Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
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Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
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Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
In the present investigation the corrosion measurements were carried out in 5% NaCl
aqueous solution, 2.5% HCl. solution for predetermined time intervals and varying
percentage concentrations of HCl solution at room temperature. Kinetics of corrosion
effect on samples of Al-Zn alloy, Al-Zn –5wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles and
Al-Zn –10wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles as reinforcement in composite are
studied.
Corrosion is the spontaneous reaction between a material like steel and its environment that degrades the material over time. For ships, corrosion poses a major problem as it can compromise the structural integrity of the vessel. There are two main methods to prevent corrosion - cathodic protection, which makes the structure negative to corrosion, and coatings, which act as a barrier between the steel and environment. Effective coatings must adhere well to the steel, be impermeable to water and oxygen, and have a thickness and pigmentation that limits penetration over the life of the coating.
This document summarizes a review on corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. It discusses the two main causes of corrosion as the breakdown of the steel's passive film by chloride ions or carbonation reducing the concrete's alkalinity. Factors that affect corrosion rates are also examined, such as concrete permeability, moisture levels, and chloride concentrations. Monitoring methods like half-cell potential testing are described that can detect corrosion probability. Prevention techniques include using epoxy-coated rebar, fly ash concrete, corrosion inhibitors, or electrochemical extraction of chlorides. The formation of cracks from corrosion product expansion is also addressed.
This document discusses corrosion control in engineering design through four chapters. It provides examples of corrosion-induced failures, including a chemical reactor failure due to stress corrosion cracking, a steam turbine failure from stress corrosion cracks, and a vehicle braking system failure from pitting corrosion. Localized corrosion is discussed, as well as how corrosion characteristics depend on both the alloy and its environment. Preventative corrosion control measures are also addressed.
Corrosion of constructional steels in marine and industrial environmentSpringer
The document summarizes corrosion processes of iron and steel. It discusses how iron forms a protective oxide film when exposed to air that inhibits further corrosion. For steel, alloying elements like copper, chromium, and nickel are discussed as improving corrosion resistance by forming a more compact rust scale. Weathering steels are described as developing a tightly adhering rust layer over time from alloying elements like chromium and copper that protects the steel underneath. The document outlines various forms of corrosion and factors affecting corrosion rates of steel in atmospheric environments.
Causes, Prevention, & Designing for Corrosion Resistance on Sheet Pile Struc...morethanmetal
A brief presentation regarding causes, prevention, & designing for corrosion resistance on sheet pile structures brought to you by Roll Form Group, a division of Samuel, Son & Co., Limited.
A presentation covering the various methods of prevention of corrosion. Material selection, design of structures, alteration of materials, alteration of environment, cathodic & anodic protection, and coatings are the different methods used. These are briefly described.
In the present investigation the corrosion measurements were carried out in 5% NaCl
aqueous solution, 2.5% HCl. solution for predetermined time intervals and varying
percentage concentrations of HCl solution at room temperature. Kinetics of corrosion
effect on samples of Al-Zn alloy, Al-Zn –5wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles and
Al-Zn –10wt% flyash and silicon carbide particles as reinforcement in composite are
studied.
Corrosion is the spontaneous reaction between a material like steel and its environment that degrades the material over time. For ships, corrosion poses a major problem as it can compromise the structural integrity of the vessel. There are two main methods to prevent corrosion - cathodic protection, which makes the structure negative to corrosion, and coatings, which act as a barrier between the steel and environment. Effective coatings must adhere well to the steel, be impermeable to water and oxygen, and have a thickness and pigmentation that limits penetration over the life of the coating.
This document summarizes a review on corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. It discusses the two main causes of corrosion as the breakdown of the steel's passive film by chloride ions or carbonation reducing the concrete's alkalinity. Factors that affect corrosion rates are also examined, such as concrete permeability, moisture levels, and chloride concentrations. Monitoring methods like half-cell potential testing are described that can detect corrosion probability. Prevention techniques include using epoxy-coated rebar, fly ash concrete, corrosion inhibitors, or electrochemical extraction of chlorides. The formation of cracks from corrosion product expansion is also addressed.
This document discusses corrosion control in engineering design through four chapters. It provides examples of corrosion-induced failures, including a chemical reactor failure due to stress corrosion cracking, a steam turbine failure from stress corrosion cracks, and a vehicle braking system failure from pitting corrosion. Localized corrosion is discussed, as well as how corrosion characteristics depend on both the alloy and its environment. Preventative corrosion control measures are also addressed.
Corrosion of constructional steels in marine and industrial environmentSpringer
The document summarizes corrosion processes of iron and steel. It discusses how iron forms a protective oxide film when exposed to air that inhibits further corrosion. For steel, alloying elements like copper, chromium, and nickel are discussed as improving corrosion resistance by forming a more compact rust scale. Weathering steels are described as developing a tightly adhering rust layer over time from alloying elements like chromium and copper that protects the steel underneath. The document outlines various forms of corrosion and factors affecting corrosion rates of steel in atmospheric environments.
Causes, Prevention, & Designing for Corrosion Resistance on Sheet Pile Struc...morethanmetal
A brief presentation regarding causes, prevention, & designing for corrosion resistance on sheet pile structures brought to you by Roll Form Group, a division of Samuel, Son & Co., Limited.
A presentation covering the various methods of prevention of corrosion. Material selection, design of structures, alteration of materials, alteration of environment, cathodic & anodic protection, and coatings are the different methods used. These are briefly described.
HOT CORROSION RESISTANCE OF ALLOY AND COMPOSITE COATINGSHARKULVINDER84
This document summarizes research on alloy and composite coatings for improving hot corrosion resistance. It discusses how thermal spray coatings can protect substrates by forming protective oxide scales. Several studies applying coatings like NiCrAlY, Ni20Cr, and Fe75Si to substrates like SA 213-T22 alloy steel are summarized. Testing of coated samples in corrosive environments like molten salts at high temperatures showed coatings improved corrosion resistance by maintaining adherence and forming protective chromium- and aluminum-rich oxides. Thermal spray processes like plasma spraying and HVOF were used to apply these coatings.
This document reviews materials for corrosion prevention in the oil industry. It discusses how corrosion impacts oil production, transportation, and processing. Common causes of corrosion include mineral acids formed from salts in crude oil. Recent research has focused on developing new corrosion-resistant materials, chemicals to remove water and neutralize acids, and surface-active substances. Various amines, nitrogen compounds, and commercial inhibitors like HERCULES-30617 and DEOL-4241 are used to inhibit corrosion in different operations. The review aims to analyze existing approaches and develop new materials for applications in corrosion prevention.
Corrosion inspection in oil and gas pipelinedia_dean
This document discusses the causes of corrosion in pipelines in Australia. It identifies three major causes: 1) Pitting corrosion, which occurs when pipes made of ductile iron are buried in soil, damaging the protective oxide scale; 2) Stress corrosion cracking, where cracks nucleate and propagate under tensile stress in a corrosive environment; and 3) Galvanic corrosion, which occurs via ion flow when two dissimilar metals are connected in an electrolyte. Corrosion costs Australia $13 billion annually and has caused major accidents by rupturing gas pipelines. Identifying the causes of corrosion is important for reducing hazards and costs to the oil and gas industry.
