1) Hirsutism is defined as excessive terminal hair growth in androgen-dependent areas of the body in women, which grows in a typical male distribution pattern. It is often caused by androgen overproduction or increased sensitivity to androgens. Diagnosis is usually clinical and confirmed with laboratory testing. Treatment options include oral contraceptives, spironolactone, and anti-androgens.
2) Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease causing patchy, non-scarring hair loss. It affects the scalp and sometimes other hair-bearing areas. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and regrowth of hair. Options include topical corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and supportive
Hair diseases are disorders primarily associated with the follicles of the hair. Many hair diseases can be associated with distinct underlying disorders. Hair disease may refer to excessive shedding or baldness (or both). Balding can be localized or diffuse, scarring or non-scarring.
Biochemistry of Hair fall, A complete review of hair fall cause, Types, Current methods of treatment, Natural methods of treatment,
for more detail text see :https://iiopinion.blogspot.in/2017/01/hair-fall-scientific-way-of-treatment.html
Anagen :
Anagen is the active growth stage of hair.
During the anagen stage the hair contain it’s highest amount of melanin.
This stage is lasts between 3-6 years.
Catagen:
Catagen is a transition stage in which the hair stops growing but the hair is not shed.
During this stage the follicle is being reabsorbed .
This stage lasts 2-3 weeks.
Telogen:
Telegen is a resting stage during which the follicle receds and the hair begin to fall in preparation for the development of new hair.
This stage lasts between 6-8 weeks.
Anagen:
The hair growth cycle continues as anagen begins again.
The old hair has shed and a new follicle has formed.
A new hair begins growing to replace the hair that was shed.
Hair fall normally occurs gradually with age in both men and women, but is typically more pronounced in men. This presentation will explain you more about What is hair fall, How can you stop, treat, and prevent it?
Hair diseases are disorders primarily associated with the follicles of the hair. Many hair diseases can be associated with distinct underlying disorders. Hair disease may refer to excessive shedding or baldness (or both). Balding can be localized or diffuse, scarring or non-scarring.
Biochemistry of Hair fall, A complete review of hair fall cause, Types, Current methods of treatment, Natural methods of treatment,
for more detail text see :https://iiopinion.blogspot.in/2017/01/hair-fall-scientific-way-of-treatment.html
Anagen :
Anagen is the active growth stage of hair.
During the anagen stage the hair contain it’s highest amount of melanin.
This stage is lasts between 3-6 years.
Catagen:
Catagen is a transition stage in which the hair stops growing but the hair is not shed.
During this stage the follicle is being reabsorbed .
This stage lasts 2-3 weeks.
Telogen:
Telegen is a resting stage during which the follicle receds and the hair begin to fall in preparation for the development of new hair.
This stage lasts between 6-8 weeks.
Anagen:
The hair growth cycle continues as anagen begins again.
The old hair has shed and a new follicle has formed.
A new hair begins growing to replace the hair that was shed.
Hair fall normally occurs gradually with age in both men and women, but is typically more pronounced in men. This presentation will explain you more about What is hair fall, How can you stop, treat, and prevent it?
Hair loss is a common problem for both men and women, young or old. Although most people lose about 100 hair strands from the head daily, others may lose more hairs gradually either in a diffuse or patchy manner.
Skin pigmentation:
Pigmentation means coloring. Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of your skin. Your skin gets its color from a pigment called melanin. Special cells in the skin make melanin. When these cells become damaged or unhealthy, it affects melanin production. Some pigmentation disorders affect just patches of skin. Others affect your entire body.
For more information, you can book an appointment at
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
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alopecia hair loss Alopecia is a disease that causes hair loss.pptxittielarathi
Alopecia is a disease that causes hair loss. Most people lose hair on their scalp or beard area, but hair loss can occur anywhere on your body. A board-certified dermatologist can tell you if you have this type of hair loss and what may help you regrow your hair.
Hair loss is a common problem for both men and women, young or old. Although most people lose about 100 hair strands from the head daily, others may lose more hairs gradually either in a diffuse or patchy manner.
Skin pigmentation:
Pigmentation means coloring. Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of your skin. Your skin gets its color from a pigment called melanin. Special cells in the skin make melanin. When these cells become damaged or unhealthy, it affects melanin production. Some pigmentation disorders affect just patches of skin. Others affect your entire body.
For more information, you can book an appointment at
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
alopecia hair loss Alopecia is a disease that causes hair loss.pptxittielarathi
Alopecia is a disease that causes hair loss. Most people lose hair on their scalp or beard area, but hair loss can occur anywhere on your body. A board-certified dermatologist can tell you if you have this type of hair loss and what may help you regrow your hair.
