5%Nickel - 67%,Copper - 28%,Iron - 5%
 It’s aIt’s a natural alloynatural alloy
 It is markedly resistant to acid and superheated steamIt is markedly resistant to acid and superheated steam
 NichromeNichrome
 Nickel - 60 to 80%,Chromium - 12 to 20%,Iron - 0.2 toNickel - 60 to 80%,Chromium - 12 to 20%,Iron - 0.2 to
6%6%
 Can be subjected to high degrees of temperatureCan be subjected to high degrees of temperature
 Does not oxidize easily
 Drawback : does not maintain sharp edge
 Stellite
 Cobalt 65- 90%, chromium 10-35%
 High melting point
 Maintains cutting edge and resistant to action of acids.
 Cobalt imparts hardness, strength and rigidity to alloy

9.  In order to gain maximal benefits Carbon steel andIn order to gain maximal benefits Carbon steel and
stainless steel must be submitted to hardening andstainless steel must be submitted to hardening and
tempering heat treatmenttempering heat treatment
Hardening heat treatmentHardening heat treatment Tempering heat treatmentTempering heat treatment
hardens and makes it brittle. Steel is reheated for 1 hour athardens and makes it brittle. Steel is reheated for 1 hour at
steel is heated tosteel is heated to 1500 F(815 C)1500 F(815 C) 3535
F (176 C)F (176 C) and then in oxygen free environment andand then in oxygen free environment and
quenched. It relieves strain andquenched. It relieves strain and
then quenched water.then quenched water. increases the toughness.increases the toughness.

10. NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE
Described byDescribed by G.V. BlackG.V. Black
1.1. OrderOrder – denotes the purpose of the– denotes the purpose of the
instrument.instrument.
E.g. excavator, scalerE.g. excavator, scaler
2.2. SuborderSuborder – denotes position or manner of– denotes position or manner of
use.use.
E.g. push ,pullE.g. push ,pull
(variable and non-specific)(variable and non-specific)
3.3. ClassClass – describes form of the blade– describes form of the blade
E .g. hatchet , chiselE .g. hatchet , chisel
4.4. AngleAngle – denotes number of angle in– denotes number of angle in
shankshank

12. ClassificationClassification (Sturdevant)(Sturdevant)
HAND INSTRUMENTS
CUTTING NON-CUTTING
EXCAVATORS
ORDINARY HATCHET
HOE
CHISELS
ANGLE FORMER
SPOON EXCAVATOR
STRAIGHT
CURVED
BINANGLE
ENAMEL HATCHET
GINGIVAL MARGINAL
TRIMMER
AMALGAM CONDENSER
MIRRORS
EXPLORERS
PROBES
OTHERS
KNIVES
FILES
SCALERS
CARVERS

13.  Hand instrumentHand instrument::
1.Cutting1.Cutting
instrumentsinstruments
 HatchetsHatchets
 ChiselsChisels
 HoesHoes
 ExcavatorsExcavators
2.Condensing2.Condensing
instrumentsinstruments
-pluggers-pluggers
3.Plastic3.Plastic
instrumentsinstruments
-spatulas-spatulas
-carvers-carvers
-burnishers-burnishers
-packing-packing
instruments.instruments.
4.Finishing and4.Finishing and
polishingpolishing
instrumentsinstruments
- orange wood stick- orange wood stick
- polishing points- polishing points
- finishing strips- finishing strips
5.Miscellaneous5.Miscellaneous
instrumentsinstruments
- mouth mirrors.- mouth mirrors.
- explorers.- explorers.
- scissors.- scissors.
- pliers.- pliers.

14. INSTRUMENT FORMULAINSTRUMENT FORMULA
 4 unit formula4 unit formula
1.1. Width of the blade or primary cutting edge inWidth of the blade or primary cutting edge in
tenths of a mm.tenths of a mm.
2.2. Primary cutting edge angle ,expressed as a percentPrimary cutting edge angle ,expressed as a percent
of 360 degrees.of 360 degrees.
3.3. Indicates blade length in mm.Indicates blade length in mm.
4.4. Indicates blade angle relative to the long axis ofIndicates blade angle relative to the long axis of
the handle in clockwise direction.the handle in clockwise direction.
– 3 unit formula3 unit formula
1.1. Width of the blade or primary cutting edge inWidth of the blade or primary cutting edge in
tenths of a mm.tenths of a mm.
2.2. Indicates blade length in mm.Indicates blade length in mm.
3.3. Indicates blade angle relative to the long axis ofIndicates blade angle relative to the long axis of
the handle in clockwise direction.the handle in clockwise direction.