Role of rare earth elements in thermal spray coatings 2015HARKULVINDER84
The document summarizes a national conference on materials, manufacturing, and quality control held on February 19-20, 2015. The conference provided an opportunity for researchers, academics, practitioners, and industry professionals to exchange ideas in these fields. Key lectures from eminent researchers explored novel research areas. Authors were invited to discuss challenges and solutions in materials, manufacturing, and quality control. Accepted papers from the reviewed submissions were presented. The proceedings were published with an ISBN number.
Corrosion and corrosion inhibition of copper alloys in acid mediummohammed rida
This document discusses corrosion inhibition of copper alloys in acid medium. It begins with an introduction to copper and its alloys, and how alloy composition affects corrosion resistance. Various inorganic and organic corrosion inhibitors for copper are then examined, including chromates, molybdates, benzotriazole, thiazoles, and others. The document finds that organic compounds generally provide better corrosion inhibition than inorganic ones, acting through adsorption and film formation on the metal surface. Higher inhibition efficiency is achieved by many nitrogen-/sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. The most effective inhibitors depend on factors like pH and acidity of the medium.
This document discusses corrosion resistant materials for extreme environments. It begins with an introduction that defines corrosion and extreme environments. It then reviews literature on the corrosion properties of various nickel alloys, high entropy alloys, and MCrAlY coatings. Next, it describes various corrosion resistant metals like stainless steels, nickel and aluminum alloys. It discusses recent developments in high entropy alloys and metal coatings. Finally, it provides two case studies on corrosion issues in nuclear power plants and gas turbine blades.
The document discusses various methods of corrosion control including material selection, alteration of environment, proper design, cathodic protection, anodic protection, and coatings & wrapping. It provides details on each method. For material selection, it discusses selecting the proper material based on the corrosive environment and lists examples of appropriate materials for common environments. It also discusses the various types of stainless steel and their alloying elements and properties.
Corrosion inhibitors are chemical substances that minimize or prevent corrosion when added in small concentrations to an environment. They work by forming protective films on metal surfaces or reacting with corrosive components. Inhibitors can be inorganic, like chromates and nitrites, or organic compounds. They are applied through continuous injection, batch treatment, or squeeze treatment. The efficiency of an inhibitor depends on its concentration and ability to form protective barrier films on metals. Scavengers like hydrazine and sodium sulfite are also used to remove oxygen which promotes corrosion. Inhibitors find applications in various industries like petroleum, packaging, sour gas, and cooling systems.
This document discusses hydrogen embrittlement, which is the loss of ductility in a material caused by hydrogen absorption. It can occur in body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed metals when as little as 0.0001% hydrogen is absorbed. Hydrogen is introduced through processes like corrosion and welding. It causes increased strain rate sensitivity and susceptibility to delayed fracture. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain how hydrogen causes embrittlement, including hydride formation and reducing decohesion strength. Prevention techniques include reducing corrosion, using cleaner steels, baking to remove hydrogen, proper welding practices, and alloying to reduce hydrogen diffusion.
Hydrogen embrittlement is a phenomenon that causes metals like steel, titanium, and aluminum alloys to become brittle. It occurs when hydrogen enters these metals, reducing their ductility and load bearing capacity. There are several ways hydrogen can get into metals, such as from acid cleaning, electroplating, welding, and heat treating. Once hydrogen is absorbed, even small amounts below detection levels can cause cracking or failure of parts, especially under stress. Proper baking and controlling hydrogen exposure during manufacturing processes can help prevent failures from hydrogen embrittlement.
Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is an electrochemical process that results in rust formation and expansion, which can crack and delaminate the concrete over time. The main causes of corrosion are chlorides and carbonation. Chlorides from deicing salts or seawater can penetrate the concrete and destroy the protective oxide layer on the steel. Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide penetrates the concrete and raises its acidity, also damaging the protective layer. Common methods to protect reinforcement include using epoxy or zinc coatings on the steel, adding corrosion inhibitors to the concrete mix, or installing galvanic or impressed current anode systems that divert corrosion to the more easily corroded anode material.
This document provides an overview of surface treatment methods for aerospace components, including anodization, ultrasonic solvent cleaning, pickling-passivation, chemical cleaning, and vapour degreasing. It acknowledges those who helped with the project work. Tables of contents and figures/tables are included. The abstract indicates that tests were conducted to determine which surface treatment methods are suitable for different metals used in aerospace and whether thickness, hardness, porosity, and corrosion resistance met specifications.
This document discusses the effects of hydrogen on tantalum and niobium materials. Small amounts of hydrogen can be absorbed by these metals, but higher levels of hydrogen absorption can lead to embrittlement and loss of ductility. The presence of hydrogen is one of the main failure mechanisms for tantalum and niobium in corrosive environments. Several methods are discussed for preventing and detecting hydrogen embrittlement in tantalum and niobium, including controlling temperatures and concentrations, using isolation kits, vacuum degassing, visual inspection of fractures, and resistivity testing. Laboratory corrosion tests were able to predict failure times of tantalum and niobium alloys in sulfuric acid environments.
TALAT Lecture 1252: Corrosion and Corrosion ProtectionCORE-Materials
This lecture outlines the metallurgical principles of corrosion and corrosion protection of aluminium alloys. Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry and some familiarity with TALAT lectures 1201 through 1205 is assumed.
In -Vitro: Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Orthodontic Stainless Steel Br...IJERA Editor
The objectives of this study were to investigate the corrosion behavior of conventional and self-ligating stainless steel brackets and the surface structural changes in response to salad dressing. Damon, In-Ovation,Smart clip, Discovery, OMNI and Masel brackets were all included in the study. For the control group, the brackets were placed in Petri dishes with Potassium Ferrocyanide (Fe [CN]6K4) and distilled water. Whereasas for the experimental group, the brackets were incorporated into the same reagent mixed with Oil-based - Kraft Classic French Oil and Water-based-Salad Magic, Herb and Garlic Dressing. The released ferrous ion concentrations were measured by spectrophotometer after 24 and 48 hours. Scanning electron microscope was used to analyze surface changes of the brackets. All types of brackets demonstrated signs of corrosion. Generally, self-ligating brackets were more susceptible to corrosion than the conventional ones the most extensive corrosion was seen in In-Ovation R™. Meanwhile, Masel was the most corroded brackets for conventional brackets.The oil-based salad dressing illustrated the most extensive corrosion in all brackets. Self-ligating brackets, Inovation R™ showed pitting corrosion on the wings. Smart clip showed surfaces corrosion only. The commonly ingested fluids aggravate the corrosive process, and this is related to sodium chloride content.
This document discusses corrosion, providing definitions and theories of corrosion. It describes dry corrosion theory involving direct reaction with gases like oxygen. Wet or galvanic corrosion theory involves formation of an electrochemical cell with oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The main types of corrosion discussed are uniform, pitting, intergranular, stress, crevice, and galvanic. Prevention methods covered include material selection, design considerations, environmental modification, and cathodic and anodic protection.