Hair loss (alopecia) can affect just your scalp or your entire body, and it can be temporary or permanent. It can be the result of heredity, hormonal changes, medical conditions or a normal part of aging. Anyone can lose hair on their head, but it's more common in men
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Hirsutism
• Definition:
Hirsutism is defined as excessive terminal
hair growth in androgen-dependent areas
of the body in women,
which grows in a typical male distribution
pattern
• Epidemiology:
Ethnic differences – Asian women tend to
have little body and facial hair, while
Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, and East
Indian women have moderate amounts
The condition is often associated with a
loss of self--esteem.
• Symptoms :
Irregular period
Male-pattern baldness
Acne
4. • Etiology and Pathogenesis:
Women with excessive growth of terminal
hairs in a “male pattern” due to
ANDROGEN OVERPRODUCTION (ovaries or
adrenal glands) or increased sensitivity to
androgens
Ovarian origin – PCOS, insulin resistance,
ovarian Tumors.
• Diagnose:
• clinically
• Laboratory testing
o Sex hormone-binding globulin level
• Image
– CT/MRI abdomen or pelvis
Hirsutism
5. Management
Cosmetic methods
Physical methods of removing hair(shaving)
Permanent hair reduction
(laser and intense pulsed light)
Non-pharmacological methods
• Lifestyle therapies are first-line
treatments in women with PCOS
Pharmacologic management
Oral Contraceptives
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists (GnRH-A)
Hirsutism
6. Suppression of androgen
synthesis:
◊Androgen antiagonist:
• Spirolucton 100-200 mg.
• Ketoconazole 400 mg
• Finasteride 2.5 mg daily
◊Medroxyprogeste one acetate:
• Dose: 150 mg intramuscularly every 3
months.
• Indications: severely androgenized patients
refractory to other therapies.
◊Corticosteroids:
• Indications: severe cases of adrenal
hyperplasia (CAH).
Hirsutism
7. Alopecia areata (spot baldness)
Definition
AA is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of
the body.
Psychological stress may result.
Epidemiology
The condition affects 0.1%–0.2% of the population,
occurs equally in both males and females.
Patients also tend to have a slightly higher incidence of conditions related to the
immune system, such as
asthma,
allergies,
atopic dermatitis, and
hypothyroidism.
8. • Etiology
• Cause is still unknown
• It is an autoimmune disease
• Modified by genetic factors
• Pathogenesis
• Hair matrix cells are impaired
temporarily for unknown
reason.
• Theories include nutritional
failure, heredity and mental
stress; however, the
pathogenesis is unknown.
Some cases are accompanied
by autoimmune.
Alopecia areata (spot baldness)
9. Classification of alopecia areata
diffuse alopecia
areata
Alopecia areata
monolocularis
Alopecia areata
multilocularis
alopecia areata
barbae
alopecia
areata totalis
alopecia areata
universalis
Hair may also be lost more diffusely over the whole scalp, in which case the condition is
called diffuse alopecia areata.
Alopecia areata monolocularis describes baldness in only one spot. It may occur anywhere
on the head.
Alopecia areata multilocularis refers to multiple areas of hair loss.
Ophiasis refers to hair loss in the shape of a wave at the circumference of the head.
The disease may be limited only to the beard, in which case it is called alopecia areata
barbae.
If the person loses all the hair on the scalp, the disease is then called alopecia areata totalis
If all body hair, including pubic hair, is lost, the diagnosis then becomes alopecia areata
universalis
Alopecia areata (spot baldness)
10. Clinical features
• Round, sharply margined hair loss suddenly
occurs.
• Hair regrows spontaneously in several
months
• Rapid and complete loss of hair in one or
several patches.
• Size – Patches of 1-5 cm in diameter.
Associated disease
1.Atopic dermatitis.
2.Autoimmune disease –
* SLE
*Thyroiditis.
*Myasthenia gravis.
*Vitiligo.
3.Lichen planus.
4.Down syndrome.
Alopecia areata (spot baldness)
11. • Diagnosis
AA is usually diagnosed based on
clinical features
• The hairs are characteristically thin
and atrophic at the end of the hair
root, giving them the appearance of
exclamation marks
(“exclamation-point hair”).
• Differential diagnosis
1) Tinea capitis.
2) Trichotilomania.
3) Congenital triangular alopecia.
4) .Alopecia neoplastica.
.
Alopecia areata (spot baldness)
12. Management
Spontaneous recovery is extremely common
for patchy alopecia areata.
Psychological support.
in severe cases give topical:
Corticosteroid
PUVA therapy
• Steroids and immunosuppressant are administered
orally in alopecia totals or universals.
Alopecia areata (spot baldness)
13. Androgenic alopecia
• Definition:
It is a very common, potentially
reversible scalp hair loss that generally spares
parietal and occipital areas
(Hippocratic wreath) of the scalp.