17. blade
Cutting edge
Handle or shaft
shank

18. INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS
A)A) direct cuttingdirect cutting
instrument-instrument-
forces applied inforces applied in
the same planethe same plane
of blade andof blade and
handle.handle.
B)B) Single planedSingle planed
C)C) Can be used inCan be used in
both direct andboth direct and
lateral cutting.lateral cutting.
B)B) lateral cutting instrument-lateral cutting instrument-
force applied at right angle toforce applied at right angle to
blade and handleblade and handle
Double planedDouble planed
used only in lateral cuttingused only in lateral cutting

19. Thinner the cross section
More the force is concentrated
on the working area
Main principle of cutting instrument is to concentrate
forces on a very thin cross section of the
instrument at the cutting edge

20. 2.2. ContranglingContrangling
depends on length of the blade and angulation in shankdepends on length of the blade and angulation in shank..
PurposePurpose--
-mainly to gain access.-mainly to gain access.
-instruments are designed such that-instruments are designed such that
working point isworking point is within 3mmwithin 3mm from the axis of handle.from the axis of handle.
-short blade and small blade angles require only binangle-short blade and small blade angles require only binangle
contrangling.contrangling.
-longer blade and greater blade angle require triple angle-longer blade and greater blade angle require triple angle
contrangling.contrangling.
Greater angles are used inGreater angles are used in ––
-posterior teeth-posterior teeth
-incisal portion of proximal cavities-incisal portion of proximal cavities inin
anteriorsanteriors..

21. For optimal anti rotational
design, the blade edge
must be within 3mm from
the axis of handle.
All dental instruments
need to satisfy this
principle of balance.
For optimal anti rotational
design, the blade edge
must be within 3mm from
the axis of handle.
All dental instruments
need to satisfy this
principle of balance

22. 3.Right and left instrument:3.Right and left instrument:
 Direct cutting instrumentDirect cutting instrument
held with the cutting edgeheld with the cutting edge
facing down and pointingfacing down and pointing
away from the operatoraway from the operator
and the bevel is on rightand the bevel is on right
side, it is right instrument.side, it is right instrument.
if bevel is on the left, leftif bevel is on the left, left
instrument.instrument.
 These are single planedThese are single planed
instruments.instruments.
 Lateral cuttingLateral cutting
instrument are madeinstrument are made
right and left by havingright and left by having
the curve or angle.the curve or angle.
these are always used inthese are always used in
scraping actions.scraping actions.

23. 4.4.Single bevelled instrument:Single bevelled instrument:
 Single planedSingle planed
 Cutting edge at right angles to long axis of shaft.Cutting edge at right angles to long axis of shaft.
 Bevelled on the side away from the shaft –distallyBevelled on the side away from the shaft –distally
bevelled.bevelled.
 Bevelled on the side towards the shaft- mesiallyBevelled on the side towards the shaft- mesially
bevelled.bevelled.
 When the instrument haveWhen the instrument have no angle or angle ofno angle or angle of 1212
degree or lessdegree or less, it is used in push (direct cutting) and, it is used in push (direct cutting) and
scraping motions.scraping motions.
 If angle in shankIf angle in shank exceeds 12 degreeexceeds 12 degree,,
instrument isinstrument is used in pullused in pull (distally bevelled)(distally bevelled)
and push (mesially bevelled) motions.and push (mesially bevelled) motions.

24. 5.5.BibevelledBibevelled instrumentinstrument::
 Only hatchets andOnly hatchets and
straight chisels canstraight chisels can
be bibevelledbe bibevelled..
 Blade is equallyBlade is equally
bevelled on bothbevelled on both
sides.sides.
 TheyThey cut bycut by
pushingpushing them inthem in
the direction of thethe direction of the
long axis of thelong axis of the
blade.blade.