This document is a chapter-by-chapter summary of a document on cathodic protection of pipelines. It discusses the principles of corrosion, forms of corrosion including uniform, galvanic, crevice, pitting and stress corrosion cracking. It explains the mechanisms and prevention methods for different forms of corrosion. The document is intended to provide an overview of corrosion and cathodic protection for pipelines.
Control of corrosion on underwater pilesDocumentStory
Corrosion control methods for underwater piles include protective coatings, cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes, and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Protective coatings like inorganic zinc silicates and high build epoxy coatings can be applied. Cathodic protection prevents corrosion electrochemically using anodes bonded to the pile. FRP composites are lightweight, strong, and chemically resistant, and can be used to repair piles by restoring their cross-section and tensile capacity.
During this presentation, Amol Vaidya, senior engineer, global materials characterization and modeling, shares research findings that Owens Corning's Advantex® glass fiber reinforced polymer (E-CR-Glass) provides longer service life and cost savings in corrosive environments, compared to stainless steel and E-glass-based FRP. Corrosion is an economic and environmental issue the oil and gas industry has faced for years, typically addressed with high-cost metal alloys or various coating technologies. Glass fiber reinforced polymer composites can be an effective, low-cost alternative to these expensive alloys.
1) Cummins is committed to maintaining high ethical standards globally and uses EthicsPoint to help foster a consistent culture of integrity worldwide.
2) EthicsPoint provides Cummins with reporting and case management capabilities to analyze concerns across regions and business units consistently.
3) This has increased the efficiency of Cummins' analysis from days to hours and improved employee confidence in reporting issues from 50% to 75%.
ESN is one of the largest non-profit interdisciplinary student organizations in Europe, founded in 1989 to support student exchanges. It has over 12,000 volunteers working through 391 local sections across 36 countries, providing services to 150,000 students annually.
ESN operates on three levels - local sections, national structures encompassing all sections of a country, and an international structure comprising the International Board, Council of National Representatives, and Annual General Meeting. The International Board coordinates the network and international projects, while national representatives represent their country's sections.
Some of ESN's major international projects include the annual ESNsurvey research project, PRIME which studied academic recognition, ExchangeAbility supporting students with disabilities,
HOT CORROSION RESISTANCE OF ALLOY AND COMPOSITE COATINGSHARKULVINDER84
This document summarizes research on alloy and composite coatings for improving hot corrosion resistance. It discusses how thermal spray coatings can protect substrates by forming protective oxide scales. Several studies applying coatings like NiCrAlY, Ni20Cr, and Fe75Si to substrates like SA 213-T22 alloy steel are summarized. Testing of coated samples in corrosive environments like molten salts at high temperatures showed coatings improved corrosion resistance by maintaining adherence and forming protective chromium- and aluminum-rich oxides. Thermal spray processes like plasma spraying and HVOF were used to apply these coatings.
This document reviews materials for corrosion prevention in the oil industry. It discusses how corrosion impacts oil production, transportation, and processing. Common causes of corrosion include mineral acids formed from salts in crude oil. Recent research has focused on developing new corrosion-resistant materials, chemicals to remove water and neutralize acids, and surface-active substances. Various amines, nitrogen compounds, and commercial inhibitors like HERCULES-30617 and DEOL-4241 are used to inhibit corrosion in different operations. The review aims to analyze existing approaches and develop new materials for applications in corrosion prevention.
Corrosion inspection in oil and gas pipelinedia_dean
This document discusses the causes of corrosion in pipelines in Australia. It identifies three major causes: 1) Pitting corrosion, which occurs when pipes made of ductile iron are buried in soil, damaging the protective oxide scale; 2) Stress corrosion cracking, where cracks nucleate and propagate under tensile stress in a corrosive environment; and 3) Galvanic corrosion, which occurs via ion flow when two dissimilar metals are connected in an electrolyte. Corrosion costs Australia $13 billion annually and has caused major accidents by rupturing gas pipelines. Identifying the causes of corrosion is important for reducing hazards and costs to the oil and gas industry.
Role of rare earth elements in thermal spray coatings 2015HARKULVINDER84
The document summarizes a national conference on materials, manufacturing, and quality control held on February 19-20, 2015. The conference provided an opportunity for researchers, academics, practitioners, and industry professionals to exchange ideas in these fields. Key lectures from eminent researchers explored novel research areas. Authors were invited to discuss challenges and solutions in materials, manufacturing, and quality control. Accepted papers from the reviewed submissions were presented. The proceedings were published with an ISBN number.
Corrosion and corrosion inhibition of copper alloys in acid mediummohammed rida
This document discusses corrosion inhibition of copper alloys in acid medium. It begins with an introduction to copper and its alloys, and how alloy composition affects corrosion resistance. Various inorganic and organic corrosion inhibitors for copper are then examined, including chromates, molybdates, benzotriazole, thiazoles, and others. The document finds that organic compounds generally provide better corrosion inhibition than inorganic ones, acting through adsorption and film formation on the metal surface. Higher inhibition efficiency is achieved by many nitrogen-/sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. The most effective inhibitors depend on factors like pH and acidity of the medium.
This document discusses corrosion resistant materials for extreme environments. It begins with an introduction that defines corrosion and extreme environments. It then reviews literature on the corrosion properties of various nickel alloys, high entropy alloys, and MCrAlY coatings. Next, it describes various corrosion resistant metals like stainless steels, nickel and aluminum alloys. It discusses recent developments in high entropy alloys and metal coatings. Finally, it provides two case studies on corrosion issues in nuclear power plants and gas turbine blades.
The document discusses various methods of corrosion control including material selection, alteration of environment, proper design, cathodic protection, anodic protection, and coatings & wrapping. It provides details on each method. For material selection, it discusses selecting the proper material based on the corrosive environment and lists examples of appropriate materials for common environments. It also discusses the various types of stainless steel and their alloying elements and properties.
Corrosion inhibitors are chemical substances that minimize or prevent corrosion when added in small concentrations to an environment. They work by forming protective films on metal surfaces or reacting with corrosive components. Inhibitors can be inorganic, like chromates and nitrites, or organic compounds. They are applied through continuous injection, batch treatment, or squeeze treatment. The efficiency of an inhibitor depends on its concentration and ability to form protective barrier films on metals. Scavengers like hydrazine and sodium sulfite are also used to remove oxygen which promotes corrosion. Inhibitors find applications in various industries like petroleum, packaging, sour gas, and cooling systems.
This document discusses hydrogen embrittlement, which is the loss of ductility in a material caused by hydrogen absorption. It can occur in body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed metals when as little as 0.0001% hydrogen is absorbed. Hydrogen is introduced through processes like corrosion and welding. It causes increased strain rate sensitivity and susceptibility to delayed fracture. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain how hydrogen causes embrittlement, including hydride formation and reducing decohesion strength. Prevention techniques include reducing corrosion, using cleaner steels, baking to remove hydrogen, proper welding practices, and alloying to reduce hydrogen diffusion.
Hydrogen embrittlement is a phenomenon that causes metals like steel, titanium, and aluminum alloys to become brittle. It occurs when hydrogen enters these metals, reducing their ductility and load bearing capacity. There are several ways hydrogen can get into metals, such as from acid cleaning, electroplating, welding, and heat treating. Once hydrogen is absorbed, even small amounts below detection levels can cause cracking or failure of parts, especially under stress. Proper baking and controlling hydrogen exposure during manufacturing processes can help prevent failures from hydrogen embrittlement.
Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is an electrochemical process that results in rust formation and expansion, which can crack and delaminate the concrete over time. The main causes of corrosion are chlorides and carbonation. Chlorides from deicing salts or seawater can penetrate the concrete and destroy the protective oxide layer on the steel. Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide penetrates the concrete and raises its acidity, also damaging the protective layer. Common methods to protect reinforcement include using epoxy or zinc coatings on the steel, adding corrosion inhibitors to the concrete mix, or installing galvanic or impressed current anode systems that divert corrosion to the more easily corroded anode material.
This document provides an overview of surface treatment methods for aerospace components, including anodization, ultrasonic solvent cleaning, pickling-passivation, chemical cleaning, and vapour degreasing. It acknowledges those who helped with the project work. Tables of contents and figures/tables are included. The abstract indicates that tests were conducted to determine which surface treatment methods are suitable for different metals used in aerospace and whether thickness, hardness, porosity, and corrosion resistance met specifications.
This document discusses the effects of hydrogen on tantalum and niobium materials. Small amounts of hydrogen can be absorbed by these metals, but higher levels of hydrogen absorption can lead to embrittlement and loss of ductility. The presence of hydrogen is one of the main failure mechanisms for tantalum and niobium in corrosive environments. Several methods are discussed for preventing and detecting hydrogen embrittlement in tantalum and niobium, including controlling temperatures and concentrations, using isolation kits, vacuum degassing, visual inspection of fractures, and resistivity testing. Laboratory corrosion tests were able to predict failure times of tantalum and niobium alloys in sulfuric acid environments.
TALAT Lecture 1252: Corrosion and Corrosion ProtectionCORE-Materials
This lecture outlines the metallurgical principles of corrosion and corrosion protection of aluminium alloys. Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry and some familiarity with TALAT lectures 1201 through 1205 is assumed.
In -Vitro: Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Orthodontic Stainless Steel Br...IJERA Editor
The objectives of this study were to investigate the corrosion behavior of conventional and self-ligating stainless steel brackets and the surface structural changes in response to salad dressing. Damon, In-Ovation,Smart clip, Discovery, OMNI and Masel brackets were all included in the study. For the control group, the brackets were placed in Petri dishes with Potassium Ferrocyanide (Fe [CN]6K4) and distilled water. Whereasas for the experimental group, the brackets were incorporated into the same reagent mixed with Oil-based - Kraft Classic French Oil and Water-based-Salad Magic, Herb and Garlic Dressing. The released ferrous ion concentrations were measured by spectrophotometer after 24 and 48 hours. Scanning electron microscope was used to analyze surface changes of the brackets. All types of brackets demonstrated signs of corrosion. Generally, self-ligating brackets were more susceptible to corrosion than the conventional ones the most extensive corrosion was seen in In-Ovation R™. Meanwhile, Masel was the most corroded brackets for conventional brackets.The oil-based salad dressing illustrated the most extensive corrosion in all brackets. Self-ligating brackets, Inovation R™ showed pitting corrosion on the wings. Smart clip showed surfaces corrosion only. The commonly ingested fluids aggravate the corrosive process, and this is related to sodium chloride content.
This document discusses corrosion, providing definitions and theories of corrosion. It describes dry corrosion theory involving direct reaction with gases like oxygen. Wet or galvanic corrosion theory involves formation of an electrochemical cell with oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The main types of corrosion discussed are uniform, pitting, intergranular, stress, crevice, and galvanic. Prevention methods covered include material selection, design considerations, environmental modification, and cathodic and anodic protection.
This document is a chapter-by-chapter summary of a document on cathodic protection of pipelines. It discusses the principles of corrosion, forms of corrosion including uniform, galvanic, crevice, pitting and stress corrosion cracking. It explains the mechanisms and prevention methods for different forms of corrosion. The document is intended to provide an overview of corrosion and cathodic protection for pipelines.
Control of corrosion on underwater pilesDocumentStory
Corrosion control methods for underwater piles include protective coatings, cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes, and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Protective coatings like inorganic zinc silicates and high build epoxy coatings can be applied. Cathodic protection prevents corrosion electrochemically using anodes bonded to the pile. FRP composites are lightweight, strong, and chemically resistant, and can be used to repair piles by restoring their cross-section and tensile capacity.
During this presentation, Amol Vaidya, senior engineer, global materials characterization and modeling, shares research findings that Owens Corning's Advantex® glass fiber reinforced polymer (E-CR-Glass) provides longer service life and cost savings in corrosive environments, compared to stainless steel and E-glass-based FRP. Corrosion is an economic and environmental issue the oil and gas industry has faced for years, typically addressed with high-cost metal alloys or various coating technologies. Glass fiber reinforced polymer composites can be an effective, low-cost alternative to these expensive alloys.
1) Cummins is committed to maintaining high ethical standards globally and uses EthicsPoint to help foster a consistent culture of integrity worldwide.
2) EthicsPoint provides Cummins with reporting and case management capabilities to analyze concerns across regions and business units consistently.
3) This has increased the efficiency of Cummins' analysis from days to hours and improved employee confidence in reporting issues from 50% to 75%.
ESN is one of the largest non-profit interdisciplinary student organizations in Europe, founded in 1989 to support student exchanges. It has over 12,000 volunteers working through 391 local sections across 36 countries, providing services to 150,000 students annually.
ESN operates on three levels - local sections, national structures encompassing all sections of a country, and an international structure comprising the International Board, Council of National Representatives, and Annual General Meeting. The International Board coordinates the network and international projects, while national representatives represent their country's sections.
Some of ESN's major international projects include the annual ESNsurvey research project, PRIME which studied academic recognition, ExchangeAbility supporting students with disabilities,
This document discusses fundamental intellectual property strategies that are important for small businesses. It covers patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and contractual agreements. For each type of intellectual property, it describes what is protected, the rights provided, and recommendations for obtaining and maintaining protection. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of intellectual property for small business valuation and competitiveness, and provides tips for common issues like avoiding workarounds, maintaining trademarks, and protecting trade secrets.
Llv Propulsion System 100 Pct Design Reportjschrell
The document provides details of a 100% design review for a lunar lander propulsion system conducted by Team CYNTHION. It includes sections that describe the main rocket thruster design parameters such as performance metrics like specific impulse and mass flow rates over varying thrust levels. It also details the propulsion system configuration in CATIA and results from a NASTRAN pressure analysis. The manufacturing plan outlines the fabrication and assembly processes. Systems integration and testing sections describe the test stand, data acquisition, and procedures for fuel tank filling and engine testing.
Eutik forma parte junto con varias empresas más, entre ellas Inge-Innova Cleantech, perteneciente al Grupo Dynamik Technological Alliance, en el desarrollo internacional de un proyecto de software de gestión propio.
1) The document explains that objects can orbit other large bodies like planets due to gravity. While gravity is pulling the objects towards the center, their horizontal movement is fast enough to constantly miss the surface in a curved path.
2) It uses the example of firing a cannon on a very tall mountain to show that with enough initial speed, the cannonball would orbit the Earth instead of hitting the ground.