• dihydrotestesterone)
• Epidemiology
• Androgenetic alopecia is a very common
disorder, affecting at least 50% of men by the
age of 50.
• Female androgenic alopecia has become a
growing problem
• affects around 30 million women in the United
States.
• The hairline recedes to form an M shape (with
vellus hair at the frontal region of the head) or
an O shape.
15. • Adrenal cause
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(androgenital syndrome)
due to deficiency of –
21 hydroxylase (most common)
11-β hygroxylase.
3-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
- Tumor
Adrenal adenoma
Carcinoma.
Androgenic alopecia
16. • CLINICAL FEATURE
• Hair loss starts any time after puberty
“Whisker hairs” – first sign of impending male
pattern alopecia, appear at the temple.
• “Professor’s angle” – anterior hair line
recedes backward on each side.
• Eventually entire top of the scalp become
devoid of hair.
Christmas tree pattern”- diffuse and progressive
reduction of density and diameter of hairs in
the mid scalp.
• Maintenance of frontal hair lines with only
slight recession.
Androgenic alopecia
17. TREATMENT
Topical
Minoxidil (2% & 5%)
-non specific hair growth promoter
affecting anagen induction.
Systemic
Finesteride (1mg daily).
In women – spironolactone
( >100 mg daily).
Flutamide (250-500 mg bid or tid).
Cyproterone actate.
Surgical treatment-
Micrograft & minigraft from non-androgen
dependent site (occiput).
Androgenic alopecia
18. DEFINATION
• A neurotic practice of plucking or
breaking hair from scalp or
eyelash resulting usually localized
or widespread areas of alopecia
contains hairs of varying length.
• Mostly girls under age of 10
years.
• Disturbed mother- child
relationship.
Trichtillomania
19. •Clinical features
• Patchy or full alopecia of the scalp (and
sometimes eyebrows, eyelashes)
• Areas of alopecia often have bizarre shapes,
irregular borders, and contain hairs
• of varying lengths
• Plucking associated with hair shaft fractures
making hair ends feel rough
• Regrowth
• DDX
• alopecia areata,
• tinea capitis
Trichtillomania
20. TREATMENT
• Behavioral modification therapy
• Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor (SSRI) such as
fluvoxamine, fluoxetine,
• paroxetine, sertraline,
citalopram, etc.
• Topical minoxidil to help regrow
hair
Trichtillomania
21. • Defination
• cicatricial alopecia, is the loss
of hair which is accompanied
with scarring.
• It can be caused by a diverse
group of rare disorders that
destroy the hair follicle,
• replace it with scar tissue, and
cause permanent hair loss.
• Scarring hair loss occurs in
otherwise healthy men and
women of all ages and is seen
worldwide
Cicatricial alopecia
22. Group 1: Lymphocytic
Chronic cutaneous lupus
erythematosus (DLE)
Lichen planopilaris (LPP)
Classic LPP
Frontal fi brosing alopecia
Graham-Little syndrome
Brocq’s alopecia
Central centrifugal cicatricial
alopecia (CCCA)
Alopecia mucinosa
Keratosis follicularis spinulosa
decalvans
Group 2:
• Neutrophilic
• Folliculitis Decalvans – used by
different authors to mean different
things; usually means the infl
ammatory phase of CCCA ○
Dissecting cellulitis
• Group 3:
• Mixed
• Acne keloidalis
• Acne necrotica
• Erosive pustular dermatosis
• Group 4: Nonspecific
Cicatricial (scarring) Alopecia
27. • This condition has been linked to mutations in the ribosomal GTPase BMS1 gene
Congenital alopecia
congenital
aplasia
congenital
hypotricosis
Atrichia
congenita
28. • .
Aplasia cutis congenita
• ACC is a rare disorder characterized
by congenital absence of skin
Hypotrichosis congenita
• Normal hair is present at birth; however,
alopecia gradually
• leads to thin, sparse hair
Atrichia congenita
• It is autosomal recessive. Hair may be
present at birth; however, it falls out
between several months after birth and
puberty,
• until no hair remains on the body.
Involvement of the hairless
• (hr) gene has been identified as a cause in
some cases of certain subtypes
Congenital alopecia
30. Alopecia pityrodes
• Pityriasis capitis
(“dandruff”) occurs in combination with
alopecia most frequently in men after puberty.
grayish-white scaling occurs constantly on the scalp.
The hair is thin and the natural gloss is not present. Itching
and reddening of.
• Medical management
• Topical therapies for mild disease
• Best initial therapy: emollients and non-
medical shampoos (zinc containing)
• Low-potency topical steroids (e.g.,
hydrocortisone)
• Topical antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole or
selenium sulfide)
• selenium or zinc pyrithione or tar
shampoo
• Systemic therapies for severe or resistant
disease
• oral antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole)
• oral steroids