25. 6.6.Triple bevelled instrument:Triple bevelled instrument:
 Bevelling the blade laterally, formsBevelling the blade laterally, forms
three distinct cutting edges.three distinct cutting edges.
 Most modern single planedMost modern single planed
instruments are triple bevelled.instruments are triple bevelled.
 AdvantageAdvantage-additional cutting-additional cutting
potential.potential.

26. 7.Circumferentially bevelled7.Circumferentially bevelled
instrumentsinstruments
 Usually occurs inUsually occurs in
double planeddouble planed
instrumentsinstruments
 Bevelled at allBevelled at all
peripheriesperipheries

27. 8.Single ended and double ended8.Single ended and double ended
instrumentsinstruments
 The most modern instruments are doubleThe most modern instruments are double
ended.ended.
 Single planed instruments with no angleSingle planed instruments with no angle
in the shank have potential 5 cuttingin the shank have potential 5 cutting
movements. They are –movements. They are –
 vertical,right ,left,push and pullvertical,right ,left,push and pull
 Mesially and distally bevelled single planedMesially and distally bevelled single planed
instruments the 4 movements areinstruments the 4 movements are
 vertical,right ,left ,push or pull.vertical,right ,left ,push or pull.

28. Hand instrument techniquesHand instrument techniques
1.1. Modified pen graspModified pen grasp
--permits thepermits the
greatest delicacy ofgreatest delicacy of
touch.touch.
-palm of the hand-palm of the hand
generally facing awaygenerally facing away
from the operator.from the operator.
-pad of the middle-pad of the middle
finger placed near top offinger placed near top of
the instrument.the instrument.

29. 2. Inverted pen grasp-2. Inverted pen grasp-
-The hand is rotated so-The hand is rotated so
that the palm facesthat the palm faces
more towards themore towards the
operatoroperator
-Used for tooth-Used for tooth
preparations utilizingpreparations utilizing
the lingual approach onthe lingual approach on
anterior teeth.anterior teeth.

30. 3.Palm and thumb grasp3.Palm and thumb grasp
- Has limited use- Has limited use
- Used for preparing- Used for preparing
incisal retention for aincisal retention for a
class III preparationclass III preparation
on a maxillary incisoron a maxillary incisor

31. 4.Modified palm and thumb grasp4.Modified palm and thumb grasp

32.  RestRest
When the modified pen grasp and invertedWhen the modified pen grasp and inverted
pen grasp are used, rests are established bypen grasp are used, rests are established by
placing the ring or ring and little finger on aplacing the ring or ring and little finger on a
tooth of the same arch or close to thetooth of the same arch or close to the
operating siteoperating site
when palm and thumb grasp are used, restwhen palm and thumb grasp are used, rest
are created by placing the tip of thumb onare created by placing the tip of thumb on
the tooth being operated or adjacent or areathe tooth being operated or adjacent or area
which is convenient.which is convenient.
 GuardsGuards Are hand instruments or otherAre hand instruments or other
items, such as interproximal wedges used toitems, such as interproximal wedges used to
protect soft tissue from contacting withprotect soft tissue from contacting with
sharp cutting or abrasive instruments.sharp cutting or abrasive instruments.

34. INDIVIDUAL INSTRUMENTSINDIVIDUAL INSTRUMENTS
 ExcavatorsExcavators
1.1. Hatchet excavatorsHatchet excavators
• edge of the blade isedge of the blade is
parallel with handleparallel with handle
• Single planedSingle planed
bibevelledbibevelled
instrumentinstrument
• Cut by push orCut by push or
scraping motionscraping motion
• Used for delicateUsed for delicate
cutting withincutting within
preparationspreparations
especially in incisorsespecially in incisors

35. 2.Hoe excavators2.Hoe excavators
• Bevel run at rightBevel run at right
angle to the shaftangle to the shaft
• TypesTypes-distally-distally
bevelled or mesiallybevelled or mesially
bevelledbevelled
• UseUse -cutting of-cutting of
mesial and distalmesial and distal
walls of premolarswalls of premolars
and molarsand molars
• Single planed ,4Single planed ,4
cutting movements-cutting movements-
vertical ,push orvertical ,push or
pull, right and leftpull, right and left