3) Kepler's Third Law states that the square of an orbiting body's period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the central body.
Performance Characteristics of various Corrugated Roofing Sheets in Nigeriaijceronline
This Paper is based on an experiment carried out on different roofing sheets namely aluminum, galvanized steel, plastic and asbestos of various grades. The aluminum samples were obtained from two different companies in Nigeria namely First Aluminum and Tower Aluminum; the Asbestos was obtained from Emenite while the Steel and Plastic samples were bought from the market. The samples were cut into a particular size (8cm by 5cm) and immersed in various media namely acidic (H2SO4), alkaline (NaOH), Sea water and Rain water in 2litres plastic beakers. The Rain water was used as the control medium for the experiment. The experiment was carried out for 70days and each grade was cut into 14 pieces of the same dimension. The samples were washed, weighed and tagged before immersion in the media. Each sample was removed every 5 days, washed thoroughly, dried and re-weighed. Some of the samples corroded while some resisted corrosion. The differences in the weights of the samples, and hence their respective rates of corrosion were obtained depending on the reacting media. The values that were obtained, the weight loss and weight gain were used to determine the corrosion rates per unit area per unit time. Graphs of specific weight loss/gain against time were plotted for each medium and each sample. Based on our graphs and observations, we can say that the coated samples are more resistant to corrosion, and therefore more durable.
Corrosion is the degradation of materials due to chemical reactions with their surroundings. Metals are particularly susceptible to corrosion, which can occur electrochemically through oxidation or by other chemical processes. Corrosion can damage structures and infrastructure, costing an estimated $276 billion annually in the US alone. Common forms of corrosion include rust, which weakens bridges and causes failures, and glass disease, where aqueous solutions cause corrosion of silicate glasses. Protective measures like passivation and materials selection aim to reduce corrosion and its economic impacts.
This document provides an overview of aluminium, including its properties and uses. It discusses that aluminium is the most abundant metal in nature, having a density lower than other metals like steel. It is lightweight, ductile, corrosion resistant and has good thermal and electrical conductivity. There are hundreds of commercially available aluminium alloys designated by a system accounting for their primary alloying elements. Aluminium finds wide application in transportation, construction, packaging and other industries due to its desirable combination of physical properties.
Comparison of corrosion behaviour of commercial aluminium engine block and pi...msejjournal
The corrosion behavior of commercial aluminium alloy engine block and piston was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution. The study was done by conventional gravimetric measurements and complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analyzer (EDX) investigations. The results obtained indicate that the alloys suffers a process of corrosion localized to the area surrounding the precipitates of the Al (Si, Mg) and Al-Mg, which resulted in hemispherical pits. No evidence was found of the formation of crystallographic pitting for exposure times up to 54 days. Gravimetric analysis confirmed that with varying exposure periods the weight loss of the alloys increases and the normal corrosion rate profile of an initial steep rise followed by subsequent fall were observed for both alloys. The rate of corrosion of piston was found to be lower than that of engine block due to presence of Ni and lower percentages of Fe in aluminium piston alloy.
Corrosion test on Ductile Cast Iron using NaCl and MgSO4manijms3
This document discusses corrosion of ductile cast iron. It defines corrosion and describes common types like rust and galvanic corrosion. Factors that affect corrosion rates are outlined. Corrosion testing methods for ductile cast iron are then explained, including weight loss tests and salt spray testing. Example calculations of corrosion rate are shown. Test results are displayed in a table comparing corrosion rates of ductile cast iron in MgSO4 and NaCl solutions over various time periods.
Corrosion of Aluminum and Its Alloys: Forms of Corrosionijceronline
This document summarizes various forms of corrosion that can affect aluminum and its alloys. It describes atmospheric corrosion that occurs when aluminum is exposed to air, uniform corrosion that can occur in very acidic or alkaline solutions, and galvanic corrosion that happens when aluminum is electrically connected to a more noble metal. It also discusses several other forms of localized corrosion for aluminum including crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion, and deposition corrosion.
Corrosion of constructional steels in marine and industrial environmentSpringer
The document summarizes corrosion processes of iron and steel. It discusses how iron forms a protective oxide film when exposed to air that inhibits further corrosion. For steel, alloying elements like copper, chromium, and nickel are discussed as improving corrosion resistance by forming a more compact rust scale. Weathering steels are described as developing a tightly adhering rust layer over time from alloying elements like chromium and copper that protects the steel underneath. The document outlines various forms of corrosion and factors affecting corrosion rates of steel in atmospheric environments.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document discusses four main forms of corrosion: galvanic, crevice, pitting, and intergranular corrosion. It provides details on the mechanisms, examples, and factors that contribute to each type. Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact in an electrolyte. Crevice corrosion is localized corrosion in stagnant areas like joints or cracks. Pitting corrosion produces small pits on metal surfaces. Intergranular corrosion preferentially corrodes grain boundaries in metals. The document examines each type through definitions, diagrams, and real-world corrosion incidents.
Review on Erosion and Corrosion Studies on Steel WeldmentsIRJET Journal
This document provides an extensive literature review on erosion and corrosion studies carried out on various grades of steel weldments. It discusses different types of erosion and corrosion, parameters that affect erosion rates like particle size and impact angle. Methods to analyze erosion and corrosion rates like weight loss tests and SEM imaging are also summarized. The review focuses on erosion and corrosion behavior of carbon steels like A106 grade steel typically used in pipes under various environmental conditions like chemicals and high temperatures.
The document summarizes eight common forms of corrosion: 1) uniform attack, 2) galvanic corrosion, 3) crevice corrosion, 4) pitting, 5) intergranular attack, 6) selective leaching, 7) erosion corrosion, and 8) stress corrosion cracking. It then focuses on uniform corrosion, noting it is the most common type and occurs over the entire exposed surface more or less uniformly, thinning the metal until failure. Atmospheric corrosion is also discussed, explaining how dry, damp, and wet conditions impact corrosion rates.
Design of a Cathodic Protection System for Corrosion Prevention of a Pipeline...Onyedikachi Martins
This document discusses a student project to design and install a cathodic protection system on coated steel, similar to what is used on parts of a dredger. The student installed a sacrificial zinc anode alongside the steel to act as a galvanic anode and protect the steel from corrosion. The cathodic protection system was then monitored and the potential readings were within the standard protected range, demonstrating that the steel was effectively protected from corrosion by this method. In summary, the student designed and tested a basic galvanic cathodic protection system using a zinc anode to prevent corrosion of coated steel.
corrosion in rcc, prevention, control, effects, latest studies on corrosion, Although reinforced concrete structures are able to withstand towards a variety of adverse environmental conditions, reinforcement corrosion could lead to concrete structure deterioration. The present study examines four different ways of using corrosion inhibitors against pitting corrosion. In particular, it was investigated the chloride penetration resistance of reinforced cement mortars using corrosion inhibitor applied in three different, The corrosion behavior of the specimens was evaluated by electrochemical methods such as Linear Polarization Resistance and Half-cell Potential Resistance. In addition, the mass loss of steel rebars against time of partially immersion in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was carried out in the lab. The experimental results showed that the corrosion systems examined in the study provide anticorrosion protection on steel rebars against chlorides comparing with the reference group.