36. 3.Spoon excavators3.Spoon excavators
• Made in pairs withMade in pairs with
one blade curved toone blade curved to
right and other to leftright and other to left
• Curve of the bladeCurve of the blade
makes it lateralmakes it lateral
cutting instrumentcutting instrument
• Double planedDouble planed
instrument with rightinstrument with right
or left cuttingor left cutting
movements onlymovements only
• Use-removal ofUse-removal of
carious dentincarious dentin

37. 4.Discoid(disc like) excavators4.Discoid(disc like) excavators
• Blade circular inBlade circular in
shapeshape
• Circular blade isCircular blade is
placed at rightplaced at right
angle to the shaftangle to the shaft
• Double planedDouble planed
instrument withinstrument with
right or left cuttingright or left cutting
movements onlymovements only
• Use-removal ofUse-removal of
carious dentincarious dentin

38. 5.5. Cleoid (claw like) excavatorCleoid (claw like) excavator
• Type of spoonType of spoon
excavator exceptexcavator except
the blade comes tothe blade comes to
a pointa point
• Use-carvingUse-carving
amalgam andamalgam and
excavating deepexcavating deep
cariescaries
• Double planedDouble planed
instrument withinstrument with
only lateral cuttingonly lateral cutting
movementsmovements

39. • CHISELSCHISELS
• Mainly intended for cutting enamel.Mainly intended for cutting enamel.
• Used to smoothen cavity walls.Used to smoothen cavity walls.
• Usually bevelled on one side only.Usually bevelled on one side only.
• Used to sharpen cavity preparation.Used to sharpen cavity preparation.
 4 types of Chisel4 types of Chisel

40. 1.1. Straight chiselsStraight chisels
– Straight blade inStraight blade in
line with theline with the
handle and shankhandle and shank
– Cutting edge onCutting edge on
one side onlyone side only
– Bevel of blade atBevel of blade at
right angle to theright angle to the
shaftshaft
– Single planed withSingle planed with
5 possible cutting5 possible cutting
movementsmovements

41. 2.Monoangle chisel2.Monoangle chisel
 Similar to straightSimilar to straight
chisels except thatchisels except that
blade is placed atblade is placed at
an angle to thean angle to the
shaft.shaft.
 It may be mesiallyIt may be mesially
bevelled or distallybevelled or distally
bevelled.bevelled.
 Single planedSingle planed

42. 3.Binangle chisel3.Binangle chisel
 Blade is placed at aBlade is placed at a
slight angle toslight angle to
shaft.shaft.
 Mesially or distallyMesially or distally
bevelled.bevelled.
 Use-to cleave orUse-to cleave or
split underminedsplit undermined
enamel.enamel.
 Single planed.Single planed.

43. 4.4.Triple-angle chiselTriple-angle chisel
 Used to flattenUsed to flatten
pulpal floors.pulpal floors.
 Mesially or distallyMesially or distally
bevelled.bevelled.

44. Special forms of chiselsSpecial forms of chisels
1.1. Enamel hatchet:Enamel hatchet:
• Shank has one orShank has one or
more angles ormore angles or
curves.curves.
• Blade is parallel withBlade is parallel with
the shaft.the shaft.
• It is single planeIt is single plane
instrument.instrument.
• Design similar toDesign similar to
ordinary hatchet.ordinary hatchet.
• Blade is heavier,Blade is heavier,
larger and beveled onlarger and beveled on
only one side.only one side.
• Use –for splitting orUse –for splitting or
cleaving underminedcleaving undermined
enamel in proximalenamel in proximal
cavities.cavities.

45. 2.2.Gingival Marginal TrimmerGingival Marginal Trimmer
 Similar in design to enamel hatchetSimilar in design to enamel hatchet
except blade is curved.except blade is curved.
 Double ended, paired instrumentDouble ended, paired instrument
(mesial or distal).(mesial or distal).
 Primary cutting edge is at an angle toPrimary cutting edge is at an angle to
axis of blade.axis of blade.
when the second number iswhen the second number is
 90 to 100 distal gingival margin.90 to 100 distal gingival margin.
 85 to 75 mesial gingival margin.85 to 75 mesial gingival margin.

46.  The 100 and 75 pairs are for inlay orThe 100 and 75 pairs are for inlay or
onlay preparations with steep gingivalonlay preparations with steep gingival
bevels.bevels.
 90 and 85 pairs are for amalgam90 and 85 pairs are for amalgam
preparations with gingival enamel bevelspreparations with gingival enamel bevels
that decline slight gingivally.that decline slight gingivally.
 Primarily lateral cutting instrument.Primarily lateral cutting instrument.
 Used in pull and push motions to sharpenUsed in pull and push motions to sharpen
point and line angels.point and line angels.

47. Distal Gingival
marginal trimmer
Mesial gingival
marginal trimmer

48. GMT ENAMEL HATCHETGMT ENAMEL HATCHET
- 4 unit formula- 4 unit formula
- Blade is curved- Blade is curved
- Bi planed- Bi planed
- Used to give- Used to give
gingival cavosurfacegingival cavosurface
bevel, rounding of axiobevel, rounding of axio
pulpal line angles.pulpal line angles.
- 3 unit formula- 3 unit formula
- Not curved- Not curved
- Monoplaned- Monoplaned
- Used to break- Used to break
enamel wall ofenamel wall of
proximal box,proximal box,
smoothen gingivalsmoothen gingival
seatseat

49. 3.3.Angle FormerAngle Former
 Are made by grinding the bevel at anAre made by grinding the bevel at an
angle of 80 degree with the shaft,angle of 80 degree with the shaft,
forming an acute angle with the long axisforming an acute angle with the long axis
of the shaft.of the shaft.
 Single planed instrument.Single planed instrument.
 Used to cut line and point angles.Used to cut line and point angles.
 They share three cutting potentialsThey share three cutting potentials
vertical, push and pull.vertical, push and pull.

51. 4.4.Wedelstaedt Chisels.Wedelstaedt Chisels.
 Its like a straight chisel, with a slightIts like a straight chisel, with a slight
vertical curvature in the shank.vertical curvature in the shank.
 Bevelled on only one side of the shank.Bevelled on only one side of the shank.
 Single planed instruments with threeSingle planed instruments with three
cutting motions, vertical, right and left.cutting motions, vertical, right and left.
 Mesially bevelled used in pushMesially bevelled used in push
movement, distally bevelled in pullmovement, distally bevelled in pull
motions.motions.
USE-USE-
 For cleaving undermined enamel.For cleaving undermined enamel.
 For shaping walls.For shaping walls.
 Used primarily on anterior teeth.Used primarily on anterior teeth.

53. 5.5.Off Set HatchetsOff Set Hatchets
 Rectangular hatchet except theRectangular hatchet except the
hole blade is rotated forward orhole blade is rotated forward or
backward around its long axis.backward around its long axis.
 Single paned instrument.Single paned instrument.
 They will be right or leftThey will be right or left
instrument.instrument.
 Useful to create and shapeUseful to create and shape
specific angulations for cavityspecific angulations for cavity
walls specially in areas of difficultwalls specially in areas of difficult
access.access.

54. 6.6.Triangular Chisels.Triangular Chisels.
 Blade is triangular in shape,Blade is triangular in shape,
with base of the triangle awaywith base of the triangle away
from the shaft.from the shaft.
 It has a terminal cutting edgeIt has a terminal cutting edge
like straight chisel.like straight chisel.
7.7.Hoe chiselHoe chisel::
 Similar to hoe excavators, hasSimilar to hoe excavators, has
a sturdier blade.a sturdier blade.

55. NON CUTTING INSTRUMEMTS
 Similar in appearanceSimilar in appearance
to cuttingto cutting
instruments except,instruments except,
blade is replaced byblade is replaced by
nib or point.nib or point.
1.1. Amalgam carriersAmalgam carriers::
 Types:Types:
a)regulara)regular
b)largeb)large
 Usually DoubleUsually Double
ended.ended.
 Available asAvailable as
mini, regular,mini, regular,
large, jumbo.large, jumbo.