A REVIEW OF STUDY ON CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF ZINC COATED MILD STEELIRJET Journal
The document reviews studies on the corrosion behavior of zinc-coated mild steel. Zinc coating is commonly used to protect mild steel from corrosion by acting as a sacrificial anode. Several techniques for applying zinc coatings are discussed, including electroplating, cold spraying, and using zinc alloys. Research has found that zinc coatings improve corrosion resistance of mild steel in various environments like salt water. Thicker zinc coatings and post-treatment processes like heat treatment can further enhance corrosion protection. Zinc-coated mild steel performs better than uncoated mild steel in corrosive environments.
This document discusses corrosion, its causes, types, and methods of prevention. Corrosion is the degradation of materials through reaction with their environment. Common types include uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and pitting corrosion. Prevention methods include using sacrificial materials, coating surfaces with primers or barrier coatings, cathodic protection like galvanization or impressed current, and regular maintenance. Understanding corrosion allows better material selection and protection to reduce economic losses.
The document discusses corrosion of steel and methods for corrosion protection. It first covers the causes and types of corrosion including atmospheric corrosion. It then describes some basic methods for corrosion control like coatings, alloying metals, and galvanizing. Organic coatings and passive rust coatings are highlighted as major protective methods. The document also discusses research on corrosion prevention techniques like coatings, galvanizing, and alloying metals with corrosion resistant elements. It notes that corrosion costs the US billions annually and degrades coatings over time through processes like blistering and undermining. Finally, it summarizes some conclusions that coatings, galvanizing, and alloying can effectively prevent corrosion when used appropriately.
Corrosion Measursement, Friction testing and XRD Analysis of Single Layer CrN...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of present study was to investigate the erosive corrosive wear behavior of single layer (CrN) coatings on AISI 304 Stainless Steel samples with varying coating thickness (0-200 nm) in the range of 50 nm. The slurry jet erosive test was conducted on Slurry Jet Erosion Tester in saline slurry (3.5wt% salt) under the different working conditions with varying impact velocity (10-25 m/s), impingement angle (30°-75°) and erodent discharge (160-280 gm/min). Corrosion tests were conducted in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution using a Potentiostat, in order to analyze the corrosion behavior of the coated samples in sea water environment. Coefficient of friction was measured using a Scratch Tester. XRD analysis of the eroded samples indicated the presence of both CrN and Cr2N (200) in the coatings.
- The document examines the corrosion behavior of API 5L X42 carbon steel samples immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solutions of different concentrations (0.5M and 1.0M) for 1008 hours.
- Experimental results showed the highest corrosion occurred in the 1.0M Na2CO3 solution, as this environment did not form a protective film on the steel samples. The next highest corrosion was in the 0.5M NaCl solution.
- Generally, corrosion rates were higher in environments like Na2CO3 that do not form protective oxide films, and increased with higher concentrations. Corrosion was lower in environments like NaCl that can form
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and other elements that is resistant to corrosion due to the formation of a passive chromium oxide layer on its surface. There are several types of stainless steel including austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex grades. Austenitic stainless steel like 304 is the most commonly used due to its corrosion resistance, toughness, and ductility. Stainless steel can still corrode through various mechanisms like pitting, crevice, galvanic, and stress corrosion cracking if the protective oxide layer is compromised. Alloying elements like chromium, nickel, molybdenum increase corrosion resistance by stabilizing the passive layer.
Corrosion poses serious issues for steel ships, adding weight, decreasing performance, and potentially creating holes. There are three primary sources of corrosion: galvanic, direct chemical attack, and anaerobic. Ships are protected through various methods like painting, cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes, inhibition chemicals, using corrosion-resistant alloys, and impressed current cathodic protection as used successfully by the US Navy. Corrosion represents a major cost issue for ship owners and is the number one cost associated with operating steel ships.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
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In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 5 (May 2014), PP.68-74
68
Tensile Behavior of Aluminium Alloy 6063 - T6 In Sea Water
P.John Maclins
RVS Educational Trust’s Group of Institutions, Asst. Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract:- Sea water, by virtue of its chloride content, is a most efficient electrolyte. The Omni-presence of
oxygen in marine atmospheres, sea spray increases the aggressiveness of salt attack. The differential
concentration of oxygen dissolved in a droplet of salt spray creates a cell in which attack is concentrated where
the oxygen concentration is lowest. The sea environment is the most structurally hostile environment within
which aircraft operate. The structural components are being exposed to salt spray continuously during its
operation and it experiences heavy loading during landing. Corrosion also leads to crack propagation when
subjected to loading. Corrosion along with damage leads to the failure of structural components prematurely and
presents a serious problem in the aging aircraft. This requires a different approach to the maintenance of
structural components subjected to corrosion and repetitive loads.
This paper studies the effect of corrosion and low impact damage on aluminium alloy 6063- T6.
The 6063 aluminium alloy that was used for the study was heat treated and soaked in seawater prepared per
ASTM D1141 for different intervals of time between 0hours and 1000hours. Corroded specimens were
subjected to low impact damage. The result shows a gradual degradation in mechanical properties of the alloy
due to corrosion and damage.
Keywords:- Sea Water, Corrosion, tensile strength, impact damage, Al Alloy 6063 – T6, ASTM D1141
I. INTRODUCTION
Corrosion by sea water, aqueous corrosion, is an electrochemical process, and all metals and alloys
when in contact with sea water have a specific electrical potential (or corrosion potential) at a specific level of
sea water acidity or alkalinity - the pH[2]. Most corrosion resistant metals rely on an oxide film to provide
protection against corrosion. If the oxide is tightly adherent, stable and self healing, as on many stainless steels
and titanium, then the metal will be highly resistant or immune to corrosion. If the film is loose, powdery,
easily damaged and non self repairing, such as rust on steel, then corrosion will continue unchecked. Even so,
the most stable oxides may be attacked when aggressive concentrations of hydrochloric acid are formed in
chloride environments. Many different types of destructive attack can occur to structures, ships and other
equipment used in sea water service. The term 'aqueous corrosion' describes the majority of the most
troublesome problems encountered in contact with sea water, but atmospheric corrosion of metals exposed on or
near coastlines, and hot salt corrosion in engines operating at sea or taking in salt-laden air are equally
problematical and like aqueous corrosion require a systematic approach to eliminate or manage them. Hosni
Ezuber et al[2] studied the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy in sea water and corrosion monitoring was
done by done by using potentiodynamic polarization technique. They found the weight loss was less which
revealed the corrosion attack took place at a low rate. They found that the immersion corrosion of aluminium
alloys appeared to be controlled by oxygen diffusion through the corrosion layer. Wu.X.R [3] et al analysed the
basic characteristics of corrosion cracking of a loading-carrying frame on X-type aircraft. They studied the
mechanism of corrosion cracking through experimental simulation. They concluded that temperature, humidity
and the tightness of contact between frame metal and rubber fuel tank were the most influential factors for the
cacking. D.L. DuQuesnay [4] et al investigated the growth behaviour of fatigue cracks initiated from the
corrosion pits of aluminium alloy 7075-T6511 tested in laboratory subjected to the aircraft spectrum loading.