56. 2.2.Condensers:Condensers:
 Working ends or nibs are round with flatWorking ends or nibs are round with flat
ends.ends.
 Shapes-round,triangular,rectangular orShapes-round,triangular,rectangular or
diamond.diamond.
 Vertical condensationVertical condensation: amalgam: amalgam
condensed against preparation floorcondensed against preparation floor
through vertical pressure.through vertical pressure.
 Lateral condensationsLateral condensations: condensed against: condensed against
vertical walls of preparation.vertical walls of preparation.

58. 3.Carvers3.Carvers
1.1.Cleoid-discoid carversCleoid-discoid carvers::
• Use:-occlusal carving of amalgamUse:-occlusal carving of amalgam
restoration.restoration.
• - carving occlusal surfaces of posterior resin- carving occlusal surfaces of posterior resin
composite restoration.composite restoration.
2.2.Walls no.3 carversWalls no.3 carvers :-used for carving:-used for carving
occlusal surfaces.occlusal surfaces.
-for shaping cusps and carving facial and-for shaping cusps and carving facial and
lingual walls of large amalgam restorations.lingual walls of large amalgam restorations.

60.  .. 3.3.Hollen back No.1/2 carverHollen back No.1/2 carver::
useful for occlusal,proximal,axial(facialuseful for occlusal,proximal,axial(facial
or lingual) surfaces.or lingual) surfaces.
 4.inter proximal carvers4.inter proximal carvers:-:-
specially valuable for carving proximalspecially valuable for carving proximal
amalgam surfaces.amalgam surfaces.
 5.No.14L carver:5.No.14L carver: (sickle shaped carver)(sickle shaped carver)
UseUse -- interinter proximalproximal areasareas..
- for carving convex facial and lingual- for carving convex facial and lingual
surfaces of large amalgam surfaces.surfaces of large amalgam surfaces.
- To remove amalgam over hangs- To remove amalgam over hangs

61. Hollen back carver
Diamond or Frahms carver
Titanium carbide instruments
Wards carver

62. 4.Burnishers4.Burnishers
 BurnisherBurnisher
is defined as “to make shiny or lustrous, especially byis defined as “to make shiny or lustrous, especially by
rubbing; to polish”; and “to rub ( a material) with a toolrubbing; to polish”; and “to rub ( a material) with a tool
for compacting or smoothening or for turning an edge”.for compacting or smoothening or for turning an edge”.
useuse-to shape metal matrix bands.-to shape metal matrix bands.
-large burnishers are used to pinch off-large burnishers are used to pinch off
freshly condensed amalgam at margins.freshly condensed amalgam at margins.
-PKT3 (P.K.Thomas No.3)burnisher useful in sculpting-PKT3 (P.K.Thomas No.3)burnisher useful in sculpting
occlusal anatomy in posterior resin composite.occlusal anatomy in posterior resin composite.
-to bend cast gold near the margin.-to bend cast gold near the margin.

64. 5.Plastic instruments5.Plastic instruments
 Originally they were Used with silicatesOriginally they were Used with silicates
and acrylic resins .and acrylic resins .
 Now used to carry and shape toothNow used to carry and shape tooth
colored restorative materials .colored restorative materials .
 It is a double ended instrument.It is a double ended instrument.
 Available as hard plastic and metal.Available as hard plastic and metal.
 use- to eliminate abrasion of metal byuse- to eliminate abrasion of metal by
the quartz in resin composite, whichthe quartz in resin composite, which
cause grayness.cause grayness.

66. 6.Cement spatulas6.Cement spatulas
 Variety of instrumentVariety of instrument
require mixing onrequire mixing on
glass slab, or paperglass slab, or paper
pad.pad.
 Larger spatulas usedLarger spatulas used
for mixing, lutingfor mixing, luting
cements.cements.
 Smaller spatulas usedSmaller spatulas used
for cavity liners andfor cavity liners and
resin luting cements.resin luting cements.

67. 7.Mouth mirror7.Mouth mirror
 Allows indirect visualizationAllows indirect visualization
of obscure areas of theof obscure areas of the
mouthmouth
 Allows the operator toAllows the operator to
maintain body positionmaintain body position
that reduces healththat reduces health
problems associated withproblems associated with
poor posture.poor posture.
 Serves as retractor of softServes as retractor of soft
tissue to aid in access andtissue to aid in access and
visualization.visualization.
 Front surface mirror-Front surface mirror-
reflective surface of thereflective surface of the
mirror is towards themirror is towards the
surface of glass.surface of glass.
 Widely used sizes No.4 andWidely used sizes No.4 and
No.5, for posterior regionNo.5, for posterior region
No.2 is used.No.2 is used.

68.  Normal mouth mirror reflects a secondary imageNormal mouth mirror reflects a secondary image
from the front of the glass in addition to mainfrom the front of the glass in addition to main
image from the silvered backing.image from the silvered backing.
 This can be avoided by using front surface mirrorThis can be avoided by using front surface mirror
where the reflective coating is deposited on thewhere the reflective coating is deposited on the
front of the glass or the base, revealing fine detailfront of the glass or the base, revealing fine detail
more clearlymore clearly
 Unfortunately, this coated surface gets wearedUnfortunately, this coated surface gets weared
easily, thus it does not last longereasily, thus it does not last longer

69. 8.Explorers8.Explorers
 It has 3 parts:It has 3 parts:
- handle, shank and- handle, shank and
the exploring tip.the exploring tip.
 4 Types:4 Types:
- straight explorer- straight explorer
- right-angled- right-angled
explorerexplorer
- arch explorer- arch explorer
- interproximal- interproximal
explorerexplorer
No.23 explorer
No.17
explorer

70. 9.Forceps9.Forceps
 Cotton forcepsCotton forceps
 Hemostats - helpful inHemostats - helpful in
placing or removing itemsplacing or removing items
used to confine amalgamused to confine amalgam
for condensation.for condensation.
 Articulating paper forceps-Articulating paper forceps-
to mark the contacts ofto mark the contacts of
teeth in opposing archesteeth in opposing arches
during closure.during closure.

71. Maintainance of hand instrumentsMaintainance of hand instruments
• Instruments with dull cutting edge cause:Instruments with dull cutting edge cause:
 Prolong operating timeProlong operating time
 More painMore pain
 Less controllableLess controllable
 Reduce quality and precision in toothReduce quality and precision in tooth
preparation.preparation.
sharpening of hand instruments:sharpening of hand instruments:
types of sharpening equipementstypes of sharpening equipements::
1.Stationary sharpening equipements1.Stationary sharpening equipements::
-most frequently used.-most frequently used.
-also called oil stone.-also called oil stone.
-available as coarse,medium or fine grit.-available as coarse,medium or fine grit.
-shapes:flat,grooved,cylindric and tapered.-shapes:flat,grooved,cylindric and tapered.

72. Materials used for sharpeningMaterials used for sharpening
instrumentsinstruments
Arkansas stoneArkansas stone:-(naturally occurring mineral):-(naturally occurring mineral)
Preferred for fine sharpening.Preferred for fine sharpening.
Types-hard and soft.Types-hard and soft.
Silicon carbideSilicon carbide:-commonly used for:-commonly used for
-grinding wheels.-grinding wheels.
-sand papers.-sand papers.
-sharpening stone.-sharpening stone.
AluminumAluminum oxideoxide -coarse or medium grit stones are-coarse or medium grit stones are
speckled tan or brownish in color.speckled tan or brownish in color.
-fine grit stones are usually white.-fine grit stones are usually white.
DiamondDiamond:- hardest abrasive.:- hardest abrasive.
-most effective.-most effective.
-Only material routinely capable of sharpening carbide and-Only material routinely capable of sharpening carbide and
steel instruments.steel instruments.

74. 2.2.Rx honing machineRx honing machine: it is a mechanical: it is a mechanical
sharpener.sharpener.

75. • 33 Handpiece sharpeningHandpiece sharpening stonesstones::
-mounted silicon carbide.-mounted silicon carbide.
-aluminum oxide.-aluminum oxide.

76. References
 Operative dentistry – modern theory & practice
Marzook, Simonton, gross (1st edition)
 Pichard’s manual of operative dentistry (8th edition)
Kidd, Smith & Watson
 Principles & practice of operative dentistry
(2ndedition) Gerald T . Charbeneau et al
 Studervant
 Fundamentals of operative dentistry.
A Contemporary approach
Summit, Robbins, Schwartz

77. THANK YOUTHANK YOU