They suggested that the size of the deepest corrosion pit in the area of corrosion damage on an aircraft, or
similar structure, can be used as the metric for predicting fatigue life. Their investigation have shown that
artificially produced pitting corrosion gives a severe reduction in the fatigue life of laboratory specimens when
subjected to transport aircraft spectrum loading in laboratory air.Margery E.Hoffman[5] et al studied the effects
of corrosion on structural issues related to naval aviation. Their study demanded a paradigm shift to our
approach to designing, maintaining metallic aircraft structure. They found corrosion assisted fatigue resulted in
premature ending of components. Frederic menan[6] et al studied the interactions between mechanical,
environmental and micro structural parameters during corrosion fatigue crack growth in the aluminium alloy
2024. The corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviour of alloy 2024-T351 under alternate immersion in 3.5%
NaCl solution differs significantly from the behaviour under permanent immersion.W.B. Wan Nik [7] et al
studied the behaviour of different types of aluminium subjected to aqueous corrosion in salt spray chamber and
2. Tensile Behavior of Aluminium Alloy 6063 - T6 In Sea Water
69
normal seawater container. They found that the corrosion rate tends to be increased by decreasing temperature,
pH, and flow velocity and by increasing dissolved oxygen. The potentiodynamic polarization curves suggested a
cathodic character for the inhibition process in seawater.
Corrosion is one of the main factor which causes structural degradation in aging aircrafts. Corrosion also leads
to crack propagation and damage of the structural components [4-6]. The corrosion resistance of these alloys is
related to the formation of an oxide (passive) film, which naturally develops on the alloy surface under normal
atmospheric conditions [10,11]. The oxide film formed on the aluminium alloy surface is non-uniform, thin and
non-coherent. Therefore, it imparts a certain level of protection under normal conditions. When exposed to
environments containing halide ions, of which the chloride (Cl_) is the most frequently encountered in service,
the oxide film breaks down at specific points leading to the formation of pits on the aluminium surface [8].
Corrosion of aluminium alloy takes place when it is exposed to the presence of electrolyte having pH between
4.5 to 8.5.
Corrosion of aluminium alloy also depends upon its purity and the alloying elements, especially its copper
content. Corrosion takes place in direct proportion to the amount of the copper content. 2xxx series alloy
normally have more copper content and exhibit lower corrosion resistance than other aluminium alloys. The
other aluminium alloy, such as Al-Si (4xxx grade) and Al-Si-Mg (6xxx grade) show a lower resistance to
localized corrosion. 1xxx series grade is the purest and it’s highly corrosion resistant. Al-Mg(5xxx grade)
series alloys exhibits a fairly good resistance in sea water and chloride-containing solutions.
Corrosion resistance tests are made for the determination of tensile and energy density properties after exposure
in several different types of corrosion tests. These data are used for evaluating the corrosion susceptibility of the
materials by measuring weight loss and characterizing depth and type of corrosion attack. The severity of
corrosion attack depends on material heat treatment procedure, corrosive environment, pH value, temperature of
the solution. As it is to be expected, corrosion damage tends to degrade the yield and ultimate tensile stress. The
degree of degradation depends on the exposure time. A dramatic volumetric material embrittlement was
observed even after short exposure times. In this study, the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy 6063 was
evaluated in sea water.
Table I Chemical composition (wt%) of aluminium alloy 6063
Aluminium
alloy
Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Ni Zr Li
6063 0.5 0.35 0.1 0.1 0.75 0.1 0.1 0.1 - - -`
II. EXPERIMENTS
Measured tensile properties of the corroded specimens were compared with those for the uncorroded
material. Corrosion process was conducted according to ASTM standard. Performed analysis gave supporting
data for characterizing corrosion susceptibility.
A. Material and Specimen
Experiments are conducted for aluminium alloy 6063. This alloy is used in less loaded components in
aircraft. They are also used in hydraulic, oil and fuel systems. Alloy 6063 is perhaps the most widely used
because of its extrudability. Chemical composition of the alloy is given in the table 1.Tensile specimens were
machined according to the specification ASTM B557M. Prior to the tensile test, the specimens were pre-
corrodded as described below.
B. Corrosion Process
The different corrosion processes for the tensile specimens are as follows.
1. Exfoliation Corrosion
2. Intergranular Corrosion
3. Alternate Immersion Corrosion
4. Salt Spray Corrosion
5. Cyclic acidified salt fog Corrosion
6. Atmospheric Corrosion Test
7. Sea water Immersion Test
3. Tensile Behavior of Aluminium Alloy 6063 - T6 In Sea Water
70
The method preferred in this study was Sea Water Immersion Test.
C. Sea Water Immersion Test
These tests were made in accordance to ASTM D1141 -98 specification [9]. This practice covered the
preparation of solutions containing inorganic salts in proportions and concentrations representative of ocean
water. Since the concentration of ocean water varies with sampling location, the gross concentration employed
herein was an average of many reliable individual analyses. The stock solution was be prepared in two ways.
Stock Solution No. 1— The indicated amounts of the following salts were dissolved in water and diluted to a
total volume of 7.0 L and stored in well stoppered glass containers.
MgCl2·6H2O 3889.0 g (= 555.6 g/L)
CaCl2 (anhydrous) 405.6 g (= 57.9 g/L)
SrCl2·6H2O 14.8 g (= 2.1 g/L)
Stock Solution No. 2—The indicated amounts of the following salts were dissolved in water and diluted to a
total volume of 7.0 L or a convenient volume and stored in well stoppered amber glass containers.
KCl 486.2 g (= 69.5 g/L)
NaHCO3 140.7 g (= 20.1 g/L)
KBr 70.4 g (= 10.0 g/L)
H3BO3 19.0 g (= 2.7 g/L)
NaF 2.1 g (= 0.3 g/L)
Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water
10.0 L of substitute ocean water was prepared by dissolving 245.34 g of sodium chloride and 40.94 g
of anhydrous sodium sulphate in 8 to 9 L of water. This was added with 200 mL of Stock Solution No. 1 slowly
with vigorous stirring and then 100 mL of Stock Solution No. 2. It was then diluted to 10.0 L and the pH of the
solution was then adjusted to 8.2 with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution. Only a few millilitres of NaOH solution
was required. The solution was used immediately after the preparation of the solution and adjustment of the pH.
The specimens were immersed in this substitute solution for a duration of 500, 750, 1000 hours.
D. Mechanical Testing:
Specimen testing:
The servo Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine having a maximum capacity of 20000 kg was used for
the experimental measurements. The machine was properly calibrated before using.
Tensile testing:
After subjecting the specimens to the corrosive environments described above, the corroded specimens
were subjected to tensile tests [8]. The specimens were prepared in accordance to ASTM B557M-10. During the
tensile test, the ASTM standard (B 557-M)specimens as mentioned above was striped at two fixtures of the
machine and load was applied as per the ASTM standard recommends till the sample was failed into two
segments. During the process, the load Vs deflection was recorded in the machine and converted into the stress
strain diagram. This stress strain diagram gave the elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and ultimate tensile strength
of the specimen .The test series include the following 1) establishing the reference for uncorroded tensile
specimens, 2) tensile testing of the uncorroded specimens after low impact damage(1,2,3J), 3)tensile testing of
the corroded specimens after specified duration of exposure, 4)tensile testing of the corroded specimens after
low impact damage(1,2,3J), 5)determination of degradation of tensile property of the specimens. Corroded
specimens were damaged by dropping weight from a certain altitude. Damage was created in the specimens in
the order of the energy 1, 2,3J. Corrosion of the specimens was monitored by measuring the potential difference
of the specimens. All the mechanical tests are summarized in table 2.
4. Tensile Behavior of Aluminium Alloy 6063 - T6 In Sea Water
71
Table II Tensile tests of Aluminium alloy 6063
Test
series
Test series description Corrosion exposure prior to
tensile test
Number of tests
performed
1 Tensile tests for reference material none 5
2 Tensile tests for reference material with
low impact damage (1,2,3 J)
none
15
3 Tensile test for corrosion with different
exposure time
Sea water corrosion (exposure
time 500,750,1000h)
15
4 Tensile tests for corroded specimen with
low impact damage (1,2,3J)
Sea water corrosion (exposure
time 500,750,1000h)
45
Fig 1. Tensile properties of Al 6063 alloy after removal of surface corrosion
Fig 2 Tensile properties of reference specimen after low impact damage
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
reference 500 hours 750 hours 1000 hours
Ultimate tensile stress
Yield Stress
Elongation to failure
80
85
90
95
100
105
reference 1 J 2 J 3 J
Ultimate tensile stress
Yield Stress
Elongation to failure
5. Tensile Behavior of Aluminium Alloy 6063 - T6 In Sea Water
72
Fig 3 Tensile properties of corroded Al alloy 6063 after low impact damage of energy 1 J
Reference – Reference specimen with low impact damage of 1 J
Fig 4 Tensile properties of corroded Al alloy 6063 after low impact damage of energy 2 J
Reference – reference specimen with low impact damage of 2 J
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
reference 500 hours 750 hours 1000 hours
Ultimate tensile stress
Yield Stress
Elongation to failure
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
reference 500 hours 750 hours 1000 hours
Ultimate tensile stress
Yield Stress
Elongation to failure
6. Tensile Behavior of Aluminium Alloy 6063 - T6 In Sea Water
73
Fig 5 Tensile properties of corroded Al alloy 6063 after low impact damage of energy 3 J
Reference – reference specimen with low impact damage of 3 J
Table III Tensile properties for reference materials
Material Yield stress (MPa) Ultimate stress(MPa) Elongation to failure (%)
6063 T6 172 207 13
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Reference material
The tensile properties of the reference specimen are listed in table III. A drop in mechanical properties
is measured after corrosion and damage. The degradation in mechanical properties due to corrosion along with
damage is more.
Tensile behaviour after exposure to corrosion
Fig 1 displays the tensile property degradation of aluminium alloy 6063 for the sea water immersion
corrosion test. They are compared with the reference data table III. The tensile property tends to decrease due to
corrosion. The reduction in ultimate and yield tensile stress due to sea water is gradual. Mechanical degradation
can be related to the initiation of corrosion defects which evolute and lead to early failure of the material [11].
Possible causes of reduction can be attributed to the following events:
1. Due to stress corrosion, there occurs strength reduction
2. Due to the chemical reaction with the solution, the corrosion took place results in strength decrement
3. Increased duration of immersion in solution accelerates mechanical property degradation
Influence of time
The ultimate and tensile stresses tend to decrease with time. The influence of corrosion on the material
increases with time. As the time increases the chemical reaction with the specimen increases and results in
degradation of properties. Mechanical property degradation of the Aluminium alloy 6063 is shown in fig 2 - 5,
it is evident that the corrosion attack tends to decrease ultimate tensile stress and yield stress. The effect of the
corrosion process becomes appreciable with increasing exposure time in the corrosive solutions.
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
reference 500 hours 750 hours 1000 hours
Ultimate tensile stress
Yield Stress
Elongation to failure
7. Tensile Behavior of Aluminium Alloy 6063 - T6 In Sea Water
74
Influence of Damage
The mechanical properties are found to decrease gradually due to corrosion fig 1. The damage in the
corroded specimen reveals further degradation in tensile properties fig 3 - 5. Corrosion may lead to cracks and
small damage when loads are applied [4]. The effect on mechanical degradation properties due to corrosion
assisted damage is remarkable. It may lead to the structural component failure if the damage is more. Corrosion
damage leads to the degradation of the yield and ultimate stress.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
There is a gradual degradation of mechanical properties due to corrosion and corrosion assisted
damage. Yield and ultimate stresses decreased permanently. There is a appreciable decrement in yield and
tensile stresses when the specimens are exposed to the solution under long duration. Rate of chemical reaction
varies with the exposure timing. Chemical reaction increases with exposure timing and results in little weight
decrement. Weight decrement revealed corrosion took place at low rate.
Ultimate tensile strength decreases with the rate of increasing exposure duration. Corrosion assisted damage
causes an appreciable reduction in mechanical properties. The lack of a quantitative correlation between
accelerated laboratory corrosion tests and in-service corrosion attack or, atmospheric corrosion tests calls for
additional investigation related to corrosion of aging aircrafts.
REFERENCES
[1]. L. Kompotiatis, Investigation on the behavior of aluminum alloys in corrosive environments, Doctor
Engineer Thesis, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Patras, 1995.
[2]. Hosni Ezuber, A.El-Houd, F.El-Shawesh, A Study on the corrosion behavior of aluminium alloys in
sea water, Journal of material and design, vol33, 2000, 117-134.
[3]. Wu.X.R, Li.B, Lu.F,TaoC.H,Zhang W.F, Xi.N.S, Analysis and control of corrosion cracking in
airframe structures, Journal of engineering failure analysis, Vol 13,2006,398-408.
[4]. DuQuesnay D.L, Underhill.P.R, Britt H.J, Fatigue crack growth from corrosion damage in 7075-T6511
aluminium alloy under aircraft loading, Vol 25, 2000, 371-377.
[5]. Margery E.Hoffman and Paul C.Hoffman, Corrosion and fatigue research structural issues and
relevance to naval aviation, Vol23, 2001, S1-S10.
[6]. Influence of frequency and exposure to a saline solution on the corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior
of the aluminium alloy 2024, International Journal of fatigue, Vol 31, 2009, 1684-1695.
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water, The International Conference on Marine Technology,2010, 175-180.
[8]. ASTM B557M, Standard test methods for tension testing wrought and cast aluminum- and magnesium-
alloy proucts, in: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 3, Metal Test Methods and Analytical
Procedures, West Conshohocken, ASTM, Philadelphia, USA, 2010.
[9]. ASTM D1141, Standard practice for the preparation of Substitute Ocean water, in: Annual Book of
ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, ASTM, Philadelphia, USA, 1998.
[10]. Kunigahalli L. Vasanth, Catherine R. Wong and Richard A. Hays, Stress Corrosion Cracking Initiation
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Warfare Center Carderock Division West Bethesda, MD 20817-5700.
[11]. Al.Th. Kermanidis, D.G. Stamatelos, G.N. Labeas, Sp.G. Pantelakis, Tensile behaviour of corroded
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mechanics,vol 45,2006,148-158.